AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL ERRORS FOUND IN ENGLISH NATIVE SPEAKERS’ CONVERSATION : LCE ENGLISH COURSE CASE
A THESIS
BY :
DEWI SYAH PUTRI REG NO. 060705042
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA FACULTY OF LETTERS
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MEDAN
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini membahas masalah kesalahan grammatikal dalam bahasa Inggris yang dilakukan oleh penutur asli bahasa Inggris ketika sedang melakukan percakapan. Untuk mendapatkan data untuk penulisan skripsi ini, Penulis melakukan observasi selama 1 bulan dengan mengambil sampel para penutur asli bahasa Inggris di kursus bahasa Inggris LCE yang berada di Jalan Sei Mencirim no.79.
Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan penulis dalam melalukan penelitian adalah metode observasi partisipasi berdasarkan teori Bungin. Penulis menggunakan
tape - recorder untuk merekam percakapan para penutur asli bahasa Inggris di kursus
tersebut di setiap kelas yang ada, kecuali kelas Grammar. Kemudian, Penulis menggunakan dasar teori grammatikal bahasa Inggris yang ada di dalam buku Mas’ud sebagai pedoman untuk menentukan jenis kesalahan grammatikal yang ditemukan selama masa penelitian.
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, Dewi Syah Putri, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis except the references that I use in this thesis are got from some related texts and books. This thesis is not published yet or extracted in whole or in a part from another thesis.
No other persons’ works have been used without due acknowledgements in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted yet for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed :
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I want to thank to the Almighty God, Allah SWT and my Prophet, Rasulullah SAW, because of Them, I am still given the health and strength to be able to finish this thesis well.
Secondly, I also want to say thank you very much to the Dean of Faculty of Letters University of Sumatera Utara, Drs. Wan Syaifuddin, M. A, Ph. D. and then, to the head of English Department, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M. Hum. and to the secretary of English Department, Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum. who have given me the opportunity and support to finish this thesis. Beside that, I am also very thankful to my great supervisor, Dr. Drs. Eddy Setia, M. Ed TESP and my co- supervisor, Drs. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. who have given their time to teach and tell me the best lessons and suggestions especially skill produce a qualified thesis.
And then, I am not forgetful to say thanks so much to the head of LCE English Course, Ike Tresiani who is willing to allow me to do the observation there just for getting the data that are required very much for this thesis, beside that, for the Native speakers in LCE ( Pak Brett, Buk Laura, Amanda, Miss Marry, Diana ) who have been willing to be my object of observation during my research time there.
this thesis at home. And also for my beloved grandmother at home who has been willing to take care of me, especially when I forget to have lunch or dinner because I have to finish this thesis as soon as possible, but she is never tired to devote me.
I also want to say thank you so much to all of my friends ( all of the students of 2006 batch ), I am very sorry because I cannot mention each of them, but they are great friends for me. They have been willing to be my good friend during I study in English Department, and the most special thanks is for my best friends in college (Adisty Aulia, Ifadatunnisa, Maznil Khairi, Rizky Amalianti, Ummi Natsiroh, Saswita Vianty, Rika Asmah, Mustakim). They are sincere friend for me. They always support, suggest, and accompany me in doing this thesis, especially for Adisty Aulia. She is my very sincere friend. She never sighs to be beside me and always encourages me in doing this thesis. And the last is for my someone special who is in far part from me. Although he is far, he always encourages me when I am down and gives me many suggestions, especially to make this thesis better.
And my last word, I am very sorry if there are still many weaknesses and mistakes that will be found in my thesis.
I hope this thesis can give many advantages for the readers especially in improving the English grammatical knowledge.
I am still waiting for the suggestions and critics so that I can make another better than before in the future.
Medan, February 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ………. i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ……… ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……… iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………. v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……….. x
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the analysis ………. 1
1.2 Scope of the analysis ………... 7
1.3 Problems of the analysis ………... 7
1.4 Objectives of the analysis ………. 8
1.5 Significance of the analysis ………... 8
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 About Grammar ……… 9
2.2.1 Word Order ……… 12
2.1.2 Inflection ………. 13
2.1.3 Function word ………. 13
2.2 Types of Grammar ……….. 13
2.2.1 Prescriptive grammar ……….. 13
2.2.2 Descriptive grammar ……… 14
2.3. Tense ……….. 15
2.3.1 Present tense ……… 16
2.3.1.2 Present Continuous tense ……….. 17
2.3.1.3 Present Perfect tense ………. 19
2.3.1.4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense ……… 20
2.3.2. Past tense ………... 20
2.3.2.1 Simple Past tense ………. 20
2.3.2.2 Past Continuous tense ……….. 21
2.3.2.3 Past Perfect tense ………. 22
2.3.2.4 Past Perfect Continuous tense ………. 23
2.3.3 Future tense ……… 24
2.3.3.1 Simple Future tense ………. 24
2.3.3.2 Future Continuous tense ……….. 25
2.3.3.3 Future Perfect tense ………. 26
2.3.3.4 Future Perfect Continuous tense ………. 27
2.4 Part of Speech ……… 28
2.4.1 Noun ……… 28
2.4.1.1 Gender ……….. 29
2.4.1.2 Number ……… 29
2.4.1.3 Case ……….. 30
2.4.2 Pronoun ……… 31
2.4.2.1 Personal Pronoun ……….. 32
2.4.2.2 Demonstrative Pronoun ……… 33
2.4.2.3 Indefinite Pronoun ……… 33
2.4.2.4 Interrogative Pronoun ………... 33
2.4.2.5 Reflexive Pronoun ……… 34
2.4.2.7 Relative Pronoun ……….. 34
2.4.2.8 Possessive Pronoun ……….. 35
2.4.3 Adjective ……….. 36
2.4.3.1 Adjective of Quality ……….. 37
2.4.3.2 Adjective of Quantity ……… 37
2.4.3.3 Adjective of Numeral ……… 37
2.4.3.4 Demonstrative Adjective ……….. 38
2.4.3.5 Proper Adjective ………... 38
2.4.3.6 Interrogative Adjective ………. 38
2.4.3.7 Possessive Adjective ………. 39
2.4.3.8 Distributive Adjective ………... 39
2.4.4 Verb ………. 40
2.4.4.1 Finite Verb ……… 40
2.4.4.2 Auxiliary Verb ……….. 41
2.4.4.3 Transitive Verb ………. 41
2.4.4.4 Intransitive Verb ………... 42
2.4.4.5 Regular and Irregular Verb ………... 42
2.4.5 Adverb ……….. 43
2.4.5.1 Adverb of Manner ………. 43
2.4.5.2 Adverb of Place and Direction ………. 44
2.4.5.3 Adverb of Time ………. 44
2.4.5.4 Adverb of Degree ………. 44
2.4.5.5 Adverb of Frequency ……… 45
2.4.5.6 Adverb of Quantity ………... 46
2.4.5.8 Relative Adverb ……… 46
2.4.6 Preposition ……….. 47
2.4.7 Conjunction ……… 47
2.4.7.1 Coordinating Conjunction ……… 48
2.4.7.1.1 Cumulative Conjunction ……… 48
2.4.7.1.2 Alternative Conjunction ………. 49
2.4.7.1.3 Adversative Conjunction ………... 49
2.4.7.1.4 Illative Conjunction ……….. 50
