Analysis of the Kinetics Fermentability, Degradability, and
Nutritive Value of Soybean Groats and Lemuru Fish Oil
Protected by
in-Vitro
J. Riyanto1,2
1Doctoral program at Gadjah Mada University,
2Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University,
57126 Surakarta, Indonesia, e-mail: jokoriyanto19@yahoo.com
Abstract
Objective of the research was to compare kinetics fermentability, degradability and nutritive value of protected soybean groats and lemuru fish oil using in-vitro study. Soybean groats were protected using formaldehyde whereas the lemuru fish oil was protected by Ca-salt. The protected soybean groats and lemuru fish oil were given as supplements of 5% and 10% of cattle’s dry matter ration, respectively. The experiment was conducted in the cow house experiment, the Laboratory of Biochemistry Faculty of Gadjah Mada University and the Laboratory of Nutrition and Animal Feed Faculty of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Department, Sebelas Maret University. Fermentability and degradability of the rations were observed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 hours after incubation in the rumen fluids. The collected data were analyzed to calculate their mean and standard deviation, and mentioned descriptively. Results of the research showed that the kinetics of pH, VFA, NH3 and the production of ruminal microbes of soybean groats share the same pattern. Protected lemuru fish oil indicated higher kinetics in pH, VFA and microbial protein production, but lower for NH3 results. The protected soybean groats have a higher dry matter consumption compared to that of lemuru fish oil, but its organic matter and crude protein digestibility is lower. It was concluded that suplementation of protected soybean groats and lemuru fish oil gave similar kinetics fermentation, rumen degradability as well as nutritional values to the cattle rations therefore could be used as PUFA feed additive sources in cattle ration.
Keywords: degradability, fermentability, lemuru fish oil, protection, soybean groats
Introducton
426 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
to take note of these days. Unsaturated fatty acds can mprove the functon of the
corpus luteum (Mattos et al., 2000), ovaran follcle (De Fres, 1998). Beef cattle on
feedlot fed wth protected PUFA fodder source materal that contan vegetable and
anmal ols produced beef wth hgh lnolec acd content (Glls et al., 2004), and
wth mproved qualty of beef (Scollan et al., 2001 and Ryanto et al., 2011). PUFA
source materal can be derved from anmals and vegetables. Both lnolec and lno-lenc acds n the form of Saturated Fatty Acd (SFA) n the rumen escape the
pro-cess of bodehydrogenase (Lourenc et al., 2010). The fat consumed by cattle beef
wll be hydrolyzed by mcroorgansms n the rumen and attached to feed partcles and mcrobal fermentaton n the rumen thereby dsruptng the structural
carbohy-drates (Bauman et al., 2003). To extract post-rumnal PUFA, protectve treatment
s needed. Soybean protecton s conducted usng, among others, non-enzmatc m-crowave rradaton (Nobar, 2011), and formaldehyde (Madsen, 1982). The current research s conducted to evaluate the fermentablty and degradablty knetcs of basal raton (fermented straw and basal concentrate) wth protected PUFA fodder source materal of lemuru fsh ol and soy groats
Materals and Methods
The research s conducted at Laboratory of Nutrton and Feed Anmal Sc-ence Department of Agrculture Faculty of Sebelas Maret Unversty, Laboratory of Bochemstry and Chemstry of Pusat Antar Unverstas of Gadjah Mada Unversty, and at the Laboratory of Bochemstry, Faculty of Anmal Scence of Gadjah Mada Unversty.
Two rumnally fstulated Ongole breed cattle were employed n ths study as the rumnal flud donors. Both of them were fed wth fermented straw (40%) and concentrate (60%). The latter s composed of a mxture of basal concentrate, soy groats, and protected lemuru fsh ol. The lemuru fsh ol protecton method refers to that of Cabatt (1979) ct Wdyanto (2008), that s, by saponfcaton usng KOH and CaCl2. Soy groat protecton method s conducted n accordance wth that of
Wdyobroto et al., (1999), that s, by sprayng 37% formaldehyde that consttutes 2
percent of dry feedng materal. Basal feed (control) contan 12.2% crude proten, 5.2% crude fat, 16.9% crude fber, and 55.2% TDN.
The study parameters nclude rumnal pH, VFA (Volatile Fatty Acids)
produc-ton, NH3 concentraton, mcrobal proten knetcs, consumpton (dry materals,
Results and Dscusson
The knetcs of rumnal flud pH, NH3 concentraton, VFA total producton,
and mcrobal proten are llustrated n Fgures 1 and 2 as the results of lemuru fsh ol and protected soy bean groats supplementaton n basal feed.
+(-,0(6,&51)47/,0$.).7,'2&10&(064$6,10"616$.241'7&6,10$0'/,&41%,$.
