Physical Characteristic and Palatability Test of Biscuit
Feed for Sheep
Yuli Retnani1,*, Eka I. Wati2, & Lidy Herawati3
Faculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agriculture University
Jl. Agatis, Kampus Darmaga, Bogor
*e-mail: yuli.retnani@yahoo.com/weny.widiarti@yahoo.com
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the physical characteristic and palatability of corn plant waste after formed as a biscuit feed. Experimental design used in this research was Completely Randomized Design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment were : R1(100% field grass), R2(50% field grass + 50% corn leaf), R3(100% corn leaf), R4(50% field grass + 50% corn husk), R5(50% corn leaf + 50% corn husk) and R6(100% corn husk). The results were subjected to ANOVA and Contrast Orthogonal Test (Steel and Torrie, 1991). Biscuits feed variables measured were moisture, water activity, water absorption, density, and palatability. The results of this research indicated that the treatment of biscuit feed made from field grass and corn plant waste gave highly significant effect (P<0,01) on water content. According to SNI (2000) water content of feed should not be more than 14%. Water content in this study ranged from 11-12%. Thus, biscuit is more durable and can storage for long period. The treatments was significant effect (P<0,05) on water absorption,but was not significant effect on water activity, density and palatability. Biscuits containing field grass and corn leaf was preferred by sheep.
Keywords: corn plant waste field grass, biscuit feed, physical characteristic, and palatability
Introducton
Central Bureau of Statstcs (2009) reported that corn plant producton n Indonesa s 4.2 tons / ha. The proporton of waste corn per cent dry matter conssted of 50% trunk, 20% leaf, 20 % corncob and 10% husk.
et al., 2004). Bscut s a dry product that has relatvely long lastng storage perod and easy to handle on the way (Whteley, 1971). The objectve of ths study was to determne the physcal characterstc and palatablty of corn plant waste after formed as a bscut feed.
Materals and Methods
The experment used eghteen heads of thn tal sheep wth the average body weght was around 21.66 ± 0.87 kg. The expermental sheeps were mantenance ndvdually.
Experimental design
The expermental desgn used n ths research was Completely Randomzed Desgn wth sx treatments and three replcatons, the treatments were bscut com-poston .e: R1= 100% feld grass, R2= 50% feld grass + 50% corn leaf, R3= 100% corn leaf, R4= 50% feld grass + 50% corn husk, R5= 50% corn leaf + 50% corn husk, R6= 100% corn husk. The data method used was Analyss of Varance. The dfferences among treatments were examned wth orthogonal contrast test (Steel and Torre, 1993). The varables that would be measured were:
a) Water Actvty. Aw meter s calbrated pror to use a soluton of barum chlorde (BaCl2). Measurement of water actvtes conducted by enterng the feed bscuts to the Aw meter and left for 1 hour and then do the readng.
b) Mosture content of bscuts made by weghng a sample of about 3 grams of feed as the ntal weght. The sample s dred n an oven at a temperature of 105 ° C untl constant weght. Water content were calculated usng the formula (SNI, 1991):
c) Water absorpton. Measurement of water absorpton s done by measurng the sample weght before and after the bscut feed water mmerson for 5 mnutes. Water absorpton were calculated usng the formula :
Informaton :
WA = Water absorpton(%)
B1 = Weght sample of dry ar bscut feed a(g)
B2 = Weght sample of bscut feed after mmerson(g)
Informaton:
e) Palatablty test s based on the modfcaton of the method Katho et al. (1997) wth adaptaton for 5 days and measurement of palatablty tests for 2 days. Provson of bscuts made from 06:00 to 12:00 am as much as 100 grams. The results of the preference of anmal can be dentfed by a reducton n the provson of bscuts wth remanng bscuts. Palatablty test was modfed from prevous research refers to research Katho (1997).
Result and Dscusson
The color of corn leaf bscut greener than the feld grass bscut and corn husk bscut have a more brown color. Dfferences of each treatment bscuts can be seen n Table 1. The color of the feld grass and bscuts corn plant waste generated vares between green and brown as well as a combnaton of both. The dfference s due to the dfferences n the use of forage for bscuts. Although there are dfferences n color, the sheep could not dstngush colors because the sheep are color blnd (Pond et al., 1995). However, the sheep stll eat bscuts was gven because of the nutrent factor requred. After heatng and pressng processes, bscuts produced generally have a brown color. Brown color s due to the brownng reacton n non enzmats the reacton between organc acds wth reducng sugars and amno acds between the reducng sugars or mallard reactons occur causng caramel odor due to heatng
Table 1. General Characterstc of Bscut Feld Grass and Corn Plant Waste
Bscut Texture Densty Color Odor
of feed materals (Adawyah, 2007; Wnarno, 1992 ). The dameter of bscut s 7 cm wth a thckness of 1 cm can be eaten by the sheep.