2.4.7.2 Subordinating Conjunction ……….. 51
2.4.8 Interjection ……….. 52
CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method ……… 53
3.1.1 Research Location ………... 53
3.1.2 Research Time ……… 54
3.2 Data ……… 55
3.2.1 Data ………. 55
3.2.2 Data Resource
………. 55
3.2.2.1 Primary Data Resource ……… 55
3.3 Data Collecting Method ………. 56
3.3.1 Population and Sample ……… 57
3.4 Data Analyzing Method ………. 57
3.4.1 Data Analyzing Technic ………. 58
CHAPTER IV : THE ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL ERRORS FOUND IN ENGLISH NATIVE SPEAKERS’ CONVERSATION IN LCE ENGLISH COURSE 4.1 Error and Reconstruction ……… 53
4.2 Error Classification ……… 101
4.2.1 Part of Speech Error Classification ………. 101
4.2.2 Tense Error Classification ………... 110
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ………. 114
5.2 Suggestion ……….. 114
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX I : Transcription
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. PN = Plural Noun 2. SN = Singular Noun
3. DA = Demonstrative Adjective 4. AV = Auxiliary Verb
5. AN = Abstract Noun 6. PP = Personal Pronoun 7. FV = Finite Verb 8. PREP = Preposition 9. RP = Relative Pronoun 10. DP = Demonstrative Pronoun 11. AQ = Adjective of Quality 12. ADV = Adverb
16. INDEF.PRO = Indefinite Pronoun 17. PA = Possessive Adjective 18. IA = Interrogative Adjective 19. PRE = Present tense
20. PRECON = Present Continuous tense 21. PREFUT = Present Future tense 22. PREFE = Present Perfect tense 23. PAT = Past Tense
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini membahas masalah kesalahan grammatikal dalam bahasa Inggris yang dilakukan oleh penutur asli bahasa Inggris ketika sedang melakukan percakapan. Untuk mendapatkan data untuk penulisan skripsi ini, Penulis melakukan observasi selama 1 bulan dengan mengambil sampel para penutur asli bahasa Inggris di kursus bahasa Inggris LCE yang berada di Jalan Sei Mencirim no.79.
Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan penulis dalam melalukan penelitian adalah metode observasi partisipasi berdasarkan teori Bungin. Penulis menggunakan
tape - recorder untuk merekam percakapan para penutur asli bahasa Inggris di kursus
tersebut di setiap kelas yang ada, kecuali kelas Grammar. Kemudian, Penulis menggunakan dasar teori grammatikal bahasa Inggris yang ada di dalam buku Mas’ud sebagai pedoman untuk menentukan jenis kesalahan grammatikal yang ditemukan selama masa penelitian.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Analysis
Communication cannot be separated from the language because language has an important role in human’s life, such as thinking, communicating ideas, and negotiating with the others. Sapir (1921 : 8) says “language is purely human and non instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotional, and desires by means of system of voluntarily produced symbols”.
Language has been defined in various ways by linguists and others. Language is primarily an instrument of communication among human beings in a community. Language in its common, pervasive, representative and apparently central manifestation involves oral – aural communication, arbitrary in their association to particular meanings and units and arbitrary in their particular shape for a given language.
language where it sounds come out from the speaker’s speech organs, while written language is a language that uses symbols that are called letters to represent the sounds of speech.
In spoken and written language, it cannot be separated by grammatical rules. Although it is realized that each language has its own unique system of communication, self- contained within its own structure. Sounds, words, sentences are meaningful within this frame of each language structure and system. Similarly, each language uses its own pattern of arrangement and form for its grammatical meanings.
The term grammar means different things to different people. To the grammarian, it has been often meant as the analysis of his own language, or one he has mastered, in order to discover its “ rules” of propriety, that is, what may and may not be said in the particular language. For the general public, grammar has been the study of rules of correctness, that is, rules that claimed to tell the student what he should and should not say in order to speak the language of the socially educated class. According to Lado ( 1961:142), the definition of grammatical structure is the pattern of arrangement of words in sentences and the patterns of arrangement of parts of words into words. Sentences are made up of patterns of arrangement of words group, words, stress, etc. Sentences occur in sequences, and each language has its own system for the ordering of sentences in sequences. Wilson in Rean (1971:102) states grammar of language is the system of devices which carry the structural meanings of that language in speech and writing. This system specifies the way words in a given language are related to each other.
of structure. For example: these. It is a part of speech, and a word. It can make the problem for the speakers either the non native- speaker or even the native speaker if they are asked to determine what class of these belongs to although it is known that they are as native speakers of the language but they themselves still regard it as a hard problem and they still tend to make errors in their conversation.
Considering about the error, Chomsky (1965) in Tarigan ( 1988:143) says that:
“kesalahan yang diakibatkan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan mengenai kaidah – kaidah bahasa, yang disebut oleh Chomsky sebagai factor kompetensi, merupakan penyimpangan – penyimpangan sistematis yang disebabkan pengetahuan pelajar yang sedang berkembang mengenai system bahasa tersebut.”
“ errors that are caused by the lack of knowledge about the language rules that is called as a competent factor by Chomsky is systematic errors that are caused by the lack of knowledge of the students about the language that is being learned.”
( translated by the writer )
While Dulay (1982) in Tarigan ( 1988 : 139) says that :
“ penggunaan istilah error atau kesalahan untuk mengacu pada setiap penyimpangan dan norma baku performansi bahasa tanpa mengindahkan / memperdulikan ciri- ciri atau penyebab penyimpangan tersebut.”
“ the use of error term refers to each of the errors and norms of the language performance without caring about the cause of those errors.”
( translated by the writer )
Kaplan (1989:1) says that grammar is divided into two. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. Prescriptive grammar is the rules governing how a language is supposed to be used. While descriptive grammar is to describe the grammatical system of a language uncounciously know, which enables them to speak and understand the language. In descriptive grammar, the interest is not what should be, but in what is the language that people use all the time, the whole range of different varieties they use in their normal everyday lives, including the varieties they use in their formal careful speech and writing.
Prescriptive grammar only wants to create a standard norm that must be respected by the speakers when they use a language because in Prescriptive grammar, there is a value judgment whether the language that we use is right or wrong according to the grammatical of the language that we use.
