I. Introduction
This thesis, "An Analysis of Unit Shift in Harry Potter and The Order of Phoenix Movie Subtitles into Bahasa Indonesia," investigates the translation shifts at the unit level when translating the English source text (ST) of the film into the Bahasa Indonesia target text (TT). It utilizes J.C. Catford's (1965) theory of shifts, as detailed by Hatim (2000), to analyze these changes. The study employs a library research methodology and a qualitative approach, focusing specifically on the subtitles to avoid an overly broad analysis. A purposive sampling method was utilized to select data for analysis. This study contributes to the field of translation studies by providing a practical analysis of unit shifts within a specific corpus, illuminating challenges and strategies in cross-linguistic translation. Its focus on subtitles adds a unique element to the study of translation practices in film and multimedia.
1.1 Background of the Analysis
The research emphasizes the importance of translation in overcoming language barriers in international communication. It acknowledges the lack of absolute correspondence between languages and the resulting translation shifts, drawing on the work of Nida (1964) and Catford (1965). The thesis focuses specifically on Catford's concept of category shifts and, more narrowly, unit shifts, defined as changes in linguistic rank between the ST and TT. The chosen data, subtitles from the film "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix," provides a relevant and accessible corpus for analysis of practical translation challenges, offering valuable insights into the intricacies of subtitles adaptation across languages.
1.2 Scope of the Analysis
To maintain a manageable scope, this analysis limits its focus to unit shifts within the Bahasa Indonesia subtitles of "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix." The entire DVD's subtitles are the data source, providing a comprehensive view of unit-shift occurrences across the film. This focused approach allows for a more detailed and in-depth examination of the selected translation phenomenon within a constrained and manageable context, leading to more robust conclusions and implications.
1.3 Problem of the Analysis
The central research question is to describe the nature and frequency of unit shifts present in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitles of the film. This targeted question directs the analytical process and ensures a clear focus on the specific translation challenges addressed by the study, allowing for effective analysis and interpretation of results.
1.4 Objective of the Analysis
The primary objective is to thoroughly analyze the types and frequency of unit shifts occurring in the chosen subtitles. This clear objective helps define the parameters of the study and guide the data collection and analysis, focusing the research on a specific and measurable outcome.
1.5 Significance of the Analysis
This research holds theoretical and practical significance. Theoretically, it expands understanding of translation studies by focusing on a specific type of shift (unit shift) within a multimedia context. Practically, the findings can benefit translators working with similar language pairs and film subtitles, offering practical guidance on translation strategies. The detailed analysis of the chosen corpus provides valuable insights into the translation of this specific text, improving the understanding of effective translation strategies in the field.
1.6 Method of the Analysis
The methodology combines library research with qualitative data analysis. Data collection involved transcribing the English and Bahasa Indonesia subtitles. Analysis employs a descriptive qualitative approach, focusing on identifying and categorizing unit shifts. The use of Bungin’s formula is employed to quantify the frequency of each shift type within the selected corpus. This methodology provides a systematic approach for investigating the research question and drawing relevant conclusions.
1.7 Review of Related Literature
The study draws upon existing literature on translation theory, particularly focusing on works concerning shift analysis. This review of related research provides context and theoretical underpinnings for the current study, showcasing the researcher's understanding of existing knowledge and framing the current contribution within the broader field of translation studies. It establishes a basis for comparison and helps to highlight the unique contributions and perspectives offered by the current research.
II. Theoretical Framework
This section establishes the theoretical foundation for the analysis. It begins by defining translation, examining various perspectives on the process and its functions as a means of intercultural communication. Different types of translation are then explored, leading to a detailed discussion of Catford's (1965) theory of translation shifts, with a focus on level shifts and category shifts. The four subtypes of category shifts—structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts—are meticulously defined and illustrated with examples. This theoretical framework provides the analytical lens for the subsequent examination of unit shifts within the chosen corpus.
2.1 Definitions of Translation
This subsection explores diverse scholarly definitions of translation, highlighting the complexities involved in defining the process. The discussion incorporates views from various translation theorists (Newmark, Catford, Larson, Simatupang, Hatim & Mason, and Kridalaksana) to offer a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted nature of translation and its theoretical underpinnings, setting the stage for a more nuanced analysis of the selected translation phenomena.
