JEAN BAPTISTE GRENOUILLE’S PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER AS AN IMPACT OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN PATRICK SÜSKIND’S PERFUME: THE STORY OF A MURDERER
A THESIS
BY
REG. NO. 110705075
ELSA GRACE INDIRA
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
JEAN BAPTISTE GRENOUILLE’S PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER AS AN IMPACT OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN PATRICK SÜSKIND’S PERFUME: THE STORY OF A MURDERER
A THESIS BY:
ELSA GRACE INDIRA REG. NO. 110705075
SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum.
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English.
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in parial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on April 28th, 2015.
Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP : 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners :
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S ...
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. ...
Dra. Redita Lubis, Dipl.Appl.Ling., M.Hum. ...
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, ELSA GRACE INDIRA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
Signed :
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : ELSA GRACE INDIRA
TITLE OF THESIS : JEAN BAPTISTE GRENOUILLE’S
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER AS AN IMPACT OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN PATRICK SÜSKIND’S
PERFUME: THE STORY OF A MURDERER
QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
Signed :
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Allah SWT for mercy and grace given to me until today so that I could finish this thesis as a condition for graduation for my study in English Department in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of North Sumatra.
I extend my praise and gratitude to Allah SWT for giving me a family who have always supported me. To my mother, Ely Sofyani Sulaiman, I thank you and apologize profusely and I hope you will always be healthy so you can scold us until we are in our old age (Peace, Ma!). To my sister, Irda Amelia, well, thanks for being an annoying sister. To my little brother, Willy Aditya Nugraha, I really hope you will be the best man in this world and hope you’ll find someone better than your sisters, LOL!
Thank you very much for my Supervisor, Dr. Martha Pardede M.S., and my Co-Supervisor, Drs. Parlindungan Purba M. Hum. for the suggestions and assistance that given to me in completing this thesis. And also to my lecturers in the English Department for the knowledge that has been given to me during my study in English Department. I feel honored because I have the coolest lecturers to be my Supervisor and Co-Supervisor, and I couldn’t ask for more. From the bottom of my heart, I respect you both.
Anyway, thanks! For the good (and bad) memories. Let’s make a reunion one day. Love you, guys.
Writer,
ABSTRAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL SHEET ...i
DEPARTMENT’S APPROVAL SHEET ...ii
BOARD OF EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL ...iii
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...iv
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...vi
ABSTRACT ...viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...1
1.1 Background of the Study ...1
1.2 Problem of the Study ...5
1.3 Objective of the Study ...5
1.4 Scope of the Study ...6
1.5 Significance of the Study ...6
2.1 Psychology of Literature ...8
2.2 Psychology ...10
2.2.1 Psychological Disorder ...11
2.3 Sociology of Literature ...16
2.4 Sociology ...17
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH ...22
3.1 Research Design ...22
3.2 Data Collection ...24
3.3 Data Analysis ...25
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ...26
4.1 Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Social Problem as an Impact of Psychological Disorder ...26
4.2 Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Maladaptive and Atypical Behavior ...37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...51
5.1 Conclusion ...51
5.2 Suggestion ...52
APPENDICES
i. Author’s Biography and Works ii. Summary of the Novel
ABSTRAK
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
Many people argue that a literary work cannot be used as a learning object. People who say such things tend to regard literary works merely as an entertainment. Therefore, it can be said that they underestimate the power that exists in the literature. They refuse to see literature as a study because they considered literature just as a product of an author’s imagination, and that sort of thing cannot be a topic that deserves to be studied. Even up to this day, for students who studied literature as their major, some of them are still consider that learning literature is not useful. It can confidently be said by seeing the number of students who do not read much of literary works.
words, which if we deeply studied, known contained other meanings not just about life but also about the science that we have not known before.
A statement comes from an American actor, Will Smith, who is most known through his hit movie series “Men in Black”.
“I know how to learn anything I want to learn. I absolutely know that I could learn how to fly the space shuttle because someone else knows how to fly it, and they put it in a book. Give me the book, and I do not need somebody to stand up in front of the class.” (Iannucci, 2009)
The statement above is an affirmation of the general idea that book is a window of the world. Smith said, through a book he can figure out anything yet he knows in advance.
What will be discussed in this thesis is not a theoretical book but a literary work. It is one of many types of books that existed in the world, a novel. A literary work written by an author tells about the story of a human and life and other elements between them. Confucius once said “you cannot open a book without learning something”. So, it is possible to learn anything from a book and it is not an impossible thing to learn through books, including a novel.
has no body odor and an unusual nose that can smell more than any normal human received a rejection ever since he was born. With his oddness, the unusual sensing ability and no body odor, he is alienated, shunned and scorned by the society; they say he's possessed by the devil and refuse any contact with him. Grew up with these kind of treatment in his youth are considered to be the cause of Grenouille's obsession that he had. Grenouille killed at least 25 women, and then took their body odor to make perfumes. The heinous actions of him committed without even feeling fear or guilt.
psychology and sociology theories to get an understanding, we can learn from anything because nowadays a novel is made not only for entertainment but also for people to learn through another person’s thought. This is called studying psychology and sociology from a literary work. To try to understand Grenouille’s behavior and thoughts using psychological and sociological approaches and theories to gain an understanding about him. Also take the social problems he has as a life-lesson for us as a social human being. By taking the knowledge obtained from the psychology and sociology itself, then his behavior will be analyzed and classifies as a psychological disorder. The theory used in this research is the theory of psychopathology by Derek Russell Davis. While the social problems of Grenouille will be analyzed using the theory of sociology by Soerjono Seokanto.
Psychopathology itself must have been very rarely known to our society, but in fact we can find it around us or in the news we watched. Psychopathology is often referred as psychological disorder, better known more as a mental disorder. Mental disorder involves patterns from human thought, emotion, and behavior that are characterized by dysfunctional, disruptive and maladaptive which are unjustifiable, disturbing, and atypical by the sufferer. This is not only having bad effects for the sufferer himself, but also for the people around him. There are several factors that caused Grenouille’s psychological disorder. Genetical and social factors were ascertained to be the main cause of his problems because of these factors happened when Grenouille was in age of mental and physical development.
towards assumptions or opinions. Maladaptive behavior is a behavior that appears from an addiction or any pressure that can hurt themselves or others. While atypical behavior is a behavior that departs from the norm or is harmful and distressing for the individual or those around them. These types of behaviors usually violate what society feels is appropriate.
