GENDER DIFFERENCES IN USING DISCOURSE MARKER OF LEXICAL PHRASES YOU KNOW AND I MEAN IN OPRAH WINFREY
SHOW
(A CASE STUDY OF SPECIAL TOPICS OF TALK SHOW)
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
AHMAD FADLI HARAHAP Registration Number: 8146111002
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
ABSTRACT
Harahap, Ahmad Fadli. Registration Number: 8146111002. Gender Differences in Using Discourse Marker of Lexical Phrase You Know and I Mean In Oprah Winfrey Show (A Case Study Of Special Topics Of Talk Show). Thesis. English applied linguistics study program Postgraduate School State University of Medan. 2016.
ii ABSTRAK
Harahap, Ahmad Fadli. Nomor Pendaftaran: 8146111002. Perbedaan Gender dalam Menggunakan Penanda Wacana dari Frase leksikal You Know dan I Mean Dalam Oprah Winfrey Show (Studi Kasus pada Topik yang Khusus di Talk Show). Tesis. Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris, Sekolah Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Medan, 2016.
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT ... i
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...1
1.1 The Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 The Problem of the Study ... 6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study ... 7
1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 7
1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 8
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURES ...9
A. Theoretical Framework ... 9
2.1. Gender ... 9
2.2. Conversational Style………...10
2.2.1. Gender Differences in Cnversational Styles ………..11
2.3. Discourse……….16
2.3.1 Discourse Analysis………...17
2.3.2. Types of Discourse……….….18
2.3.3. Discourse Marker ... .19
2.3.4. Features of discourse marker ... 21
2.3.5. The Function of Discourse Marker “you know” ... 24
2.3.6. The Function of Discourse Marker “I Mean” ... 27
iv
2.4.1 Linguistic Context ..………29
2.4.2 Situational Context ………29
2.4.3 Cultural Context ………32
2.5. Talk Show………...33
B. Relevant Studies ... 34
C. Conceptual Framework ... 37
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...41
3.1. Research Method ... 41
3.2. The Data and the Source of Data ... 41
3.3. The Technique and Instrument of Data Collection ... 43
3.4 Trustworthiness of the Research ...44
3.5 The Technique for Analyzing the Data ... 47
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS……49
4.1 Data Analysis………...49
4.1.1 The Functions of Discourse Marker of Lexical Phrase You Know and I Mean Occurred in Oprah Winfrey Show………..49
4.1.1.1Functions of lexical phrases you know occurred in Oprah Winfrey Show……….49
4.1.1.1.1 Lexical or Content Search……….52
4.1.1.1.3 Approximation………..55
4.1.1.1.4 Explanation………56
4.1.1.1.5 Quotative you know……….57
4.1.1.1.6 Contrast or Disagreement……….58
4.1.1.1.7 Imagine the Scene……….59
4.1.1.1.8 Reference to shared knowledge………...61
4.1.1.1.9 Appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right………..62
4.1.1.1.10 Emphasizing………...63
4.1.1.1.11 Conclusion………64
4.1.1.1.12 Topic Shift……….65
4.1.1.1.13 Non-Applicable function to the Data (Additional Knowledge or Telling following action)……….66
4.1.1.1.14 Non-Applicable function to the Data (Giving example)………67
4.1.1.1.15 Non-Applicable function to the Data (Link alternatives)………..68
vi
4.1.1.2.1 Elaboration………..71
4.1.1.2.2 Repair or Modification………72
4.1.1.2.3 Topic Shift………..74
4.1.1.2.4 Lexical Search……….75
4.1.1.2.5 Emphasizing………76
4.1.1.2.6 Explanation………..77
4.1.1.2.7 Non-Applicable function to the Data (Additional Knowledge or Telling Following Action)………..78
4.1.1.2.8 Non-Applicable function to the Data (Appeal to Acknowledge That the Speaker is Right)………..79
4.1.1.2.9 Non-Applicable function to the Data (Consequence)………….……….80
4.1.1.2.10 Non-Applicable function to the Data (Continuing an opinion or answer)………..81
4.1.1.2.11 Non-Applicable function to the Data (Indirect Answer)…..………82
4.1.1.2.12 Non-Applicable function to the Data (Direct answer)………84
4.1.2. The Context of Lexical Phrases Function of You Know and I Mean Used by Male to Female and Female to Female were Realized in Oprah Winfrey Show……….84
4.1.2.1 Linguistic Context………85
4.1.2.2 Situational Context ……….87
4.3Discussions………..……..96
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGGESTION……….101
REFERENCES………...104
viii
LIST OF FIGURE
[image:12.595.85.532.107.571.2]Page
Figure 3.1 Miles and Huberman Components Data Analysis:
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I The transcription of Oprah Winfrey Show and
the Data of Lexical phrase you know and I mean……….100
Appendix II The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
You Know Utilized by male to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show……….182 Appendix III The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
You Know Utilized by female to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show……….194 Appendix IV The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
I Mean Utilized by male to female in Oprah
Winfrey Show……….204 Appendix V The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase
I Mean Utilized by female to female in Oprah
101
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGGESTION
1.1CONCLUSION
This research was concerned on the function of discourse marker of lexical phrases You Know and I Mean in Oprah Winfrey Show based on case study in four topics of talk show. After all data have been analyzed, the conclusion can be stated as the following:
1. The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know utilized by male talked to female are for lexical or content search, false start or repair, approximation, explanation, quotative You Know, contrast or disagreement, imagine the scene, reference to shared knowledge, appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right, emphasizing, conclusion, topic shift, giving example and alternative link. Meanwhile, The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know utilized by female talked to female are for lexical or content
search, false start or repair, explanation, quotative You Know, contrast or disagreement, imagine the scene, reference to shared knowledge, appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right, emphasizing, conclusion, topic shift, and additional knowledge or telling following action. Moreover, The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase I Mean utilized by male talked to female are for elaboration, repair or
modification, topic shift, lexical search, explanation, consequence and
102
continuing an opinion or answer. Meanwhile, The function of discourse marker of lexical phrase I Mean utilized by female talked to female are for elaboration, repair or modification, topic shift, lexical search, emphasizing, and explanation additional knowledge or telling following action, appeal to acknowledge that the speaker is right , indirect and direct answer. Moreover, both of them utilized dominantly discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know for reference to shared knowledge and I Mean for elaboration.
2. The context of discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know and I Mean were realized in linguistic context and situational context. Both
contexts caused the difference of linguistic use especially in using discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know and I Mean.
1.2SUGGESTIONS
Considering the results of the research which have been derived, the researcher offers some suggestions as follow:
1. It is suggested for other researcher to study about discourse and pragmatic to analyze the utterances or language used by male and female.
103
3. It is suggested for the students who want to study about the theory of discourse marker (the functions of discourse marker of lexical phrase You Know and I Mean and the context which the discourse markers were