Nutrient Composition of Biscuit Field Grass and Corn Plant Waste
Bscut of R3 (corn leaf bscut) have a farly hgh proten content whch reached 16.12% n contrast to bscut of R1 (feld grass bscut) whch has the lowest crude proten content (12.89%) than other treatments.
The hgh crude fber n all the bscuts wth a range of 27.25% -42.49% nd-cates that bscut feld grass and corn plant waste can suffcent requrement for ru-mnants because t has a crude fbers more than 20%. Bscuts of R4 (a combnaton of feld grass wth corn husk) has a crude fber content of the hghest of 42.49%. Hgh levels of crude fber s most lkely caused by the thck cell walls of plants from a feld grass and corn husk (Roslnda and Afdal, 2005), that was ndcated by the hgh crude fber on a bscut of R1 and bscuts of R6, whch reached 41.33 % and 38.12%.
Physical Characteristic of Biscuit
Water Content. Water content n ths study ranged from 11-12%. The results of varance showed that dfferences n the use of feed hghly sgnfcant (P <0.01) affect the water content of bscuts. Bscut 100% corn leaf have the hghest water levels (R3), and ths s because the bscut have fewer cavtes so that the evaporaton s slow. Bscuts R2 has the lowest water content (11.06%) because they have more cavtes and large that evaporaton s runnng fast, ths s ndcated by a very crumb texture. In addton, the dfferences that occur are nfluenced by dfferences n ntal water content of the raw materals used. Retnan et al. (2009) menton the wafer wth the composton of the feld grass has a cavty less evaporaton occurs more slowly. Accordng to SNI (1992) water content of feed should not be more than 14%. Water content n ths study ranged from 11-12%. Thus, bscut s more durable and can storage for long perod.
Water Activity. Water actvty to determne the mnmum lmts of mcroorgansms that can grow n feed. The result of analyss of varance showed that there were not sgnfcant dfferent n the use of feed ngredents affect the actvty of water. Water actvty n the study ranged from 0.69-0,70. Water actvty s one mportant factor n determnng the qualty of feed. Actvty of mcroorgansms and enzymes can be control at 0,70 of water actvty, so the feed s not easy to mold (Syaref and Hald, 1993).
combnaton of feld grass wth corn leaf), whle the hgher water absorpton occurs n the bscut of R1 (feld grass), R4 (a combnaton of feld grass wth corn husk) and R5 (corn husk combnaton wth corn leaf). The bscuts of R4 (a combnaton of feld grass wth corn husk) has the hghest water absorpton whch s 514.48% and t can be nterpreted more compact and hard enough, but has a good ablty n the process of softenng by salva durng chewng by rumnant and easly nflate and be easly degraded by rumen mcrobes, thereby ncreasng the rate of emptyng of the rumen (Sregar, 2005).
Bscuts of R4 (a combnaton of feld grass wth corn husk) has a hgh crude fber content that s equal to 42.49% and has a rough texture. The hgh crude fber content showed that the bscuts are capable of bndng water because of the OH bond n water wth the fbers on the bscuts. Sregar (2005) stated that there s a postve relatonshp between water absorpton fracton of partcles wth chemcal composton of the crude fber.
Density. The densty of fber-rch feed ngredents have a hghly varable value
(Toharmat et al., 2006). The results of analyss varance showed no sgnfcantly dfferent effect on densty, t can be sad that the use of dfferent treatment havng the same effect on the densty of bscuts. The range value of densty between 0.44 -0.52 g/cm3 to 0.47 g/cm3 average. However, t s descrptve t can be seen that the lowest densty of bscuts (0.44 ± 0.03 g/cm3) contaned n the bscut of R2 (a combnaton of feld grass wth corn leaf) and the hghest (0.52 ± 0.03 g/cm3) found n bscuts of R5 (corn husk combnaton wth corn leaf).
Table 2. Average Consumpton of Bscut Feld Grass And Corn Palant Waste
Palatability
Palatablty s descrbe of the characterstc of the feed such as mrrored by or-ganoleptc appearance, smell, taste (sour, salty, sweet, btter), texture and tempera-ture, gvng rse to the stmulaton and attracton of lvestock to consume (Yusmad et al., 2008). Accordng Umyash et al. (2008) corn leaf and corn husk have a hgh palatablty. However, the results of the study showed that the average palatablty s hgh enough from the perod of adaptaton to the testng perod (Table 2). Descrp-tvely, palatablty of R1 and R3 bscuts have a hghest value of 83.33 g/head/day and 73.33 g/ head/day or 74,68 g/head/day to 64,25 g/head/day n dry matter.
Conclusons
Bscuts contanng feld grass and corn leaf was preferred by sheep.
Acknowledgement
Department of Nutrton and Feed Technology, Faculty of Anmal Scence, Bogor Agrcultural Unversty, and Drectorate General of Hgher Educaton (DGHE), Mnstry of Educaton Republc of Indonesa for fundng ths research.
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