Diversity of Domestic Grasses for Sheep Browse in the Coastal
District Gebang, Cirebon Residence
Muhammad Agus Setiana* & M.A.K. Kusuma
Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor; *e-mail: massetiana@yahoo.com
Abstract
In general, sheep browse in Indonesia comes from the availability of domestic grasses (Family Poaceae and Cyperaceae), just an effort to make agronomic im-provements is still very limited. Therefore we need basic research on domestic for-age to determine its potential as a forfor-age cultivation. The purpose of this study is to identify potential sources of herbaceous species forage of sheep. Research carried out by the method of survey, observation, collection of plants by way of example, shooting, maintenance ex-situ, making herbarium and species identification. In total there are 39 types of forage from the Family Acanthaceae, Cyperaceae, Legumino-sae, Liliaceae and Poaceae. Types grasses are found, divided into three belts: Belt-1 (0-1 km from coast) consisting of: 8 of the Family Poaceae species and 9 species of Cyperaceae Family. The dominant species of livestock are available for Xerochloa Cheribon (Steud.) Ohwi and Chloris barbata Swartz. Belt-2 (1-2 km) consisting of 13 species of the Family Poaceae and 4 species of Cyperaceae Family. The domi-nant species of livestock are available for Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Paspalum conjugatum Berg. and Cyperus scariosas R. Br. Belt-3 (2-3 km) consists of: 12 spe-cies of the Family Poaceae and two spespe-cies of Cyperaceae Family. The dominant species of livestock are available for Paspalum conjugatum Berg., Cynodon dacty-lon (L.) Pers. and Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Getting away from the beach Family Poaceae is dominant as the compared to the potential forage Cyperaceae Family. Based on field observations and statements of farmers, sheep prefer grasses of the Poaceae Family.
Keywords: domestic grass, coastal, sheep
Introducton
Fresh fodder as feed s one of the man base for support, especally for lvestock farms both large and small rumnants, whch every day takes qute a lot of forage, because more than 60% of all rumnant lvestock feed consumed s fresh, both n the form of fresh or dred. Haryanto (2004) stated that reduced the carryng capacty of natural resources (feed) to the busness of cattle due to converson of agrcultural land, as well as changng patterns of farmng became one of the causes of declnng lvestock populaton. Besdes beng used for forest and coastal toursm, coastal areas can be utlzed as a forage-producng areas of qualty forage.
Materals and Methods
Research materal s locally grown forage grass n the Dstrct Gebang and tools were used quadrant measurng 0.5mx 0.5m, knves, plastc bags, statonery, alcohol 70%, scrap paper, and label. The method used n ths study s a survey re-search method to conduct ntervews wth some sheep ranchers farm-related cond-tons, as well as drect revew of the dversty of forage grasses. Gebang dstrct s dvded nto three Belts based on dstance from shore observatons are: Belt 1st (0-1 km from the loast);-2nd Belt (1-2 km from the coast), and Belt-3rd (2-3 km from the coast).
Data obtaned from feld survey and sub-cultvated n a descrptve profle ncludes general pcture of the state of research stes, as well as the characterstcs of sheep farmng n the study ste. Data processng method used s the dentfcaton of forage grass.
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Results and Dscusson
Gebang dstrct, at s lowland areas, wth an average heght of 6 meters above sea level. The temperature of 28ºC - 32 ºC. Humdty s 83.07 - 86.1%.
Sheep was domnantly (5200 head) mantaned n Dstrct Gebang, compared to other rumnants (cattle, buffaloes and goats). Lamb s generally a sde busness of farmers’ felds. Types that are kept are fat tal and a thn tal.
Sheep mantenance system n the Dstrct Gebang conssts of two systems, namely ntensve and sem-ntensve. Sem-ntensve mantenance system are found n 1st Belt (0-1 km from the coastlne). In ths system, farmers tendng ther flocks durng the day startng at 08.00 am and wll mpound the anmals at 16.00 pm. They choose to release or ndulgence n flocks on the there are many forage grasses that can be used for feedng ther anmal. Mr. Tono, one of the owners of sheep farmers n 1st Belt has a unque habt of feedng forage for lvestock. Durng the day from 08.00 am untl late afternoon at 16.00 pm he graze the lvestock on the coast, whle n the evenng he gave them extra feed that s ap-ap leaves (Avicennia marina
(Forsk.) Verh.) that grow n coastal areas of Gebang dstrct. Based on hs story, gvng that leaves dd not have a negatve effect on hs sheep.
Intensve systems are found n the observaton Belt 2nd and 3rd s the agrcultural Belt. In the ntensve systems, anmal cages all day on the grounds because peasant-farmers are busy n the felds all day and f the cattle was grazed, they feared t could damage agrcultural crops around. In the zone or the dstance s not drectly adjacent to the coast (Belt-2nd and Belt-3rd), a pattern that s wdely used for lvestock grazng s a ntensve mantenance system. The pattern of forage supply n ths zone s to use the pattern “cut and carry”. Cattle were fed twce a day n the mornng and afternoon. Feed gven to cattle sheep s a 100% feld grass that grow around the edge of the road, rver, rce felds and plantatons. Forage s cut wth a sckle or crescent. The breeders take the cuttng of browse nto sacks and carry the grass clppngs by usng a bcycle and becak.
Accordng Djajanegara et al. (1993), n tropcal area sheep and goats are usually kept by the breeder (farmers, ranchers) wth sem-ntensve system. The ranchers graze ther cattle or to graze n the afternoon and mpound ther anmals at nght. Impoundng the anmals at nght for securty reasons and so that s not lost or stolen.