Yule (1985:72) in Cahyono ( 1995: 164) clarifies that :
“ pendekatan preskriptif merupakan pengkajian bahasa yang berpandangan bahwa terdapat ketentuan – ketentuan mutlak mengenai betul salah dalam bahasa dan tujuan analisis bahasa adalah menyusun norma – norma pemakaian bahasa.”
“ prescriptive approach is the study of language that said that there are
absolute norms about right or wrong in using the language and the purpose of the analysis is to arrange the norms of the language that is being used.”
( translated by the writer )
It is known that English language has many kinds of grammar, such as the use of tenses , parts of speech, sentence, etc. for this case, the writer is interested in analyzing the grammatical errors which in it include the use of tenses and parts of speech. The definition of tense according to Mas’ud (1987:19) :
“ tenses adalah bentuk dari kata kerja ( verba) yang menunjukkan : a. waktu terjadinya suatu peristiwa / perbuatan
“ tense is a kind of Verb forms that shows : a. the time of an event
b. the perfection level of an event that happens or done ( will be done, is being done, has just been done, or was done ).” ( translated by the writer )
Concerning about the Tense, in English language, there are three kinds of Tenses, they are :
a. Present Tense b. Past Tense c. Future Tense
Each of those Tenses above can be divided again into some, such as Present tense can be divided into Present continuous tense, present perfect tense, present perfect continuous tense, etc. so do past tense and future tense.
While parts of speech is the function of words in a sentence. In English language, there are eight kinds that can be included as parts of speech, they are:
a. noun b. pronoun c. adjectives d. verbs e. adverbs f. prepositions g. conjunctions h. interjections
LCE ( Language and Cultural Exchange ) is an English course that is at 79 Sei Mencirim Medan. It is established by Nexus Foundation. LCE is one of English Courses located in Medan that provides the native speakers as the teachers whom will teach the learners, for this case, Indonesians about English language.
LCE has accepted the certificates about the progress of its programmes twice in a year. And for the first time, LCE is given the permission to keep on its programme for one year, as usual, it only receives the permission only for three months.
LCE has been active as one of the Official English Course since June 2009. LCE is managed by the chairperson whose name is Ikke Tresiani. She graduated from Educational English Department of Satya Wacana University in Java, and now, she is still taking her master in Holistic Child Development Institute of Penang.
LCE has done many activities. It has opened the class for the students who want to be able to speak English fluently since June 2009, besides that, it has also opened the speaking clubs for the members who do not want to take the class, but in the contrary, they only just want to practice speaking with the native speakers there. Movie Nite is one of its classes that offered by LCE that is held twice in a month. And then, there is also a discussion or exhibition or any workshops like Job interview workshop, personality workshop, etc, especially when there are some guests who have just come to Indonesia.
Besides that, LCE also accepts the exchange students from abroad, because LCE not only as a course which teach the non native speakers about English but also it is as a place for the foreigners who want to learn Indonesia language and the culture of Indonesia because LCE cooperates with Global Education.
Therefore, in LCE, the students especially the non native speakers can take and give. Why the writer say take and give because the non native speakers not only
grasp the knowledge from the native speakers, in reverse, the native spaeakers can share the knowledge about Indonesia either the language or the culture with the non native speakers although they have their own teacher who will teach them Indonesia language in that course, but at least they can share to assist them when they have duties or jobs about Indonesia Course from their teacher in LCE.
1.2Scope of the Analysis
In analyzing this case of the thesis, the writer focuses on the grammatical errors, especially the prescriptive grammar that contains about the use of Tenses in English language and parts of speech in English language and the writer only concerns with the native speakers who are teaching in each of English classes that offered by LCE English Course.
1.3 Problems of the Analysis
Concerning the title of this thesis, there are four questions appeared, they are: 1. What tenses errors will be found in native speakers’ conversation in LCE
2. What parts of speech errors will be found in native speakers’ conversation in LCE English Course?
3. What tenses errors will be dominant found in native speakers’ conversation in LCE English Course?
4. What parts of speech errors will be dominant found in native speakers’ conversation in LCE English Course?
1.4Objectives of the Analysis
In answering the problems of the analysis, the writer gives four objectives of the analysis. They are :
1. To find out the tenses errors in native speakers’s conversation in LCE English Course.
2. To find out the parts of speech errors in native speakers’ conversation in LCE English Course.
3. To find out the dominant tenses errors in native speakers’s conversation in LCE English Course.
4. To find out the dominant parts of speech errors in native speakers’ conversation in LCE English Course.
1.5Significance of the Analysis
native speakers’ conversation so that the readers can understand the grammatical errors and know the correct forms of the errors that are made by native speakers.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 About Grammar
One of the most important things in using the language is the grammar of language. Grammar cannot be separated from something that is called “correctness” or “appropriateness”. Knapp and Watkins (2005:31) states “ grammar remains simply a set of rules for correctness or appropriateness. In grammar, there is a way of organizing what the people know about language so that they can talk about this knowledge. A knowledge of grammar by a speaker or writer shifts language use from the implicit and unconscious to a conscious manipulation of language and choice of appropriate text ( Knapp and Watkins, 2005:32). That is why, there are many aspects of grammar that acquired consciously that the people can access when they speak and write.
grammar can be defined in many ways. Lado (1961:141) says the term grammar for
the Grammarian is the analysis of his own language, or one has mastered, in order to discover its “ rules”of propriety, that is what may and may not be said in the particular language. For general people, grammar has been the study of rules of correctness, that is, the rules that claimed to tell the student what he should and should not say in order to speak the language of socially educated class. However, to a linguist, word
grammar means the set of elements and rules that make up a language.
Besides that, many experts also gives their definitions about grammar. Lado ( 1961:142) defines grammar as the patterns of arrangement of words in sentences and the patterns of arrangements of parts of words into words.
Wilson in Rean (1971:102) states grammar of language is the system of devices which carry the structural meanings of that language in speech and writing. This system specifies the way words in a given language are related to each other. Halliday ( 2002:40) says that grammar is the level of linguistic form at which operate closed system. A closed system is a set of terms with these characteristics :
The number of terms is finite. They can be listed as A, B, C, D, and all other items E, F etc are outside the system.
Each term is exclusive of all the others:a given term A can not be identical with B or C or D.
Everytime language is used either spoken or written, it certainly talks about grammar. Although it is realized that each of languages has its own grammar. Lado (1961:142) says grammar is intimate with the construction of a sentence because sentences are made up of patterns of arrangements of word groups, words, stress, intonation and terminal borders. Sentences occur in sequences, and each language has its system for the ordering of sentences in sequence.
Therefore, grammar is regarded as the most difficult part that we should notice when we use a language. One of the reasons why grammar is considered as difficult part and tend to make errors in using is because the fact that the same forms operate simultaneously at several levels of structure. Similar levels of structure are observed in other languages, though the formal devices and arrangements used in each language vary greatly. The levels of structure that are important in outlining the structure of a language for testing purposes are sequences of sentences, sentence
patterns, parts of sentences, parts of speech, morphemes, etc.