2.2 Functions of Translation
This section details the communicative function of translation, emphasizing its role in bridging linguistic and cultural barriers. It reinforces the importance of translation in facilitating global communication and underscores its significance as a tool for intercultural understanding, highlighting its impact on human interactions across different linguistic backgrounds.
2.3 Process of Translation
The process of translation is explained, highlighting the steps involved in moving from source language text to target language text. The discussion examines approaches proposed by Larson and Nababan, providing a structured framework for understanding the complexities and stages involved in translating a text from one language to another, offering a practical understanding of the translation procedure.
2.4 Types of Translation
This subsection details the various types of translation according to different criteria. The classification of translation based on extent (full vs. partial), levels (total vs. restricted), and rank (bound vs. unbounded) as proposed by Catford is discussed, and further classifications based on form-based and meaning-based approaches (Larson) are considered. This section provides a framework for categorizing and understanding different approaches to translation, offering a multi-faceted perspective on the topic.
2.5 Shifts
The concept of translation shifts is introduced, explaining their origin in the lack of absolute correspondence between languages. Catford's classification of shifts into level shifts and category shifts is discussed, forming the basis for the ensuing analysis focusing on the latter. This subsection provides the essential theoretical underpinnings for the subsequent examination of unit shifts, which are a subset of category shifts.
2.5.1 Level Shifts
This subsection defines and illustrates level shifts, highlighting shifts from grammatical units in the source language to lexical units in the target language. Examples help clarify the concept, demonstrating how grammatical elements in one language may be expressed lexically in another, providing concrete examples to aid in understanding the translation phenomenon.
2.5.2 Category Shifts
This section introduces category shifts, contrasting bounded and unbounded translations and exploring Halliday's five linguistic ranks. The four types of category shifts are then defined—structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts—with clear examples, providing a detailed framework to analyze the unit shifts occurring within the chosen corpus.
2.5.2.1 Structure Shifts
This subsection defines structure shifts, illustrating grammatical changes between source and target languages at different ranks. Examples highlight how grammatical structures vary across languages and illustrate how such changes may affect the translation process, offering insights into the challenges of cross-linguistic translation.
2.5.2.2 Class Shifts
Class shifts are defined, demonstrating how the translation equivalent of a source language item might belong to a different grammatical class in the target language. Examples are used to illustrate this phenomenon, showing the various ways grammatical categories differ across languages and the implications for translation.
2.5.2.3 Unit Shifts
This subsection provides a detailed explanation of unit shifts, focusing on rank changes between the source and target language units. Examples illustrate how units of different ranks in one language might correspond to units of differing ranks in another language, highlighting the complexities of cross-linguistic translation.
2.5.2.4 Intra-System Shifts
This section defines intra-system shifts, illustrating how non-corresponding words within a language's system can be used in translation. This subcategory of shifts showcases instances where seemingly similar grammatical elements in different languages may still result in translation shifts, adding further complexity to cross-linguistic translation.
III. Research Method
This section details the research methodology employed in this study. It outlines the use of library research and specifies the data source (subtitles from "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix"). The data collection method, involving purposive sampling, is explained, clarifying the selection criteria for data inclusion in the analysis. The qualitative nature of the data analysis is clearly stated, emphasizing the descriptive approach and the formula used to quantify the findings. This section provides a transparent and detailed account of the research process, demonstrating its rigor and validity.
3.1 Library Research
The rationale for employing library research as the primary methodology is explained, emphasizing its role in gathering relevant theoretical background and supporting the analytical framework. This discussion positions the research within the broader scholarly context, demonstrating how the study builds upon and contributes to existing knowledge in the field.
3.2 Data Source
The choice of data source—the subtitles of "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix"—is justified, and the characteristics of the data are described, including the number of scenes and the language pair involved (English to Bahasa Indonesia). The corpus selection is justified, explaining its relevance and suitability for investigating the research question.
3.3 Data Collecting Method
The data collection process is thoroughly explained, detailing the method of obtaining data from the DVD subtitles and emphasizing the use of purposive sampling to select relevant segments for analysis. This explanation enhances transparency and allows for a clear understanding of the data selection process, showcasing the study's methodological rigor.