This research can proof that literature is not a study that only learn about its works, but also can be an inter discipline with another studies. Even from the slightest part of a novel can lead us into a new world that we do not know before.
1.2. Problem of the Study
Based on the background of the study above, the problems discussed in this thesis are :
1. How is the social problems affected Jean Baptiste Grenouille's psychology?
2. How are Jean Baptiste Grenouille's maladaptive and atypical behaviors portrayed in Perfume: the Story of a Murderer?
1.3. Objective of the Study
In doing the analysis, there are objectives found in this analysis, they are : 1. To find out how is the social problems affected Jean Baptiste
Grenouille's psychology.
1.4. Scope of the Study
In doing this analysis, scope is needed to determine the limitation of the problem that will be discussed. In discussing a topic, we found some different things that if we analyzed entirely the result would be too confusing and unfocused.
The study of Perfume: The Story of a Murderer novel are limited by only analyzing the social problems experienced by Grenouille and his psychological disorders which have restricted to maladaptive and atypical behavior.
1.5. Significance of the Study
The writer expects the significance of the study as :
1. This thesis was written to answer the curiosity of the writer towards the problems found in Perfume: the Story of a Murderer, not only for the interest in studying but also for the interest in understanding people. 2. This thesis will add a reference for students in English Department in
analyzing literature with psychology and sociology as an approach. 3. This thesis will broaden the knowledge of the novel’s readers about the
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1.Psychology of Literature
The study of literature that is an interdisciplinary study is growing and eventually unify the study of literature with many other studies, such as Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and others. It creates new approaches in the study of literature, such as the psychology of literature, sociology, and others. And, in that approach, theories are born and developed from the relationship between literature and other various studies, a few examples of those many theories are Psychoanalysis, psychology of the author, psychology of the reader, and others. The psychology of literature was born and created as a form of literary study that is used to read a literary work, interpret the literary work, the author of a literary work, and readers of literary work by using the concepts and theoretical frameworks of Psychology.
psychological law in a literary work. And the fourth is the impact of the literary work towards the psychology of the readers.
Literary works that are no longer considered only as a mere entertainment, invites the readers to understand the characters in the story better. But then it evolved and seen as a connector for humans to understand the real life and all the phenomena that occur in it. In a literary work, a character in the story also has problems in his life, have the same emotional fluctuation with humans in real life, and other relationships that are intertwined with other human beings. So, it is possible to learn a literary work by connecting literature with other sciences.
The term 'psychoanalysis' is often discussed when concerned with human psychology. According to its understanding, Psychoanalysis is a branch of science that was developed by Sigmund Freud and his followers as a psychological study of human behavior. Psychoanalytic theory assumes that literature is a symptom that described by the author. If in real life, patients with hysteria show certain symptoms in the form of such physical disorder, however, a man of letters shows symptoms through the creation of his creative works. With such assumptions, the characters that appearing in a literary work is considered alive and real in the mind of the author and are treated like human beings in general. Conflict experienced by these characters, the psychological conflict described through literary texts will be considered as a reflection and an overview of the author's conflict. Because unconsciously, the author release his hidden personal desire in the literary works he created.
considered by the researcher in linking both sciences. The origin and the creation of a literary work made an important point in the research of literature itself. So in other words, psychoanalysis is the study of the laws and the type of psychology applied to the literary works.
2.2. Psychology
The term 'psychology' is derived from the Greek word consisted of two words, namely 'Psyche' which means soul and 'Logos' which means science. In terminology, psychology means the study of the soul, all things that associated with it, its nature, origin, the process and how it works and the consequences thereof. In Pengantar Psikologi Umum, Walgito (2004: 10) states that psychology is a science that investigates and learn about the behavior or activities that are seen as manifestations of human psychic life. It can be said that psychology is the study of human behavior and referred to as the 'Science of Soul’.
Human behavior is not only studied by Psychology, but also from other disciplines such as; Anthropology, Medicine, Sociology, Management and several branches of Linguistics. All of these are grouped into a large family of "Behavioral Sciences". The difference between psychology and other sciences is that psychology is focused more on human behavior as individuals, whereas Anthropology, Sociology and the Management are focused on human behavior as a group. Medicine is also concerned with the behavior of individuals, but more pressing to the physical symptoms and the mental symptoms.
about human psychic activities that are generally adult human, who is normal and civilized, while the particular psychology is the psychology of learning about things that are more specific in the human psychic activity. There are various types of specialized psychology, namely; current psychology of human development from the start of a new person is born to die, which discusses the social psychology of human behavior and all the activities in social, educational psychology and human discuss activities related to education, psychology of personality and psychopathology are discussed on the state individual psychological abnormalities.
Psychology learned about human psyche started from the day a person was born until the elderly age. At every event that occurs during someone's life can affect his psychological state. To be able to determine a person's psychological state through a psychological study, method that often used are the method of experiment, observation, clinical method, statistical method, life histories, interviews, and psychological examination. However, in selecting the method to be used must first be remembered that many psychological research methods which tend to be medical.
2. 2. 1. Psychological Disorder
studies about psychological disorder is Psychopathology or what is often referred to as Abnormal Psychology.
According to Davis (1984:1), "Psychopathology, a branch of science, is that part of psychology that seeks to explain disorders of mental activity and behavior in terms of psychological processes". Psychological disorder involves thought, emotions, and behavior of a man who not only classified as deviant, disruptive, uncomfortable, but also dangerous, disturbing, and also can hurt not only himself, but also those who are around him and can make the person can work or not functioning properly.