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+( 2 -,0(6,&5 1) 6+( 2416(&6(' 51; *41$65 ,5 = $0' 1) 6+( 2416(&6(' .(/747),5+1,.,5= ,*74( +().7&67$6,8(2$66(401)2'(&4($5( 10 $0' .(/747 ),5+ 1,. 64($6/(06 $5 ! 5174&( )1''(4 ,5 4(.$6(' 61 ,65 14*$0,& 57%56$0&( &106(06 >45-18 +,*+(4 010),%(4 14*$0,& 57%56$0&( /$'( 6+( 2 ).7&67$6,10 ,0 47/,0$. .,37,' 2155,%.( #+,.( 6+( /($0 &10&(064$6,10 1) 1) 51; %($0 *41$65 5722.(/(06$6,10 ,5
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$0'$&6,8,6;1)/,&41%(6+(0(&(55$4;&10&(064$6,104$0*(5)41/61/* /."
10&(064$6,101).(/747),5+1,. = //1.,5+,*+(46+$06+$61)51; %($0 *41$65 = //1.9,6+5,/,.$4-,0(6,&52$66(40,*74( +("47/,0$. ).7,'-,0(6,&5$)6(44($&+,0*$0126,/7/&10&(064$6,10'(&4($5(5,44(*7.$4.; +,5,54(.$6('616+( $%51426,10 1) " $5 $0 (0(4*; 5174&( 6+417*+ 6+( 47/(0 9$.. 6+( .19(4 6+( 47/,0$. 2 6+( +,*+(4 6+( " $%51426,10 9(05 $0' 1(56&+ ,&41%,$. 2416(,0 241'7&6,10 ,0 ',(65 5722.(/(06(' 9,6+ 2416(&6(' .(/747 ),5+ 1,. ,5 = /* /. $0' 6+( 6+$6 5722.(/(06('9,6+2416(&6('51; %($0 *41$65 ,5=/* /.,*74(6,5 &$75('%;6+(5;0&+410,<$6,101)6+(0,641*(05174&(2418,5,104(37,4('%;6+(/,&41%(5,06+()14/ 1) $0' " (/747 ),5+ 1,.&$0 2418,'( $ 5174&( 1) /,&41%,$. 2416(,0 24(&74514 &1/2,.(45
,*74( 2 ,0(6,&5$0' 10&(064$6,10
,*74( " 41'7&6,10$0' ,&41%,$. 416(,0
Fgure 1. pH Knetcs and NH3 Concentraton
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2416(,0 $4( ,..7564$6(' ,0 ,*74(5 $0' $5 6+( 4(57.65 1) .(/747 ),5+ 1,. $0' 2416(&6(' 51; %($0 *41$655722.(/(06$6,10,0%$5$.)(('
+( 2 -,0(6,&5 1) 6+( 2416(&6(' 51; *41$65 ,5 = $0' 1) 6+( 2416(&6(' .(/747),5+1,.,5= ,*74( +().7&67$6,8(2$66(401)2'(&4($5( 10 $0' .(/747 ),5+ 1,. 64($6/(06 $5 ! 5174&( )1''(4 ,5 4(.$6(' 61 ,65 14*$0,& 57%56$0&( &106(06 >45-18 +,*+(4 010),%(4 14*$0,& 57%56$0&( /$'( 6+( 2 ).7&67$6,10 ,0 47/,0$. .,37,' 2155,%.( #+,.( 6+( /($0 &10&(064$6,10 1) 1) 51; %($0 *41$65 5722.(/(06$6,10 ,5
= /* /. +,*+(4 6+$0 6+$6 1) 9,6+.(/747),5+ 1,. 5722.(/(06$6,10
= %16+$4(56,..9,6+,06+(014/$.4$0*( ,*74( 6,5,0$&&14'9,6+9+$6 (0* 57**(56('6+$6&10&(064$6,104$0*(5)41/ 61/* /.)14/$:,/7/*4196+
$0'$&6,8,6;1)/,&41%(6+(0(&(55$4;&10&(064$6,104$0*(5)41/61/* /."