An example will serve to illustrate what is meant by these levels :
What did Martin do?
He told the students, a story, about ants.
Why about ants?
Because?
From the example above, it can be operated that at the level of patterns of
sentences, the conversation has four sentences, showing four different patterns, that is
Although it is known that grammar is very difficult and there are many components that should be paid attention, but grammar can be a set of habits. The rules of grammar should not be memorized, defined by the users, but in the contrary, the users try to use it, because actually the main purpose of grammar is not on the users’ knowledge of a language toward the theory of grammar, but , in the contrary, it is on how the users apply grammar in their speaking and writing because based on the fact that we notice that, on one hand, many people who can define the categories of a language and recite its grammatical rules are unable to use the language for communication, and, on the other hand, many efficient users of a language are unable to identify the parts of speech or thee structures of an utterance either by technical term or by definition.
There are three principal ways in which grammar communicates to us through physical clues (Hancock 2005:19) :
a. word order b. inflections c. function words
2.1.1 Word Order
Word order is utterly important in English grammar. English is a language that has become heavily dependent on word order for grammatical meaning. Word order talks about the sequences of words that are constructed to be a complete sentence based on the grammatical rules in English language. Example :
Talking about the word order, the sentence above is right. Because Subject (I ) comes first and then, Verb ( have just read ) that is followed by appearance of noun after that ( a new book story ).
2.1.2 Inflection
Changes in the form of a word for grammatical purposes, inflections are also important. Inflections usually take the form of changes in word ending, but are not limited to this.
Example : Mice. It is a word we can recognize as a variation on mouse. That is plural form of mouse. As usual, as a grammatical rules, to refer plural, noun is ended by -s /-es , but one thing that must be remembered that not all nouns that can be added -s/-es, but in the contrary, they encounter the changes of form of that noun. As a given example above.
2.1.3 Function word
2.2 Types of Grammar
1 Prescriptive Grammar
When most people think of grammatical rules, they think of what linguists call rules of Prescriptive grammar. Prescriptive rules tell how to speak or write. Prescriptive rules serve just to influence our spoken and written English to some standard norm. Prescriptive grammar is meant how a language is supposed to be used. Sometimes, Prescriptive grammar is also defined as prohibition because in prescriptive grammar, the speakers of a language must use the language correctly based on the grammatical rules that are in that language.
Here are a few examples of Prescriptive rules : a. Never split an infinitive
True : To go boldly where no one has gone before False : To boldly go where no one has gone before b. Never use a double negatives
True : I do not have to nothing
False : I do not have anything or I have nothing.
Prescriptive grammar make a value judgment about the correctness of an utterance and try to force that aligns with one formal norm.
2.2.2 Descriptive Grammar
Linguists concern themselves with discovering what speakers know about a language, and describing that knowledge objectively. Descriptive grammar, on the other hand, accept the pattern a speaker actually uses and tries to account for them. Descriptive grammar allows for different varieties of a language, they do not ignore a construction simply, and it never occurs in prescriptive grammar.
The aim of descriptive grammar is to describe the grammatical system of a language, that is, what speakers of the language unconsciously know, which enables them to speak and understand the language.
In descriptive grammar, the interest is not in what the language should be, but in what the language that people use all the time, the whole range of different varieties they use in their normal everyday lives, including the varieties they use in their most casual or intimate moments, as well as the varieties they use in their formal speech and writing. In practice of descriptive grammar, no judgment is made about wrong and right because speakers of the language are held to be the highest authorities.
Here are a few examples of Descriptive rule :
a. Prescriptive : The Celtics are likely to win Descriptive : The Celtics are probable to win
b. Prescriptive : America is between the Atlantic and the Pacific Descriptive : The Atlantic is what America is between the Pacific
and.
2.3 Tenses
Tenses are as time indicator that distinguish the use of verb based on the sequence of time. The use of tenses is closely related to the use of Verbs that are one of components of parts of speech.
According to Mas’ud (1987:19) :
“ Tenses adalah bentuk dari kata kerja ( verba) yang menunjukkan : c. waktu terjadinya suatu peristiwa / perbuatan
d. tingkat kesempurnaan suatu perbuatan pada waktu dilakukan atau peristiwa yang terjadi ( akan dilakukan, sedang terjadi,baru sajadimulai atau selesai dilakukan).”
“Tense is a form of a verb that shows : a. the time of the activity that is being done.
b. the level of the activity that is being done ( when it will be done, when it is being done, or when it has been just done, etc .)
(translated by the writer )
Concerning about the Tenses, generally in English language, there are three kinds of Tenses, they are :
d. Present Tense e. Past Tense f. Future Tense
2.3.1 Present Tense
2.3.1.1 Present Tense
Present Tense is the tense that is used to indicate the activity whose characteristics like this :
a. As a habit
e.q : - Ali always goes to school .
- We usually come to your house on Sunday. - He often plays chess at noon.
e.q : -The sun rises in the east and sets in the west - A year has twelve months
- The earth revolves around the sun c. The actions happen for this time e.q : - Marry sings beautifully
-The dog barks loudly d. As a schedule
e.q : - The plane leaves tomorrow morning. - We leave for Jakarta on Tuesday. - Our train arrives at 09.45.
Here is the formula of Present Tense :
Positive form :
S ( I, You, We, They ) + Verb 1 + O S ( He, She, It ) + Verb s/es + O
Negative form :
S ( I, You, We, They ) + do not + V1+O S ( He, She, It ) + does not + V1 + O
Interrogative form :
Do + S ( I, You, We, They ) + V1+ O ? Does + S ( he, she, It ) + V1 + O ?
Present Continuous Tense is a tense that indicates the activities that are going on or in the present time. As usual, this tense is indicated by the adverb of time such as: right now, now, at this moment, at present, etc.
Present Continuous Tense also has some characteristics, such as : a. It indicates the activities that are done in the present time e.q : - It is raining now.
- Budi is listening to the radio at present. - I am not wearing a coat now.
b. It indicates the activities that are going to be done in the future but it has a great certainity.
e.q : - Burhan is going to the theatre tonight - She is leaving for Surabaya tomorrow The formula of this tense is
Positive form
S ( I ) + am + V ing + O
S ( you, we, they ) + are + V ing + O S ( he, she , it ) + is + V ing + O
Negative form
S ( I ) + am + not + V ing + O
S ( you, we, they ) +are + not + V ing + O S ( he, she , it ) + is + not + V ing + O
Interrogative form
2.3.1.3 Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense is a tense of English that indicates the activities that had been done in the past time but it is still going on in the present time.