Deviant behavior is judged to be not normal because it is not suitable with legal norms and laws in the community where the person is located, relatively unusual behavior in a civilized society, there is an abnormality in the person's cognitive system that makes him unable to act appropriately, the person being in a stress condition that makes him fail to response situation, or his behavior endangering other people around. Because of things like this, the person is often associated with negative terms. However, deviant behavior not only can be done by individuals only, but also can occur in the community itself, such as the 'misunderstanding' to something. Deviant behavior can be divided into two, which are: neurotic disorder, a psychological disorder which is distressing, but the person is still able to think rationally and function socially; and psychotic disorder, a psychological disorder where a person loses touch with reality and experiences irrational thinking and distorted perceptions.
diseases of the brain itself, and events and circumstances outside the person which compose his experiences. If the cause is classified in the first three classes, the disorder can be referred to as an organic psychosis. If the cause is classified in the last class, or if it is circumscribed and the appraisal of the world is unimpaired, called a neurosis (Davis 1984:1).
There are three factors that can bring out the psychological disorders based on its source, they are biological, psycho social, and socio-cultural factor. In biological factor, psychological disorders can appear due to the biological barriers of the patients which cause trouble for him to live his daily life. In the psychosocial factor, which can bring psychological disorders in a person is childhood trauma, parental deprivation, bad relationships with parents and various kinds of problems in the family, and severe stress. And sociocultural factor that can bring psychological disorder is an uncomfortable place to live, forced social role and social prejudice or social discrimination.
discrimination, and humiliation in front of the crowd can be referred to as violence, as well as hitting others.
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) by American Psychiatric Association, psychological disorders can be divided into several groups, they are:
• Schizophrenia: a pattern of severely disturbed thoughts, emotion, perception,
and behavior that seriously impairs the ability of the sufferer in communicating and relate with others and disrupts most other aspects of daily functioning. Diseases that classified as schizophrenia are paranoid schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenics, and residual schizophrenics.
• Anxiety Disorders: involves heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating, fear attack,
and other nervous signs. Diseases that classified as anxiety disorders are phobia, generealized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder.
• Somatoform: involves symptoms of bodily disorder, but there is nothing
physically wrong. Diseases that classified as somatoform are hysteria, hypochondriasis, somatization disorder, somatoform pain disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder.
• Dissociative Disorders: marked by intense disruptions in memory, identity, or
• Affective Disorders: often called as mood disorder that involves extremes of
mood, especially if these extremes are inconsistent with the events happen around the sufferer. Diseases that classified as affective disorders are depressive disorders, dysthymic disorder, suicide and depression, and bipolar disorders.
• Personality Disorders: long-standing, inflexible ways of behaving that are not
disorders as much as dysfunctional styles of living. The sufferer can create problems for those who display them and for others. Diseases that classified as personality disorders are schizotypal disorders, avoidant personality disorders, and anti-social personality disorder.
Treatment is needed in curing diseases mentioned above. But it would be nice if the causes of the disease was known before healing. Psychological illness is a vulnerable thing because it relates to one's feelings.
2.3. Sociology of Literature
literature is an objective and scientific study of man in society, the study of social institutions, and social processes.
The relationship between sociology and literature proved by Ian Watt (1954: 300), he classifies about the reciprocal relationship between literature, and this has to do with the author's social position in society with the society of the work's readers. Including the social phenomena, and social factors that affected the ideas in literary works and how it affected its content. The second is the literary work as a reflection of a society. The author could enter his social opinion into the literary works he created; how far he tells about the surrounding society, how does his nature affected him in describing the state of that society, and how far the genre of literature which he uses considered representing the entire community. The third is the social function of literature. There are three main focuses according to Faruk (1994: 4), which is how far a literary work can remodel the society, how far a literary work is regarded as an entertainment, and how far the possibilities between these two.
2. 4. Sociology
The word Sociology must often be heard by everyone, but the understanding of this science is not much understood well. Unconsciously, we more or less know what's what Sociology means. As human beings, it is important to
understand Sociology. Humans are social beings who have a close relationship with each other. Etymologically, the word 'sociology' is derived from the Greek word 'socios’ which means friend and 'logos' which means science. So
Sociology is the study of friends. But this is commonly known as a science of society. Society itself means a group of people that have similarities, relationships, and culture. And Sociology studies about the society in terms of its social behavior and its social groups. Sociology learns about the values, norms, social structure, process, and all things which related to human social life.
Sociology was originally limited to the understanding of a society in the wartime, social class, racial conflict and so on. However, as time goes by, this science then developed and became the science of a society at large and complex range. Sociology today learns about the values, norms, social structures, processes, and all things that related to human social life.
Sociology is the study of social structure and social processes, including the social changes. Sociology is a social science that is categorical, pure, abstract, trying to give general understandings, rational and empirical. (Soekanto, 1982:61)
this is not fulfilled, there will be problems that can lead to imbalances in the person's life. For example, in a family as the smallest social group, a baby has a basic need that is the attention and affection from both parents so that he can grow well and healthy.
To be able to act as social beings, interaction is important. This interaction is a major factor in a person's social life. If this is not fulfilled, it can be ascertained that the life of a human being will not be balanced. To be able to have this interaction, there must be at least two people as the participants. Social interaction is generally defined as a verbal communication, but it is actually wrong. Although the two participants met, but do not talk to each other and make any reaction, changes in their thoughts and feelings are the signs of an interaction that has occurred. As an example, if a woman and a man meet in silence and no reaction, but they realize that there are people besides them and start interacting unconsciously, like thinking about the shape of the face or clothes they worn at that moment. The impression that created one another that can determine what actions that will be performed. Also, just like a mother's love that expressed by touching her baby gently.
Along with the relationship of individuals in a group with other individuals, problems are often found in it. And since not all social events in the society running smoothly as desired, shocks happens and called Social Problem. As revealed Soerjono Soekarno (1982: 395), “Social problems are closely related to social values as concerned with human relations and in the framework of the parts of normative culture”.
society because there are different personalities, lifestyles, perspectives, and other factors and that may raise problems among members of the community. If the society can overcome the problem they face, then the society will 'grow'. Social problems appear to mature the individuals in a society, including parents, government, religious leaders, social organizations and other individuals.