Based on ntervews wth some of the breeders n the dstrct Gebang about the utlzaton of fresh fodder (Table 1.) there are three types of forage grass that s most preferred Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Rtch., Echinochloa colonum (L.) Lnk., and Eriochloa polystachya H. B. K.. Note also that grasses, there s some fresh grass wth sheep preferred degree among Brachiaria eruciformis (J. E. Smth) Grseb.,
Table 1. Feld and forage grass speces and the degree of favorte feed supplements by sheep
Local name Latn Name Famly Degree of
favorte
- Cyperus babakan Steud. Cyperaceae
-Walng Cyperus elatus L. Cyperaceae
-Tek Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae +
Tek Cyperus scariosas R. Br. Cyperaceae + Tek Cyperus trinervis R. Br. Cyperaceae +
Nyur-nyuran Cyperus iria (L.) Rikl. Cyperaceae
-- Ficinea Sp. Cyperaceae
-- Fimbristylis acuminata Vahl Cyperaceae -- Fimbristylis hookeriana Bacek Cyperaceae -- Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz.) Cyperaceae -- Fimbristylis tomentosa Vahl Cyperaceae -- Fimbristylis vahlii (Lamarck) Link. Cyperaceae
-- Mapania Sp. Cyperaceae
-- Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. Poaceae -Suket reketek Brachiaria eruciformis (J. E. Smith)
Griseb.
Poaceae ++
- Brachiaria subquadripara (Tan) Hitche. Poaceae ++
- Chloris barbata Swartz. Poaceae ++
- Crysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin Poaceae +
Grntngan Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae +
Tapak jalak Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Poaceae +++
- Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. Poaceae +
Jampang pt Digitaria nuda Schuamch. Poaceae +
Tuton Echinocloa colonum (L.) Link. Poaceae +++
Jajagoan Echinocloa stagnina (Retz.) Beauv. Poaceae +
Godong ulo Eleucine indica (L.) Gaertn. Poaceae +
Bebekan Eragrotis tenella (L.) Beauv. Poaceae +
Suket peronan Eriochloa polystachya H. B. K. Poaceae +++
Menran Panicum paludosum Roxb. Poaceae +
Lempuyangan Panicum repens L. Poaceae +
Patan Paspalum conjugatum Berg. Poaceae ++
- Xerochloa cheribon (Steud.) Ohwi. Poaceae +
Lamtoro Leucaena leucocephala LAMK Legumnoceae ++
Gamal Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. Legumnoceae ++
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud., and Sesbania grandiflora L. PERS s rarely do because of ts avalablty s very lttle or lmted n Dstrct Gebang.
Sometmes the anmals were gven addtonal fresh forage durng the rest of the farm post-harvest due to the very large stock avalablty at the tme, but the farmers clam they are reluctant to provde lvestock forage because the rest of agrculture often cause dgestve health problems n lvestock such as the provson of fresh onons that often cause darrhea to ther sheep
Bredeers n the dstrct Gebang very rarely provde addtonal feed ther sheep n the form of concentrates and pulp out because accordng to the farmers, the prov-son of concentrates and pulp for ther sheep only gve addtonal cost of mantan-ng the sheep. Because sheeep s not the man busness but only a sde busness of farmng.
Zonng for the samplng of grass n ths study were dvded nto three belts based on dstance from the coast and the electon of Dstrct Gebang pont samplng forage grasses based on consderaton of the many ranchers who graze on the ste. 1st Belt s the belt at a dstance of about 0-1 km from the coast, the 2nd Belt s the belt at a dstance of about 1-2 km from the coast, and 3rd Belt s the samplng belt at a dstance of 2-3 km from the coast. In Fgure 1 can be seen that there s a pattern of dstrbuton of type of forage grass feld that s unque.
Cyperaceae = 10 Cyperaceae = 4 Cyperaceae = 2
Poaceae = 7 Poaceae = 13 Poaceae = 12
Belt - 1 Belt - 2 Belt - 3 Sea
Fgure1. The Pattern of Dstrbuton of Vegetaton Types Based on the Dstance from the Beach (Source: Prmary data 2011).
Table 1. Contnued
Local name Latn Name Famly Degree of
favorte Kalandra Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn. Legumnoceae +
Jeram pad Oryza sativa L. Poaceae +
Daun bawang Allium cepa L. Rank. Llaceae
-Daun jagung Zea mays L. Poaceae
-Daun ap-ap Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Acanthaceae ++
Source: Prmary data processng 2011
The farther the dstance from the coast wll be more spacous wth the type of vegetaton found Poaceae gettng closer to shore and vce versa s more found n type Cyperaceae fresh feld. Poaceae s a member of the trbe of flowerng plants. In general, a hallmark of plant Poaceae trunked jonted, was crowned flowers, and rbbon-shaped leaves. Interest-tekan or Cyperaceae puzzle s one of the members of the trbe of flowerng plants. Interest rates are the closest relatves of grans (Poaceae) and have many smlartes. The dfference between smply Poaceae and Cyperaceae can be seen n cross-sectonal shape on the trunk. Poaceae has a cross secton of rod-shaped oval or round, whle Cyperaceae has a trangular cross-secton rod. Most abundant grass n 1st belt s Xerochloa cheribon (Steud.) Ohw. by percentage botancal composton about 57.0%. On the feld 2nd belt s domnated by grass
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. wth a percentage of the botancal composton about 41.83%. whle on the most domnatng 3rd belts based on the botancal composton of Paspalum conjugatum Berg. wth a percentage of the botancal composton about 43.39%.
Concluson
There are dfferences n the amount of forage grass speces n each Belt n the Dstrct of Gebang, wth total forage grass speces that grow n the Dstrct Gebang reached 31 speces of Poaceae and Cyperaceae Famly.
References
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