Present Perfect Tense is often used along with For and Since. e. q : - Betty has left her school since January.
- They have not met each other for a week. - I have lived in Yogyakarta for two years
Besides that, Present perfect tense is pointed by the adverb of time such as :
almost, recently, never, already, just, until now, etc.
The formula of Present Perfect Tense :
Positive form
S ( I, you, we they ) + have + V3 + O S ( he, she , it ) + has + V3 + O
Negative form
S ( I, you , we, they ) + have + not + V3 + O S ( he, she, it ) + has + not + V3 + O
Have + S ( I, you, we, they ) + V3 + O ? Has + S ( he, she, it ) + V3 + O ?
2.3.1.4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense is a tense of English that is used to indicate the activity that had been done in past time but until this time, it is still done and it is going on.
The adverb of time that are used to show as an identity of this tense is same with present perfect tense, that is, never, since, and for.
For example : - We have been listening to the radio for two hours - She has been learning English for 4 years
- How long have you been waiting for the bus? The formula of present perfect continuous tense :
Positive form
S + has / have + been + V ing + O
Negative form
S + has / have + not + been + Ving+ O
Interrogative form
2.3.2 Past Tense
2.3.2.1 Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense is a tense of English that indicates the activities that were done in the past time. This tense is pointed by the use of Verb in the past form ( V2) and as usual, the adverb of time of this tense, such as :
Ago : two days ago , a few months ago , three years ago, etc. Last : last year, last time, last Sunday, last night, last week, etc. Yesterday.
This morning.
For example : - I bought this car last month
- You and I visited our teacher in Pekan Baru three days ago - Did you play tennis yesterday ?
The formula of Simple Past Tense :
Positive form
S + V2 + O
Negative form
S + Did + not + V1 + O
Interrogative form
2.3.2.2 Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense is a tense that indicates the activities that were going on in the past time. This tense can also be used if there are two activities are done at the same time, but the first activity or which one of both of the activities that happens first, it uses past continuous tense.
For example : - My mother was cooking when it began to rain.
-We were studying English when the headmaster entered the classroom to check the chairs of the students.
- When the teacher came, the boys were playing the chess. The formula of Past Continuous Tense :
Positive form
S + was / were + V ing + O
Negative form
S + was/ were + not + V ing + O
Interrogative form
Was / were + S + Ving + O ?
2.3.2.3 Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense is a tense of English that is used to indicate the activity that had been done until finish in the past time when another activity happened.
As soon as Before Until / till When
For example : - When I reached the station, the train had left - We went on holiday after we had taken the exam - Before the police came, the thief had escaped - After he had finished working, he went home. The formula of Past Perfect Tense :
Positive form
S + Had + V3 + O
Negative form
S + Had + not + V3 + O
Interrogative form
Had + S + V3 + O ?
2.3.2.4 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense is a tense that indicates the activities that were done in the past time but it is still going on until now when another happened.
- While I hed been studying English for an hour, he came to see me yesterday.
- Marry had been sleeping for two hours when I visited her last night.
The formula of Past Perfect Continuous Tense :
Positive form
S + Had + been + V ing + O
Negative form
S + Had + not + been + V ing + O
Interrogative form
Had + S + been + V ing + O ?
2.3.3 Future Tense
2.3.3.1 Simple Future Tense
Simple Future Tense is a tense of English that indicates the activity that will be done in the future time. Simple Future Tense is usually pointed by the adverb of time, such as :
Next : next year, next week, next month, next Tuesday, etc Tomorrow
Tonight Etc
- They will lend me some money if I need it very much. Simple Future Tense can be also used with “ to be going to”.
The formula of Simple Future Tense :
Positive form
S + will/ shall + V1 + O S + tobe + going to + V1 + O
Negative form
S + will / shall + not + V1 + O S + tobe + going to + V1 + O
Interrogative form
Will / shall + S + V1 + O ? Tobe + S + going to + V1 + O?
2.3.3.2 Future Continuous Tense
Future Continuous Tense is a tense of English that indicates the activities that are being done in the future time. Future Continuous Tense is usually showed by the adverb of time, such as :
By this time At this time
For example : - At this time, I shall be driving through java. - By this time, we will be studying English.
- At seven o’clock tonight, they wil be watching TV. The formula of Future Continuous Tense :
Positive form
S + will/ shall + be + V ing + O
Negative form
S + will / shall + not + be + Ving + O
Interrogative form
Will/ shall + S + be + V ing + O ?
2.3.3.2Future Perfect Tense
Future Perfect tense is a tense of English that indicates the activity that will have been done in the future time. Future Perfect tense usually uses adverb of time, such as :
By… By next …
By this time next.. By the end of Etc
- By the end of the school year, we shall have covered the entire grammar book.
- Marry will have read this book by the end of this week. The formula of Future Perfect Tense :
Positive form
S + will/ shall + have + V3 + O
Negative form
S + will/ shall + have + not + V3 + O
Interrogative form
Will/ shall + S + have + V3 + O ?
2.3.3.3Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Future Perfect Continuous tense is a tense that indicates the activity that will have been done in the future time but that activity is still going on at that time.
Future Perfect continuous tense is identical with the adverb of time, such as : By the end of
For … years by next month By this time next
For…by..
In using Future Perfect Continuous Tense, it is always followed by adverb of time.
- By this time next week, I will have been taking my exam.
- On April 2, 1998, we shall have been living in this house for thirty years. - We shall have been studying English for five years by next month. The formula of Future Perfect Continuous Tense :
Positive form
S + will/ shall + have + been + V ing + O
Negative form
S + will/ shall + have + not + been + Ving + O
Interrogative form
Will/ shall + S + have + been + V ing + O ?
2.4 Parts of Speech
2.4.1 Nouns
Noun is a part of Parts of Speech that indicates the name of persons, place, plants, animals, things, etc.
Noun can be divived into five. They are :
Abstract noun : noun that can not be seen by our sense. Abstract noun is usually formed from the adjectives. Example : happiness, sadness, freedom, health, etc.
Common noun : noun that indicates the kind or class of a certain thing. Example : bread, stone, book, city, soldier, etc. Proper noun : the name of person, place, etc that is special for
them. A Proper noun is usually followed by the capital letter. Example : Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Amir, etc.
Collective noun : a group of nouns that is as a representative of its member.
Collective noun is usually in a singular noun. Example : team, club, committee, troop, etc.
Material noun : noun that is not made by human beings. Example : sand, soil, water, gold, etc.
2.4.1.1Gender
Gender is a part of noun that distinguish the difference between masculine and feminine of a thing. Gender can be divided into four. They are :
Masculine noun : father, grandfather, boy, son, husband, brother, etc
Feminine noun : woman, ladies, girls, mother, grandmother, sister, etc.
Common noun : noun that can consists of masculine and feminine. Example : teacher, nurse, student, doctor, children, parents, etc.