If the society can overcome the problems that exist, the society can be said to be perfect because it successfully through the barriers between them and become a society that lives in harmony. But, if a society does not succeed or having difficulty in dealing with certain social problems, it means that society may be in danger. Social problems can affect every individual in society if it does not quickly address, such as crime or physical or mental changes.
For every social problem occurs, there must be an underlying reason. Soerjono Soekarno differentiates social problems in four factors, they are:
a. Economy: the example of the social problem caused by the economic factor are poverty, jobless, and others. Poverty can push someone to break norms or laws that applicable in the community, usually people who cause problems for reasons of poverty are the ones who were forced because they have to fulfill their needs.
c. Biological: the examples of the social problem that arise as a result of biological factors are disability, infectious diseases, and others. Disability of a person can be a reason for other people to stay away from the sufferer for reasons of health and social discrimination can affect the sufferer to do things that violate the rules.
d. Psychological: the examples of the social problem that arise from psychological factors are neurological diseases, misguided beliefs, and others. Psychological factors can affect a person in living daily life, both in terms of thought or action.
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research Design
In doing this research, first, there are three things that must be considered, they are; the approach, method, and technique that will be used. In a research, a method is required to set the procedures so as not to cause a confusion. However, in selecting the method first must know the approach that suits the topic of the discussion. The approach used in this study are extrinsic approach. There are kinds of extrinsic approaches and in this research, the approach used is the psychological approach.
The method that is suitable with psychological research is the descriptive method. By using the description of the social situation and all aspects in it through the social phenomena that exists, this method can help make it easier to learn and understand the things related to social life.
The technique applied in this study is the qualitative technique. According to Moleong (1989:2) generally, researchers use the qualitative technique in literary research. This technique differs from the quantitative technique that uses calculative data, but understanding and interpretation of the problems that exist in the literature.
mastered. The whole story of the novel to be mastered and understood that there are no errors in the main data of this study. At the beginning of the reading of the novel, the problems are found and later became the main topic of this research. To support research into the main character of this novel, of course, related data of the novel must be collected for analysis along with other data. Other data collected to support this research took from books related to the topic written by experts in their respective fields; such as Literature, Psychology, and Sociology. In addition, other supporting data such as from the Internet, journals, papers, and other sources are also collected to add information to this research work.
3.2. Data Collection
In this thesis, library research is applied in order to find the supporting data. By applying the system of 'collecting, selecting, and analyzing', the best quality data for the sake of the validity of the result of this research will be obtained. Not only the library research, internet research is also applied to obtain the latest supporting data based on research by experts from within and outside the country that helped the limited data on library research. The overall data that have been collected which related to the topic of research done by the experts from their respective fields or
Internet Book
Novel
DATA COLLECTING :
Literature Sociology
RESEACHER INTERPRETATION
Psychology RESEARCHER
FIND & DECIDE : Promblem(s) READ NOVEL : Perfume : The Story of a
Murderer
SUPPORTING THEORY :
Qualitative Descriptive Method
Psychological Approach
CONCLUSION ANALYZING DATA
derived from references to related topics. And as the main data of this study came from Perfume: The Story of a Murderer by Patrick Suskind. This study aimed to determine the psychological disorders experienced by the main character as the impact of social problems experienced since childhood. Over all of this novel should be read and understood and the necessary data is collected for later analysis using the theory according to topic. Furthermore, all the data that has been collected and analyzed to obtain the desired results.
3.3. Data Analysis
There are three systematic steps of processing data in a research, which are ‘collecting’, ‘selecting’, and finally ‘analyzing’ the data to obtain results in accordance with the topic. Analyzing data occurs only when the data have been collected and selected in accordance with the topic of the research. After the data are collected and selected on the previous point, then the conclusion from the research will be obtained. After the data are collected and selected, the data will be interpreted and then be analyzed and explained the psychological abnormalities main character in the novel as the impact of social problems it has based depiction of the author of the novel by applying the theory of experts.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1. Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Social Problems as the Cause of Psychological Disorder
The main character in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, Jean Baptiste Grenouille, is an example that describes how the social problems can affect someone's psychologically so that it becomes a danger that cannot left just like that. Grenouille is a character who is described as having a psychological disorder and killed 25 women for the sake of his obsession. Grenouille's social problems experienced since childhood is believed to be the cause of the appearance of his psychological disorder. Children should not be confronted by any problems during his development because it will affect his physical and mental growth. Childhood life is considered as the most important period in the life of a human being.
In this sub-chapter, the social problems experienced by the main character Jean Baptiste Grenouille in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer will be described. However, the social problems that will be described are not just the common problems, but more specifically to the social problems that can cause the appearance of psychological disorders on Grenouille.
social problem that happens must have a certain impact, it could be a positive or negative impact. Social problems, according to Sociologists, sometimes required for the development of the society itself in order to understand one with another in the society. However, it can also cause problems that lead to the existence of social inequality that can make the situation in the society becomes not so harmonious.
The cause of social problems can come from anywhere and can have an impact that is not trivial at all. Besides the positive effects, negative effects can also occur in the members of society, including the presence of certain changes in the person's psychological condition. Psychological condition of a person that determines whether he is able to behave normal and appropriate to others. And the occurrence of psychological deviation in a person can disrupt the activities of his social interactions in the community and can even endanger members of society . But, not all social problems cause negative effects on the psychological aspect of a person. According to Davis, the social problems that can cause psychological abnormalities are poverty, relationships with family, family separation, differences in class and social status, birth order, rejection, social discrimination, parenting mistakes, prejudice, etc.
The first social problem that can be found is the environmental condition in which Grenouille was born and spends half of his life in the city of Paris. Grenouille was born in a market in the Rue aux Fers in Paris, under his mother's fish stall along with rotting fish guts. It is the place where everything is rotten, stink, and certainly not a place for a baby to be born.
... When the labor pains began, Grenouille’s mother was standing at a fish stall in the Rue aux Fers, scaling whiting that she had just gutted
(Süskind, 1986:4)
The environment that described by the author clearly explains that the place is a very bad place for a baby to be born. In fact, the environment has a major role in physical and mental growth of a child. A newborn baby should grow up in a good environment to be able to help the growth and stimulation of its development.