10&(064$6,101).(/747),5+1,. = //1.,5+,*+(46+$06+$61)51; %($0 *41$65 = //1.9,6+5,/,.$4-,0(6,&52$66(40,*74( +("47/,0$. ).7,'-,0(6,&5$)6(44($&+,0*$0126,/7/&10&(064$6,10'(&4($5(5,44(*7.$4.; +,5,54(.$6('616+( $%51426,10 1) " $5 $0 (0(4*; 5174&( 6+417*+ 6+( 47/(0 9$.. 6+( .19(4 6+( 47/,0$. 2 6+( +,*+(4 6+( " $%51426,10 9(05 $0' 1(56&+ ,&41%,$. 2416(,0 241'7&6,10 ,0 ',(65 5722.(/(06(' 9,6+ 2416(&6(' .(/747 ),5+ 1,. ,5 = /* /. $0' 6+( 6+$6 5722.(/(06('9,6+2416(&6('51; %($0 *41$65 ,5=/* /.,*74(6,5 &$75('%;6+(5;0&+410,<$6,101)6+(0,641*(05174&(2418,5,104(37,4('%;6+(/,&41%(5,06+()14/ 1) $0' " (/747 ),5+ 1,.&$0 2418,'( $ 5174&( 1) /,&41%,$. 2416(,0 24(&74514 &1/2,.(45 /14(6+$051;%($0*41$65&&14',0*61(00,0* 6+(()),&,(0&;1)/,&41%,$.2416(,0
,*74( 2 ,0(6,&5$0' 10&(064$6,10
,*74( " 41'7&6,10$0' ,&41%,$. 416(,0
Fgure 2. VFA Producton and Mcrobal Proten
The pH knetcs of the protected soy groats s 6.26±0.24 (5.89-6.65) and of the protected lemuru fsh ol s 6.60±0.17 (6.28-6.76) (Fgure 1). The fluctuatve pattern of pH decrease on SG and lemuru fsh ol treatment as PUFA source fodder s related to ts organc substance content. Ørskov (1992) hgher non-fber organc substance made the pH fluctuaton n rumnal lqud possble. Whle the mean concentraton
of NH3 of soy bean groats supplementaton s 13.61±2.65(10.69-17.77) mg/100ml
hgher than that of NH3 wth lemuru fsh ol supplementaton 10.89±2.39
(7.51-13.17), both are stll wthn the normal range (Fgure 1). It s n accord wth what(Fgure 1). It s n accord wth whatIt s n accord wth what
Leng (1980) suggested that NH3 concentraton ranges from 1 to 34 mg/100ml, for
maxmum growth and actvty of mcrobe the necessary NH
3 concentraton ranges
428 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
knetcs, after reachng an optmum concentraton, decreases rregularly. Ths s. Ths s related to the absorpton of VFA as an energy source through the rumen wall; the lower the rumnal pH, the hgher the VFA absorpton (Owens and Goestch,1988).
Mcrobal proten producton n dets supplemented wth protected lemuru fsh ollemuru fsh ol
s 67.06±6.97 (58.53-76.37) mg/100ml, and the that supplemented wth protected67.06±6.97 (58.53-76.37) mg/100ml, and the that supplemented wth protected soy bean groats s 44.58±7.73 (34.50-52.80) mg/100ml (Fgure 2). It s caused by the synchronzaton of the ntrogen source provson requred by the mcrobes n the form of NH3 and VFA. Lemuru fsh ol can provde a source of mcrobal proten
precursor complers more than soybean groats. Accordng to Hennng et al., (1993),
the effcency of mcrobal proten synthess s nfluenced by the avalablty of all precursors n suffcent concentraton n the rumnal flud. The mcrobal proten compler precursors are NH
3 as N-source, energy, carbon skeleton, mneral and
other nutrtonal elements.
Consumpton and dgestblty of dry materals, organc materals and crude proten from protected soybean groats and lemuru fsh ol obtaned from ths research are shown n Table 1. The protecton carred out by coatng the mcro granules of vegetable ols contanng unsaturated fatty acds usng protected formaldehyde shown to ncrease the amount of unsaturated fatty acds deposted n the rumnant tssues (Scott and Ashes, 1993). Ths treatment prevents the process of unsaturated fatty acds bohydrogenase n the rumen and also ncreases the amount of feed ntake. The effcacy of trglycerdes or fatty acd added to rumnants’ dets depends on ther dgestblty and ther nfluence on the dgestblty of other nutrents n the det. Because energy ntake results from detary energy concentraton and ntake of dry matter (DM), the nfluence of the supplemental fat on food consumpton also has to be taken nto account (Vogt, dkk., 2006). Organc materal consumpton n the forms of protected soybean groats and lemuru fsh ol s n accord wth the dry materal
Table 1. Intake and degradblty parameter of protected supplemented soybean groats and lemuru fsh ol
Parameters Soybean groats protected
Lemuru fsh ol protected
Intake :
Dry matter (g/d) 6260.85±103.50 5965.87±1613.93 Organc matter (g/d) 5550.24±81.84 5569.29±1501.58 Crude proten (g/d) 896.05±24.43 770.00±219.82 Degradblty :
Dry matter (%) 59.28±3.80 54.00±15.55
Organc matter (%) 65.01±3.29 71.8±711.22
consumpton. Consumpton of organc materal s closely related to the consumpton of dry matter; the more consumpton of dry matter, the more consumpton of organc materal (Van Soest, 1994). The ncreasng amount of rumnel mcrobes allows them to work more effectvely to fermentatvely degrade the components of crude fbers, and thereby ncreasng the dry matter dgestblty of the consumed feed.
Hgher dgestblty of proten compared to that of dry matter and organc matter account for the avalablty of nutrents n cow dets. Ths means that the provson of ratons wth a hgh fat content dd not affect the proten, organc matter and dry matter dgestblty. Mahadevan, dkk., (1983) the rates of n vvo ammona appearance and n vtro proteolyss were hghly correlated (r--0.966, P<0.01) between 1130 h and 1200 h. These rates of rumen ammona appearance reflected the n vvo rate of proteolyss. Both bacteral and protozoa proten content decreased sgnfcantly at the hgher levels of formaldehyde treatment
Conclusons
It was concluded that suplementaton of protected soybean groats and lemuru fsh ol gave smlar knetcs fermentaton, rumen degradablty as well as nutrtonal values to the cattle ratons therefore could be used as PUFA feed addtve sources n cattle raton
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