2.4.1.2Number
Number shows the total of nouns. Number can be divided into four, they are : Singular noun : noun that is not more than one. Singular noun is
usually followed by the article a or an. Tobe that is used in singular noun is also tobe singular (is /was). Example : a car, a chair, a table.
Plural noun : noun that consists of two or more than two. Plural noun is usually attached by suffix –s/-es in the of the things to point out that the thing is plural. Tobe that is used in Plural noun is tobe plural (are/were). Example : cars, bags, elephants, flowers, etc.
Countable noun : noun that can be counted. Example : egg, chair, cup, bag, fan, student, teacher, person, etc.
Uncountable noun : noun that can not be counted. Example : sugar, salt, hair, oil, petrol, etc. although uncountable noun can not be counted , but it can still be counted from its unit. Example : one kilogram of sugar, two liters of oil, etc.
2.4.1.3Case
The function of case is to show the relationship between noun and other words that is in a sentence.
Nominative case : noun that is as a subject in a sentence. Nominative
case is placed before Verb in a sentence. Example : Karim takes an umbrella.
Our flag is called Sang Saka Merah Putih.
Some students did not come yesterday.
Possessive case : noun that shows the ownership. To show the
possessive case, a noun is usually attached by apostrophe ‘s ( singular ) and s’ ( plural ) in the end of noun.
Example :
Ahmad’s book Karim’s shop The cat’s tail Ladies’ bag Mens’ wallets
Objective case : noun that is as object in a sentence.
Objective case can be divided into three, they are :
Direct object : object that is pointed by the verb directly. Example : - Ali killed a snake
- I bought a book
Indirect object : object that is not pointed by the Verb directly. Example : - She calls him a liar
- You give me a nice present
Object to preposition : object that is after the preposition in a sentence. Example : - I jump into the river
- Ali threw a stone at the dog
2.4.2 Pronoun
Pronoun is known as a part of parts of speech whose function is to replace the noun in a sentence. Pronoun is divided into eight, they are :
a. Personal pronoun b. Demonstrative pronoun c. Indefinite pronoun d. Interrogative pronoun e. Reflexive pronoun f. Reciprocal pronoun g. Relative pronoun h. Possessive pronoun
2.4.2.1Personal pronoun
Pronoun that shows the person in a sentence. In English, there are three kinds of speaker in a sentence, they are : first speaker (I), second speaker(you), and third speaker ( he, she, it ). Personal pronoun is divided into two more, they are :
a. subjective pronoun b. objective pronoun
Subjective pronoun Objective pronoun
I me
you you
they them
he him
she her
it it
2.4.2.2Demonstrative pronoun
pronoun of direction. In English, there are two kinds of pronoun of direction, they are :
a. This ( singular ) / These ( plural ) → to point out the things that are in a near distance.
b. That ( singular ) / Those ( plural ) → to point out the things that are far.
2.4.2.3Indefinite pronoun
Indefinite pronoun is anybody, somebody, someone, anyone, something, everybody, nothing, everything, etc.
2.4.2.4Interrogative pronoun
Interrogative pronoun is pronoun whose function is as question word in a sentence. In English. There are 9 interrogative pronoun, they are :
What → to ask the noun, activity, or anything else. When → to ask the time in a sentence.
Why → to ask the cause or reason in a sentence. Whose → to ask the ownership in a sentence. Which → to ask the choices in a sentence.
Whom → to ask the person as the object in a sentence. How → to ask the ways or methods in a sentence.
2.4.2.5Reflexive pronoun
Pronoun that reflects its self. Here is the reflexive pronoun in English : Subject Reflexive pronoun
I myself
you yourself
we ourselves
they themselves
he himself
she herself
it itself
Example :
• I help myself this morning. • Rini writes that poem by herself. • They love themselves
Pronoun that indicates the relationship between one thing and the others and vice versa in a sentence. For example :
a. each other : Ali and Rahman are speaking each other.
b. one another : All the children love one another
2.4.2.7Relative pronoun
Pronoun that is used to change the subject that has been mentioned before. The function of Relative pronoun is to connect noun and the sentence that modifies it that are in a sentence. Relative pronoun can also be called “yan” in Indonesia language. In English, there are five kinds of Relative Pronoun :
a. who : used to replace the subject(person). Example : My brother who lives in Jakarta is a doctor.
b. whom : used to replace object ( person ). Example : You want to see the man whom we have just met in the park.
c. which : used to replace the nouns. Example : I have just received the bicycle
which is still new.
d. whose : used to replace the ownership in a sentence. Example : the girl whose bag is red is very tall.
e. that : used to replace all either person or noun in a sentence. Example :
- I give you the invitation that has just been decorated by my husband. - Ali that teaches English in that class is my uncle.
2.4.2.8Possessive pronoun
a. possessive pronoun is followed by noun.
b. possessive pronoun that is not followed by noun.
Subject Possessive pronoun is followed by noun
Possessive pronoun is not followed by noun
I my mine
you your yours
we our ours
they their theirs
she her hers
he his his
it Its its
Example : • Here is your book. • I know that this is yours. • You steal my wallet. • I don’t know where is his.
2.4.3 Adjective
Adjective is words which modify nouns or as which indicate “qualities”. Generally, Adjective is divided into eight, they are :
d. demonstrative adjective e. proper adjective
f. interrogative adjective g. possessive adjective h. distributive adjective
2.4.3.1 Adjective of Quality
Adjective of Quality shows the quality of a noun includes form, size, condition, etc. Example of adjective of quality : small, fat, short, tall, big, large, rich, poor, happy, sad, glad, etc. In adjective of quality, it is known about the degree of Comparison, that is, the positive degree, comparative degree, and superlative degree.
2.4.3.2Adjective of Quantity
Adjective that shows the quantity or number of a noun. It is usually for the uncountable noun. The examples of adjective of quantity are much, little, all, some, enough, bit, sufficient, any, half, no, etc.
Example :
• He ate little bread. • Will you have some tea? • She drinks sufficient milk.
2.4.3.3Adjective of Numeral
Definite number is divided into three, they are :
Cardinal : one, two,and soon. ordinal : first, second, and soon.
multiplication : single, double, dozen, a pair. etc.
Indefinite number : all, some, any, several, many, etc.
2.4.3.4 Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative adjective is a directive adjective. Demonstrative adjective is also divided into two :
a. Definite : shows the exact direction. Example : this, that, these, those, etc. b. Indefinite : shows the non- exact direction. Example: any, another, a certain,
such, some, other, etc.
2.4.3.5Proper adjective
Proper adjective comes from proper noun that shows the nation or the language of that noun.
Proper adjective is also started by the capital letter. Example :
Proper noun Proper adjective England
Holland
English Dutch
2.4.3.6Interrogative adjective
Adjective that is used to ask the question. Interrogative adjective is usually followed by noun. Interrogative adjective is What, Which, and Whose.