Environmental factors that mentioned here consist of two types, namely pre-natal and post-pre-natal environmental. Pre-pre-natal environmental factors are the environmental factors that can affect the growth and the development of a baby that occurred at the time the baby is still in the mother's womb. Examples of pre-natal environment are the physical and mental condition of the mother during pregnancy and giving birth, and infectious diseases or other circumstances beyond the mother that can affect the baby. While the post-natal environment is the environment that may affect a child's growth and development after the baby is born. Examples of post-natal environment are: biological factors, circumstances factors, psychosocial factors, and family factors.
She only wanted the pain to stop, she wanted to put this revolting birth behind her as quickly as possible. It was her fifth.
(Süskind, 1986:5)
The mental condition, thought, mind and behavior of a mother can affect the baby inside her womb. That is why mothers are told to be careful not only with their behavior but also their mind. The physical condition of Grenouille's mother is also clearly depicted by the author. Grenouille's mother said as a young woman who is pregnant and in an unhealthy condition. Of course, the health condition of a mother who is pregnant may affect the condition of her baby.
...and Grenouille’s mother, who was still a young woman, barely in her mid-twenties, and who still was quite pretty and had almost all her teeth in her mouth and some hair in her head and—except for gout and syphilis and a touch of consumption—suffered from no serious disease,...
(Süskind, 1986:5)
Grenouille's mother to do that unforgivable action, she chooses not to take care of her children that she gave birth.
Only later—on the eve of the Revolution, after several of the grave pits had caved in and the stench had driven the swollen graveyard’s neighbors to more than mere protest and to actual insurrection—was it finally closed and abandoned.
(Süskind, 1986:4)
It is portrayed Paris that populated by poor dirty people with a stench that barely conceivable to the modern people. Poverty afflicts many people, including Grenouille's mother and this dirty environment is a description of her life and how poor she is. For the people at that time, it was common to sell their body parts for living, like teeth, hair, or even become a prostitute to make money. And for Grenouille’s mother, she is described as a woman who already gives birth to five children but there is no description about the father of those children mentioned.
... who was still was quite pretty and had almost all her teeth in her mouth and some hair on her head and—except for gout and syphilis and a touch of consumption...
(Süskind, 1986:5)
Grenouille that will later have an impact on Grenouille's psychological. Because of this poverty his mother decides to dump him without bothering to take care of him until he grows up. She is so poor, she has difficulties even in supporting herself and with the occurrence of pregnancy on her, poverty makes she is unable to raise her children in a way that is more appropriate. Poverty that leads her to a thought that the children born to her are not an obligation or duty that she must carry, care and protect. It is almost impossible for her to raise children, with poor health and weak economic condition in which she is only a fishmonger who does not have enough power to raise a child. Because of this poverty, she ignores her duty as a mother and has a thought to dump and kill her children. But not that she has no conscience or does not want to become a mother, it is just if only she is able and has the opportunity she wants to have a normal life and want to raise a child one day. Therefore, with the decision she made, poverty can indirectly affect the growth and the development of Grenouille's psychological in a negative way.
...who still hoped to live a little while yet, perhaps a good five or ten years, and perhaps even to marry one day and as the honorable wife of a widower with a trade or some such to bear real children. . .
(Süskind, 1986:5)
is very huge and important, it should not be regarded as a trivial thing. And rejection obtained from the parents of a child has more severe impact than the various problems that the child get from others. The family is a haven for a child in facing outside world that can be very cruel and dangerous.
In case that experienced by Jean Baptiste Grenouille, his mother does not want to raise her child herself as the other mothers. At this point, family disorganization occurs. The mother does not carry out her role in taking care and pay attention to her child's growth. Grenouille grows into a violent person who does not know the warmth of affection and love from his parents.
Grenouille's mother neglected her children not just once. Four babies before Grenouille was born were her victims. It is believed due to the cruel attitude of his mother, Grenouille holds huge grudge against her and grows up to be a serial killer with psychological disorders. "The bastard of that woman from the rue aux Fers who killed her babies!" (Suskind, 1986: 8)
He could not smell anything in his armpits, nor on his feet, not around his genitals when he bent down to them as far as he possibly could. It was grotesque: he, Grenouille, who could smell other people from miles away, was incapable of smelling his own genitals not a handspan away!
(Süskind, 1986:135)
Grenouille himself claims his nose as the best nose in Paris, he literally can smell anything, such as glass, irons, walls, etc. This extremely keen sense of smell that belongs to Grenouille is described makes him look like a weirdo. Not just weird for some people, but also frightening because his abnormality literally never seen or experienced by the people around so it looks strange and not normal. Grenouille never build a social relationship with anyone, he only answers the questions that asked to him. Grenouille has unusual behavior and he prefers not to blend with the people. He spends most of his time working and immersed in his own world, the world of smell. As described in the novel, Grenouille is born with this ability. These abnormalities even has been seen since he was a baby and it makes him grow in a state of alienation because people are afraid of him and assume the absence of body odor of Grenouille is because he is possessed by the devil.
The child with no smell was smelling at him shamelessly, that was it! It was establishing his scent!
... The child seemed to be smelling right through his skin, into his innards.
(Süskind, 1986:17)
Many times they refused to continue to feed Grenouille because they feel there is something strange and frightening from him.
I don’t want any money, period,” said the wet nurse. “I want this bastard out of my house.”
... “He's possessed by the devil.” “He doesn’t smell at all.” (Süskind, 1986:10)
The absence of odor on his own at first is not recognized by Grenouille himself, but the people around him notice this thing and they always feel a strange sensation whenever they are close to him. The same thing goes to his super sense of smell that is beyond other human in general. Grenouille who has never blend in with other people is always alone and spent his time to smell all sorts of things he finds in his surroundings. However, because this case has never happened and is not a normal thing, people do not know the reason of his strange behavior. In the absence of body odor and strange sniffing behavior, people think he is possessed by the devil and they avoid him. Grenouille's behavior even literally frightens Madame Gaillard who known as a woman who lacks of emotion.