3.4 Data Analysis Procedure
This subsection details the qualitative data analysis approach, highlighting the steps involved in comparing, contrasting, and categorizing the unit shifts identified in the subtitles. The use of Bungin’s formula is explained as a method for quantifying the results, providing a numerical representation of the findings. The step-by-step breakdown of the analysis procedure allows for a clear understanding of the analytical methods used and contributes to the study's transparency.
IV. Findings and Analyses
This chapter presents the findings of the analysis of unit shifts in the subtitles. Each type of unit shift (e.g., morpheme to word, phrase to clause, etc.) is discussed in detail, with specific examples from the subtitles provided. The quantitative data, calculated using Bungin’s formula, is presented to show the frequency of each type of shift. The detailed presentation of findings includes specific examples from the data, providing concrete evidence to support the study’s conclusions.
4.1 Unit Shifts in the Subtitles of Harry Potter and The Order of the Phoenix Movie
This section presents a comprehensive overview of the various types of unit shifts found in the subtitles, providing a detailed analysis of each shift category and illustrating them with concrete examples from the film subtitles. The findings are organized systematically, allowing for a clear understanding of the distribution and frequency of different unit shifts within the analyzed corpus.
4.1.1 Unit Shifts from Morpheme into Word
This subsection presents a detailed analysis of unit shifts from morpheme level (English) to word level (Bahasa Indonesia) in the subtitles, showing the different morphemes involved and illustrating how they are translated into single words in the target language. Quantitative data is incorporated to provide frequency information, ensuring that the findings are presented in a comprehensive manner.
4.1.2 Unit Shifts from Morpheme into Phrase
This subsection focuses on shifts from morphemes in English to phrases in Bahasa Indonesia, illustrating how single morphemes in the source language are translated into multi-word phrases in the target language. This is accompanied by quantitative data indicating the frequency of this type of shift within the analyzed corpus.
4.1.3 Unit Shifts from Phrase into Clause
This section details the analysis of shifts from phrases in English to clauses in Bahasa Indonesia, providing concrete examples from the subtitles and showing how the meaning of source language phrases are expressed through clauses in Bahasa Indonesia. Quantitative data is also included to show the frequency of this type of shift in the corpus.
4.1.4 Unit Shifts from Phrase into Word
This subsection describes unit shifts from phrases in English to single words in Bahasa Indonesia, illustrating how the meaning of multi-word phrases in the source language is conveyed using single words in the target language. This is coupled with quantitative analysis to highlight the frequency of such shifts in the subtitles.
4.1.5 Unit Shifts from Sentence into Phrase
This section presents the analysis of shifts from sentences in English to phrases in Bahasa Indonesia, showing how complete sentences in English are rendered as phrases in the Bahasa Indonesia subtitles. This analysis is accompanied by relevant quantitative data on the frequency of this type of shift.
4.1.6 Unit Shifts from Sentence into Clause
This subsection focuses on the analysis of shifts from sentences in English to clauses in Bahasa Indonesia. This involves showing how the information contained in an entire English sentence is translated into a clause in Bahasa Indonesia, with quantitative data accompanying the analysis.
4.1.7 Unit Shifts from Word into Phrase
This subsection details shifts from single words in English to phrases in Bahasa Indonesia, illustrating how the meaning of individual words in the source language is expressed using multi-word phrases in the target language. The findings are supported by quantitative data on the frequency of such shifts in the analyzed corpus.
V. Conclusion and Suggestion
This concluding section summarizes the key findings of the research and offers suggestions for future research. The conclusions reiterate the main points, emphasizing the types and frequencies of unit shifts identified in the analysis. Suggestions for future research might include expanding the corpus, examining different language pairs, or investigating the impact of unit shifts on audience comprehension. This section provides a synthesis of the research, summarizing its main contributions and suggesting avenues for future investigation.
5.1 Conclusions
This subsection summarizes the key findings of the study, reiterating the main types of unit shifts identified and their relative frequencies. This section provides a concise overview of the major contributions of the research, highlighting the important observations made during the study.
5.2 Suggestions
This subsection presents recommendations for future research, suggesting potential avenues for further investigation. This could include replicating the study with a different corpus, different language pairs, or a more detailed investigation of specific aspects of unit shifts. This section demonstrates a forward-thinking perspective by suggesting possibilities for future extensions of the research.