Example :
• What time will you come ?
• Which man do you need ?
• Whose book is this ?
2.4.3.7 Possessive adjective
Adjective that shows the ownership. Here is the possessive adjective : a. My
b. Her c. Our d. Your e. Their f. His g. Its Example :
• My father is a teacher.
• Her mother is still in the hospital • Is your friend well?
• They are our best friends.
Adjective that shows something as one part of the others. Distributive adjective, such as : Each, Every, Either, Neither.
Distributive adjective must be followed by singular noun. Example :
• She reads every book of the library. • Every boy is weeping
• Each cost only ten rupiahs.
• Etc.
2.4.4 Verb
Verb is one of the parts of speech that indicates the action that is done by subject in a sentence. Verb usually comes after subject / agent in a sentence.
Example :
• Amir comes from Jakarta. • My brother studies in Japan. • She is beautiful.
In English Grammar, Verb is divided into five. They are : a. finite verb
b. auxiliary verb c. transitive verb d. intransitive verb
e. regular and irregular verb
2.4.4.1Finite verb
• If it is used in an interrogative sentence, it must be added by auxiliary verb, such as : do, does, did, etc.
• Its forms can be changeable because of tense.
• This verb has many forms, such as : infinitive verb, gerund, present participle. past form, past participle, etc.
Example :
o She works hard ( infinitive )
o She is working ( present participle ). o She worked hard ( past ).
o She has worked hard ( past participle )
2.4.4.2Auxiliary verb
Auxiliary verb, in Indonesia language is called as kata kerja bantu. Auxiliary verb in a sentence has an important role especially in showing the grammatical function in a sentence. Auxiliary verb is a helping verb that is used along with verbs in a sentence whose function is to help expressing the meaning.
Auxiliary verb can be divided into four, they are :
a. To be : being, been, am, is, are, was, were. b. To do : do, does, did.
c. Have : has, have, had.
d. Modal :can/could, may/might, will/would,
shall/should, must/ had to, ought to.
Transitive verb is a kind of verb that needs object in its use. If Transitive verb does not have the object, it will not have the meaning.
Example :
• He struck the board. • A dog bites the man. • He kicks the ball
• My father bought apples.
2.4.4.4Intransitive verb
Intransitive verb is the opposite of transitive verb. If transitive verb needs object, in the contrary, intransitive verb does not need object. Because it can not be followed by object. If it is followed by object, it will not have the meaning.
Example :
• The sun shines. • The cat slept. • The baby is crying.
2.4.4.5Regular and irregular verb
Regular verb is verb that can be changed based on the tense. In regular verb, the changes of verbs are regular.
Example :
• Look at – looked at – looked at. • Etc.
Irregular verb is verb that can be changed based on the tense but, the changes of the verbs are not regular.
Example :
• Buy – bought – bought. • Swim – swam – swum. • Run – ran – run. • Etc.
2.4.5 Adverb
Adverb is one of parts of speech that expresses how, where, when, and how many times an activity / action is done in a sentence.
In English, there are 8 kinds of adverb, they are : a. adverb of manner
b. adverb of place c. adverb of time d. adverb of degree e. adverb of frequency f. adverb of quantity g. interrogative adverb h. relative adverb
Adverb of manner is adverb that expresses how an activity / action is done in a sentence. Adverb of manner is formed by adjective + ly that is attached in the end of the adjective.
Example :
• Quick + ly = quickly. • Diligent + ly = diligently • Fluent + ly = fluently
• Etc
But, there are some that can not be formed like the formula above, such as : • Good → well
• Late → late • Hard → hard • Fast → fast • Etc.
2.4.5.5Adverb of place and direction
Adverb that shows the place of an activity / action is done. Example: • She will come here again.
• I can not find him everywhere. • They go to the park.
2.4.5.6Adverb of Time
Adverb that shows the time of an activity / action is done. Adverb of time is divided into two :
b. Indefinite time : recently, soon, later, already, just, still, nowadays, etc. Example :
• I am studying English now. • She arrived here yesterday. • Umar has just finished working. • She will come here soon.
2.4.5.7Adverb of degree
Adverb that expresses the level or how far an activity / action is done. There are two kinds of adverb, they are :
a. showing how much
such as : very, rather, somewhat, extremely, exceedingly, quite, fairly, etc. example : - She became quite angry with me.
- He always walks rather quickly. - This coffee is very hot.
b. showing how complete
such as : almost, nearly, wholly, utterly, practically, entirely. etc. For this part, it is distinguished become two parts, they are :
• relates to verb
Example : - He has almost finished working
- She has now partially recovered from his ill. • relates to adjective
2.4.5.8Adverb of Frequency
Adverb that shows how often an activity or action is done. Here is some examples of adverb of frequency.
a. usually b. sometimes c. often d. always e. rarely f. ever g. never h. hardly i. scarcely
example : - She sometimes comes late. - He always wakes up early. - We often study at night.
2.4.5.9Adverb of Quantity
Adjective that shows how many times an activity or action is done. Example : - She studies English twice.
- He has won the prize three times. - Etc.
2.4.5.7 Interrogative adverb
Example : - Where did you buy this book ?
- How did she come here ?
- Why were you absent yesterday ?
2.4.5.8 Relative adverb
Adverb that is used to relate one sentence to another. Such as : therefore, accordingly, moreover, besides, however, nevertheless, where, etc.
Example : - I do not remember when I met her for the first time. - She is very busy, accordingly, she can not see me. - I do not know why he is absent today.
- Amir wanted to go out although it was raining. 2.4.6 Preposition
Preposition is a word that shows the relationship between noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
Preposition is usually placed first before noun to account for the position or place of something that we mean.
Preposition has a close relationship with other parts of speech. Such as : adjective, nouns, or verb.
Here is the list of prepositions :
at ahead about across
after close to down during
behind around above for
since by towards to till through throughout until
with within without from
far from front in into
inside In front of next to on
out of outside over
2.4.7 Conjunction
Conjunction is a part of parts of speech that connects words to words, sentences to sentences, etc.
In English language, Conjunction is divided into two : a. coordinating conjunctions
b. subordinating conjunctions
2.4.7.1Coordinating conjunction
Coordinating conjunction is conjunction that connects two sentences that are related one to another. There are six kinds of coordinating conjunction :
a. And b. But c. For d. Nor e. Or f. Yet
a. cumulative conjunction b. alternative conjunction c. adversative conjunction d. illative conjunction
2.4.7.1.1 Cumulative conjunction
A group of conjunction whose function is to collect or to add. Cumulative conjunction includes :
a. and
b. both … and
c. not only … but also d. as well as
e. in addition to etc.
Example : - Fatimah is beautiful and diligent.