What made her more nervous still was the unbearable thought of living under the same roof with someone who had the gift of spotting hidden money behind walls and beams; and once she discovered that Grenouille possessed this dreadful ability, she set about getting rid of him.
(Süskind, 1986:28)
orphanage. Even for a pastor, Father Terrier, he feels Grenouille is not like the other children, and he refuses to take care of him.
Terrier wrenched himself to his feet and set the the basket on the table. He wanted to get rid of this thing, as quickly as possible, right away if possible, immediately if possible. (Süskind, 1986:17)
Such prejudice continues until Grenouille's teen age. At this point, Grenouille does not show any reaction to the social problems that he had faced, but although he does not respond it verbally, psychologically he indicates that the problem was very influential for him and gives a very bad impact to his psychological. At his teen age, he is supposed to spends his time playing with other teenager. But in the case of Grenouille, the children in the orphanage stay away from him and discriminate him because they think there is something strange about him.
They did not hate him. They weren’t jealous of him either, nor did they begrudge him the food he ate.
... They could not stand the nonsmell of him. They were afraid of him.
(Süskind, 1986:23)
In a special interview at the launching of the film version of Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, when asked about could he understand the passion of Grenouille to try to find this 'ultimate scent', Alan Rickman who acts as Antoine Richis-the father of one of Grenouille’s victim, Laure Richis, he said that like most of other serial killers, the perpetrators must first be understood from the background of their reasons. Because if we do not understand that, then we will never understand about ourselves as a society.
4.2. Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Maladaptive and Atypical Behavior
In the previous chapter (Chapter II) has been briefly explained about the psychological disorder. Basically, all of the elements in human beings must be in a normal condition and perfect for a balance so that each of human being can play their roles properly in the society. When a person experiences an imbalance in these elements, it is likely he will make mistakes in his daily life.
In Perfume: The Story of a Murderer by Patrick Suskind, described its main character is a young man who shows no signs of normal behavior, and it is presumably has something to do with his psychological. Jean Baptiste Grenouille, is a young man who killed 25 women in order to fulfill his obsession as the best perfume maker in the world. This vile behavior is a sign that indicates the presence of abnormalities within Grenouille that eventually endanger the innocents. In this sub-chapter, will be further explained about Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s psychological disorder and any of his maladaptive and atypical behaviors.
a. Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Psychological Disorder
To be able to know what kind of psychological disorders experienced by Grenouille, descriptions retrieved from the portrayal of the character in the novel. Causes and symptoms which he shows to be adjusted to the symptoms of the psychological disease based on the DSM-IV.
Grenouille's psychological disorder is classified in the third class of four classes of the causes of a psychological disorder by Davis. Based on the description of the author, Grenouille does not have any disease in his nervous system or his brain. But he has experiences outside himself that can impair his psychosis. That means he has no significance symptoms, his appearance was rather fine, he does not seem like having a mental issue. He makes so little interaction, he shows no interest except for smells. He seems like a man with lack of emotions. This happens because he grows up in a situation where he does not know love and affection, which he neglected by his mother since birth so that he is able to commit murder without fear, pity, and guilt.
In Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, Grenouille is said as a man who is obsessed with scent. He has an obsession to create 'the ultimate scent' that can control the people who smelled it. He is a genius perfumer who uses young women as the main ingredient of the perfume he creates. The murder of those young girls that he commits, he does it with no guilty or sorry. He does not feel the insistence of the pity while doing that heinous action.
He could bear that gruesome sound only by cleching his teeth, and, after it was all over...his body fell back to a pliable ease.
(Süskind, 1986:216)
From the signs that portrayed by Süskind as above and if those signs adjusted with the symptoms or signs of psychological illness that exists in the theory of Abnormal Psychology and DSM-IV, the closest disease of which is shown by Grenouille in the novel is a personality disorder. Personality disorder is a psychological disorder that does not too striking if it seems from the appearance of the sufferer. Personality disorders result in the abnormal aggressive or seriously irresponsible behavior that commonly known as psychopathic disorder. The disease is included in 'other non-psychotic mental conditions'. Personality disorder itself is applied to those who cannot able to follow the society’s code and act inadequate, eccentric, and excitable. The sufferer’s behavior can be harmful and they show the signs start at the early age.
There are three different clusters in personality disorder and Grenouille belongs to the 'dramatic-erratic' cluster, which is he is an anti-social, with the tendency of an introvert. In the social life of human, someone with the anti-social is the most dangerous to public safety. This disease can be experienced in a long time. They do not feel the emotions and feelings of a normal human being; they will feel no fear in any law, no guilt, no remorse, no sense of anxiety and lack of a sense of responsibility as a human being. In anti social personality disorder, one shows a long term pattern of irresponsible, impulsive, unscrupulous behavior beginning in early life, anti-social is what used to be called as psychopath or sociopath.
Almost like in most of psychological problems, the role of the parent is not able to be separated for any reason. Starting from a child is born, he learned of what he saw and felt, what he saw based on what other people do and what he felt through the treatment he got. When the child gets and see positive things, then it is very likely he or she will grow well. However, the opposite is also possible.
b. Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Atypical Behavior
For someone who suffering from psychological disorder, abnormal behavior is often shown as the symptom of the disease he has. Grenouille who suffers abnormalities in his psychology shows abnormal behaviors and maladaptive behavior that can hurt the surrounding people. Here, will be described the events that show the abnormal behavior of Grenouille in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer.
Atypical behavior can be defined as a behavior that is not normal, not usual, or even inappropriate for other people who sees it because this behavior is not suitable to the people’s opinion or society’s norm, this behavior can also cause confusion or even frightened some people. Just as maladaptive behavior, abnormality is therefore seen as the development of behavior patterns that can be considered harmful not only for the individual but also for others.
In Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, the main character Jean Baptiste Grenouille is not only has peculiarities in terms of his biological side, his sensing ability that is more than an ordinary man, but also there is an abnormality in the way he behaves in everyday life. Abnormal behavior surfaced even he was a child.
The tiny wings of flesh around the two tiny holes in the child’s face swelled like a bud opening to bloom. Or rather, like the cups of that small meat-eating plant that was kept in the royal botanical gardens. It seemed to Terrier as if the chid saw him with its nostrils...
(Süskind, 1986:17)
his special ability and that's what makes him 'see' with his nose. But still, for ordinary people his behavior can be considered strange and weird.
Grenouille is described as someone with a closed personality. He is almost never communicate with others. It is also a symptom that shows abnormalities within Grenouille. When Grenouille grows up into a teenager, he locks himself out of the world that is supposed to be experienced by the child in his age. He does not care about the other children in his age, games, laughter, and so on.
He lived encapsulated in himself and waited for better times. He gave the world nothing but his dung—no smile, non cry, no glimmer in the eye, not even his own scent.
(Süskind, 1986:22)
Grenouille is more interested in anything other than the human beings, it shows that he is an introvert. It can also be said to be unreasonable because humans are social beings who cannot live without the other by human in her life, but Grenouille breaks that the theoretical statement by living in his own world, the world of scent.
And when the last a puff of air would toss a delicate thread of scent his way, he would lunge it and not let go. Then he would smell at onlly this one odor, holding it tight, pulling himself and preserving it for all time.
(Süskind, 1986:34)
does not with other human and just smell the odors that exist, such as trees, sea, land, and others.
Long before any visible sign indicate that he was in the vicinity of a city, Grenouille sensed a condensation of human stuff in the air and, reversing his orignial plan, decide to avoid Orleans.
(Süskind, 1986:116)
Grenouille does not like the smell of the human body which he considered bad, except for some specific kind of human who have very beautiful smell to him. The scent of a woman's body, for the ordinary human might be considered normal, it means that there is nothing very special about it. However, for someone like Grenouille, the best nose in Paris, that scent is what he wants to be his own body scent so that he can be loved others.
Here he stopped, gathering his forces, and smelled. He had it. He had hold of it tight. The odor came rolling down the rue de Seine like a ribbon, unmistakably clear, and yet as before very delicate and very fine.
(Süskind, 1986:39)
This is a proof that Grenouille is actually holding a grudge for the behaviors that he had got since birth. And that grudge that makes him become a serial killer.
Grenouille never showed any response to the treatment he has ever received. And in the mission of realizing his obssesion, he decides to make people think that he is just an obedient worker, he is able to create the impression of a worker who is willing to work all day without ever complaining. This behavior is shown by Grenouille so that he can continue his plan. As a serial killer, Grenouille has a neat way and strategies in running his action. And this describes how bis is Grenouille's obsession in creating 'the ultimate scent'.
He left it to the other journeyman to find his society dull and unprofitable. He was a master in the art of spreading boredom and playing might enjoy making fun of him or use him as the butt of some crude practicial joke inside the guild. He succeeded in being considerable totally uninteresting. People left him alone. And that was all he wanted.
(Süskind, 1986:182)
Grenouille, that in every act of killing that he did, he has never even feel guilty or even feel sorry for his victims. Instead, he feels he is getting closer to his ultimate goal and it makes him very happy and proud of himself. Apparently, the result that he expected does not happen at all. After he reached the goal that he desired, but it does not make him feel love and be loved. He still is not a perfect man, and even the most powerful perfume that he created cannot cover up that fact that perfume is simply becomes a mask to fool the people. His last abnormal behavior is something that can never be done by humans with normal psychology, Grenouille finally shows how vulnerable he really is.
... Each of them want to touch him, wanted to have a piece of him... they attacked him like hyenas.
(Süskind, 1986:254)
Jean Baptiste Grenouille, a man who was born without love and never be loved, the most vile human on earth but also the saddest man ever. He is a product of what have been done by the people to him. His mother, who supposedly to be the only person who could prevent it all, neglected him and it makes him fall into this cruel world with no shelter. His mother and those people of France who made him grow as an obsessed man, a very bad obsession yet innocent of making people loved him. He chooses his final step, he does not want to live anymore. And when those humanly cannibal hyenas finished their feast, “For the first time they had done something out of love.” (Süskind: 1986:255)
c. Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s Maladaptive Behavior
Maladaptive Behavior committed by Jean Baptiste Grenouille in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer appeared because of the social problems that he experienced so he had a deviance in his personality. He receives lots of traumatic treatment so he builds a 'defense' to get rid of those memories. He did not get the love and affection he needs from his parents and treated differently by the people because of his oddity, makes Grenouille wants to change people's perception about him, he does everything he can to get what he did not back then. This maladaptive behavior that could harm himself and others triggered by his obsession. He kills his victims with no worry or even feeling guilty, he regards those girls as flowers that could only plucked by himself. This is one of the symptoms of psychological disorders that can hurt anyone, humans or even animals.
The first maladaptive behavior that Grenouille shows is an accident. He kills a woman who he follows because she has a very captivating scent. Due to lack of understanding of people and lack of experience in social interaction, Grenouille finally kills the woman accidentally.
She was so frozen with terror at the sight of him that he had plenty of time to put his hands to her throat. He in turn, did not look at her, did not see her delicate, freckled face, her red
lips, her large sparkling eyes, keeping his eyes closed tight as he strangled her, for he had only one concern--not to
lose the least trace of her scent. (Süskind, 1986:42)
He hunted for winter flies, for maggots, raps, small cats, and drowned them in warm oil. At night he crept into stalls to drape cows, goats, and piglets, for a few hours in cloths smeard with oil or to wrap them in greasy bandages.
(Süskind, 1986:185)
Grenouille who does not understand the concept of compassion and understanding about what's good or bad, considers his behavior as a behavior that can be justified. This happens because he gets a similar treatment since he was little and it makes he considers that it is the right thing and normal. Such behavior is very dangerous if it is addressed to living creatures around him..
He first tried it with a puppy. He enticed it away from its mother with a piece of meat, all the way from the slaughterhouse to the laboratory, and as the animal panted excitedly and lunged joyfully... he gave one quick, hard blow to the black of its head with a piece of wood.