- Not only Fatimah is beautiful, but also she is diligent.
- Amir, as well as Ali, invites me to come soon.
2.4.7.1.2 Alternative conjunction
Conjunction that contains the alternative meaning or the choice of two words or more.
Alternative conjunction includes : a. or
d. or else … e. otherwise
Example : - Ali or Farida will finish the job.
- Either you leave this house or I will call the police.
- I neither smoke nor drink.
2.4.7.1.3 Adversative Conjunction
Conjunction that is used to show the opposite between one part of sentence and the others. Adversative conjunction includes :
a. but b. however c. still d. yet
e. in spite of f. despite
g. on the contrary h. on the other hand i. etc.
Example : - Amir is poor but he is honest.
- Nashir is rich, yet he is friendly person. - She has tried, still she is not successful.
2.4.7.1.4 Illative conjunction
a. therefore b. accordingly c. thus
d. hence
e. consequently f. because of g. as a result h. regardless of i. for this reason j. etc.
Example : - It is raining very hard; therefore, the club will cancel the picnic. - He is ill, therefore, he cannot come to my house.
- The secretary is very busy, consequently, she cannot help you.
2.4.7.2 Subordinating Conjunction
Conjunction that is used to connect dependent clause to main clause. Here is the examples of Subordinating Conjunction :
a. after b. before c. when d. while e. as soon as f. as
h. in order that i. where j. until k. though l. even though m. since
n. etc.
Example : - My father says that this book is mine. - The boy will come if he is allowed to do. - He closed his house after his friends had gone. - He left the house as soon as the rain stopped. 2.4.8 Interjection
Interjection is a part of parts of speech that is used to express some feelings such as : expression of surprise, expression of anger, expression of happiness, etc. As usual, in the end of the expression, it is added by interjection ( ! ).
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
In writing this thesis, the writer applies library research and field research. Talking about library research, Bungin in Metodologi Penelitian Sosial (2001 : 32) states :
“Penelitian kepustakaan adalah penelitian yang dilakukan di perpustakaan dan peneliti berhadapan dengan berbagai macam literature sesuai tujuan dan masalah yang sedang dipertanyakan.”
“Library research is a research that is done in a library where a researcher faces many kinds of literatures that is suitable with the objective and problem of the analysis.” ( translated by the writer )
Besides that, the writer also applies field research. Bungin in Metodologi Penelitian Sosial (2001:29) states:
“penelitian lapangan adalah penelitian yang langsung dilakukan di lapangan, semuanya dilaksanakan di lapangan.”
“field research is a research that is done directly in a field, all of the things are done in a field.” ( translated by the writer )
In field research, the writer will do the research in field that is suitable with the problem of this thesis.
3.1.1 Research Location
Based on the analysis of this thesis, that is, the writer wants to analyze the grammatical errors that are found in Native speakers’ conversation, the writer chooses LCE English Course that is on Jalan Mencirim No : 79 Medan as the location of the research since that course provides some English native speakers, although they are
not British English, but, there is no different Grammatical rules that used by both of them, either British or American.
Besides that, based on the experiences of the writer who is taking English speaking club there that the native speakers often make errors in grammar when they are speaking.
To know more about LCE English Course, the profile of LCE English Course has been given by the writer in Chapter I ( Background of the analysis ).
3.1.2 Research Time
a. The writer will do the research in LCE for three times a week (based on the schedule of each English class that is offered by LCE) for one month, based on the time that has been determined above. b. The research will be started based on the schedule of each English
class that is offered by LCE.
c. In doing the research, the writer will do the observation by recording each of native speakers’ conversation in every English class that is offered by LCE English Course.
3.2 Data
3.2.1 Data
3.2.1.1 Primary data
Data is everything that is found about the object of the analysis. For this case, the writer uses primary data or In Indonesia language, we call it as Data primer. According to Bungin in Metodologi Penelitian Sosial ( 2001: 128) states :
“data primer adalah data yang diambil dari sumber data primer atau sumber data yang utama di lapangan.”
“primary data is a data that is taken from primary data resource, or primary data resource in field of research.” ( translated by the writer )
For this case, primary data of this thesis is all of things that are found in native speakers’conversation in LCE English Course.
Data resource is one of the parts that is completely important in doing the research because through data resource, the researcher can collect the data that a researcher needs to be analyzed in their analysis.
Data resource is divided into two, they are : a. primary data resource
b. secondary data resource
3.2.2.1Primary Data Resource
Since the writer as the researcher uses primary data ( data primer), that is why, data resource that is used is primary data resource. And based on the primary data that is used by the researcher, so the primary data resource that is used is the native speakers who are in LCE English Course.
3.3 Data Collecting Method
In data collecting method, the writer uses observation method. Bungin in Metodologi Penelitian Sosial ( 2001 : 142) explains :
“metode observasi atau pengamatan adalah metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan untuk menghimpun data penelitian, data penelitian tersebut dapat diamati oleh peneliti dalam arti bahwa data tersebut dihimpun melalui pengamatan peneliti melalui penggunaan panca indra. Adapun data yang dikumpulkan tersebut harus memiliki criteria sebagai berikut :
a. pengamatan digunakan dalam penelitian dan telah direncanakan secara sistematik.
b. Pengamatan harus berkaitan dengan tujuan penelitian yang ditetapkan.
c. Pengamatan tersebut dicatat secara sistematis dan dihubungkan dengan proposisi umum dan bukan dipaparkan sebagai sesuatu yang hanya menarik perhatian.
d. Pengamatan dapat dicek dan dikontrol mengenai validitas dan reliabilitasnya.”
a. the observation is used in a research and it has been planed systematically.
b. the observation must be related to the objectives of the research that have been determined.
c. the observation is recorded systematically and it is connected with the general proposition and it is not elaborated just as an interesting thing
d. the observation can be checked and controlled about its validations and reliabilities.” ( translated by the writer )
There are some kinds of observation method that can be done by the researcher. For this case, the writer as the researcher chooses Participant observation. Bungin in Metodologi Penelitian Sosial (2002: 146) says :
“observasi partisipasi adalah pengumpulan data melaui observasi terhadap objek pengamatan dengan langsung hidup bersama, merasakan serta berada dalam sirkulasi kehidupan objek pengamatan.”
“participant observation is data collecting method by observing the objects of the research where the researcher lives and feels the circulation of the research objects’s lives”. ( translated by the writer )
3.3.1 Population and Sample
In collecting the data, the writer as the researcher needs population and sample as object of this research. Because the object of this research is limited and small, the writer uses total sample, that is, population = sample. And the sample of this research is the native speakers of LCE English Course.
3.4 Data Analyzing Method
In research method, there are two kinds of data analyzing method, that is, statistical analysis and non- statistical analysis.
Statistical analysis is divided into 2 : a. Descriptive analysis.
Based on the objective