(Süskind, 1986:186)
Grenouille maladaptive behavior continues, and this time Grenouille is no longer hesitates in choosing his victim. A terror attacked Grasse, a vicious killer stalking young girls for mysterious reasons. One by one they died. The killer only left the bodies of his victims, naked and no hair, with a wound in the back of their heads allegedly due to a hard blow, and there were no signs of sexual harassment because they all died virgins.
... the naked body of a fifteen-year-old girl was found in a rose field... She had been killed by a heavy blow to the back of the head. She was indeed a girl of exquisite beauty. And she was very young, so very young, that the flow of her allure had not yet grown viscous. Her hair, however, was gone. (Süskind, 1986:194)
sacred thing. Psychological disorders of Grenouille makes him break all of the social norms and laws that applied in the society where he is located.
... two more murders occurred. Again the victims were very lovely young girls, again of the languid, raven-haired sort, again they were found naked and shorn and lying in a flower field...
(Süskind, 1986:195)
Maladaptive behaviors of Grenouille creates a tremendous terror for the people of Grasse. The lives of the innocent people are easily gone. And this behavior continues for several months, creating a big mess in the society of Grasse.
A few days after the double murder, they found a body yet another girl, abused in the same manners as the others. This time it was a Sardinian washer-woman from from the bishop’s palace.
(Süskind, 1986:196)
The murder committed by Grenouille is a form of maladaptive behavior that are at the highest level. Psychological disorder that he has makes him act beyond the limits of human fairness and common sense. His maladaptive behavior knows no mercy, however, Grenouille runs murders by a very neat and structured.
The daughter of a carpenter was found slain in her own room on the fifth floor, and no one in the house had heard the laest noise, and although the dogs normally yelped the moment they picked up the scent of any stranger, not one of them had barked.
(Süskind, 1986:197)
... at the end of September, the slayer of the young women of Grasse, having cut down no fewer than twenty-four of its most beautiful virgins out of every social class, was made anathema and excommunicated both in writing and from all the pulpits of the city...
(Süskind, 1986:198)
Grenouille tracks down his last victim. A person with anti-social tendency is someone who will not stop until he gets what he wants. This is the reason why an anti-social considered dangerous for a society in which the sufferer is located. Because he may do something which can injure and even kill a person without feeling pity or guilt.
The sound of the blow was a dull, grinding thud. He hated it. He hated it solely because it was a sound, a sound in the midst of his otherwise soundless procedure. He could bear that gruesome sound only by clenching his teeth, ... ... for now even the shuffle of the girl’s breathing had ceased. (Süskind, 1986:216)
CHAPTER V
CONLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1. Conclusion
After doing the research on psychological disorder and social problems of Jean Baptiste Grenouille, the main character in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, conclusions can be drawn, they are:
1. Jean Baptiste Grenouille’s social problems that happen since his childhood to adulthood; such as poverty, abandonment, family separation, rejection, discrimination, prejudice to alienation, lead to the emergence of his psychological disorder, which is a personality disorder. From the analyzing that has been done, it can be seen that the role of the family as the smallest social community and the public in general are the most important in the formation of a child's personality and mental because a child learns through what he had seen and heard by other people, every individual in the community has their own role in order to create an atmosphere and a good environment for the child to grow and family is a shelter for children to protect themselves from the harsh outer world. If only Grenouille grew up with the help of his mother, Grenouille would be protected and his actions could be prevented.
scent’, it does not make him feel really loved because people just loved the 'mask' of him—his perfume, instead of himself and it makes him take a final end to his life.
5.2. Suggestion
Basically, all humans were born good, which means that no man was born evil and has no relationship with the demon. Newborn child should be given affection and love for him to grow into a human being with compassion and care for themselves and others. The role of parents and families are very important for a child is a basic need that must be fulfilled. In addition to parents who act as teachers and mentors for the children, the people around him also has a very large role in the process of growing children. If the child continues to receive treatment that is bad, bad example and not get enough affection as he should, then it is likely that the child will grow into an adult who will give a negative impact that harm himself and others around him. And this is what happened to the main character in Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, Jean Baptiste Grenouille.
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APPENDICES
i. Author’s Biography and Works
establishing him as one of the most popular playwrights of German theatre. Originally conceived as prose piece that was repeatedly rejected for publication, The Double Bass eventually appeared in novella form in 1984. In the 1984-1985 theatrical season, the play was performed more than 500 times. It became one of the most popular German plays of the decade. Around the same time, Süskind began collaborating with Helmut Dietl on the hit German television series, Monaco Franze. In late 1984 the newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung contracted Süskind to serially publish his first prose work, Perfume. Published in book form the following year, Perfume immediately became a German best-seller and subsequently sold over six million copies worldwide by 1991. Wary of his newfound celebrity, Süskind declined a five-thousand dollar prize for best first novel from Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in 1986, vowing to never again accept awards for writing. That same year, Süskind resumed his collaboration with Dietl by co-writing the script for another popular television series, Kir Royal, which revolved around the adventures of a titular Munich gossip columnist. In 1987 Süskind published the novella Die Taube (The Pigeon) which, though critically well received, failed to attain the popular success of Perfume. Süskind and Dietl reteamed again in 1996 to write the screenplay for the film Rossini: oder die mörderische Frage, wer mit wem schlief, which follows the careers of a variety of characters in the German film industry as their lives intersect in a Munich restaurant.
explores the effects of obsessive behavior upon an individual's life. The dense allusiveness and pastiche style that mark his narrative technique have yielded richly diverse interpretations, including readings that variously study Perfume as a detective story, bildungsroman, and picaresque novel. Although critics have often classified all of Süskind's slender output as definitive contributions to the development of German literary postmodernism, the majority of scholarship has focused on Perfume, which poses for some scholars the dilemma of reconciling the novel's literary merits with its hugely popular appeal.
Perfume: The Story of a Murderer was made into a film in 2006 by Tom Tykwer under the same title. Süskind lives as a recluse in Munich, in Seeheim (Lake Starnberg), and in France. The public knows a little about him currently. He has withdrawn fr
