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Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-20 pandemic: a guantitative analvsis
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Sarah Boseley. The Lancet: Medicine and Creativity london:Dec 2006. Vol. 368, p. S5-S6 (2 pp.)
Avian Influenza A (HSN1) Infection In Eastern Turkey in 2006.
Oner AF, Bay A, Arslan S, Akdeniz H, Sahin HA, Cesur Y, Epcacan S, Yi/maz N, Deger I, Kizilyildiz B, Karsen H, Ceyhan M. The New England Journal of Medicine [NLM -MEDLlNE). Nov 23 2006. Vol. 355, Iss. 21, p. 2179-85
Avian Influenza A (HSN1) Infection in Eastern Turkey in 2006
Ahmet Faik Oner, Ali Bay, Sukro Arslan, Hayrettin Akdeniz, et al. The New England Journal of Medicine. Boston:Nov 23, 2006. Vol. 355, Iss. 21, p. 2179-2185 (7 pp.) HSN1 Influenza - Continuing Evolution and Spread
Robert G Webster, Elena A Govorkova. The New England Journal of Medicine. Boston: Nov 23, 2006. Vol. 355, Iss. 21, p.2174-2177 (4pp.)
Three Indonesian clusters of HSN1 virus infection in 2005.
Kandun IN, Wibisono H, Sedyaningsih ER, Yusharrnen, Hadisoedarsuno W, Puma W, Santoso H, Septiawati C, Tresnaningsih E, Heriyanto B, Yuwono 0, Haron S, Soeroso S, Giriputra S, Blair PJ, Jeremijenko A, Kosasih H, Putnam SO, Samaan G, Silitonga M, Chan KH. The New England Journal of Medicine [NLM - MEDLlNE). Nov 23 2006. Vol. 355, Iss. 21, p. 2186-94
Three Indonesian Clusters of HSN1 Virus Infection in 2005
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Laboratory diagnosis of human infection with avian influenza
Anna Majury, Judy Ash, Baldwin Toye, Gerald Evans, et al. Canadian Medical Association. Journal. Ottawa:Nov 21,2006. Vol. 175, 155.11, p. 1371-1372 (2 pp.) Development of a triage protocol for critical care during an influenza pandemic. Christian MD, Hawryluck L, Wax RS, Cook T, Lazar NM, Herridge MS, Muller MP, Gowans DR, Fortier W, Burkle FM. CMAJ [NLM - MEDLlNE). Nov 21 2006. Vol. 175, Iss. 11, p. 1377-81
Laboratory diagnosis of human infection with avian influenza.
Majury A, Ash J, Toye B, Evans G, Mazzulli T, Winter AL, Gamble G. CMAJ [NLM -MEDLlNE). Nov 21 2006. Vol. 175, Iss. 11, p. 1371
Pandemic influenza: clinical issues.
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in Mice
Tong Xu, Jian Qiao, Lihong Zhao, Guirong Wang, et a/. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. New York:Nov 1, 2006. Vol. 174, Iss. 9, p. 1011-1017 (7 pp.)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus in Mice.
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The Regionalization of Avian Influenza in East Asia: Responding to the Next Pandemic(?)
Nicho/as Thomas. Asian Survey. Berkeley:Nov/Oec 2006. Vol. 46, Iss. 6, p.917-936 The Epidemiology of H5N1 Avian Influenza in Wild Birds: Why We Need Better Ecological Data
Mar Yasue, Chris J Feare, Leon Bennun, Wolfgang Fiedler. Bioscience. Washington:Nov 2006. Vol. 56, 155.11, p.923-929 (7 pp.)
Supplementation with active hexose correlated compound increases the innate immune response of young mice to primary influenza infection.
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PREVENTING AVIAN INFLUENZA IN HUMANS: THE ROLE OF SIMPLE PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTIONS
Rajesh Bhatia, Jai P Narain. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. Bangkok:Nov 2006. Vol. 37, 155.6, p.1229-1236 (8 pp.)
Supplementation with Active Hexose Correlated Compound Increases the Innate Immune Response of Young Mice to Primary Influenza Infection1
Barry W Ritz, Shoko Nogusa, Elizabeth A Ackerman, Elizabeth M Gardner. The Journal of Nutrition. Bethesda:Nov 2006. Vol. 136, Iss. 11, p. 2868-2873 (6 pp.)
Community-acguired MRSA
Sally F Bloomfield. The Lancet. London:Oct 14-0ct 20, 2006. Vol. 368, Iss. 9544, p. 1328 (1 pp.)
WHO Director-General election: an agenda for the future
Elena Salgado. The Lancet. London:Oct 14-0ct 20, 2006. Vol. 368, Iss. 9544, p. 1311-1313 (3 pp.)
Avian influenza
Lisa Berry. Nursing Standard. Harrow-on-the-HiII:Oct 11-0ct 17, 2006. Vol. 21, Iss. 5, p.58 (1 pp.)
Avian influenza: are you prepared?
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WHO's Director-General candidates respond
Hannah Brown. The Lancet. london:Oct 7-0ct 13, 2006. Vol. 368, Iss. 9543, p.1225-1228 (4 pp.)
Out in the Cold and Back: New-Found Interest in the Great Flu
Guy Beiner. Cultural and Social History. london:Oct 2006. Vol. 3, Iss. 4, p.496-505 Coping with Disaster
Randolph Kent. Harvard International Review. Cambridge:Fali 2006. Vol. 28, Iss. 3, p. 44-48 (5 pp.)
Avian Influenza and the Failure of Public Rationing Discussions
Barry DeCoster. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics. Boston:Fall 2006. Vol. 34, Iss. 3, p. 620-623 (4 pp.)
Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated adluvanted whole-virion influenza A (H5N1) vaccine: a phase I randomlsed controlled trial
Jiangtao Lin, Jiansan Zhang, Xiaoping Dong, Hanhua Fang, et al. The lancet london:Sep 16-Sep 22,2006. Vol. 368, Iss. 9540, p.991-997 (7 pp.)
Iraq's health requires continued funding commitment
Nellie Bristol. The Lancet. london:Sep 9-Sep 15, 2006. Vol. 368, Iss. 9539, p. 905-906 (2 pp.)
Avian Influenza: Preparing for a Pandemic
Gregory Juckett. American Family Physician. Kansas City:Sep 1, 2006. Vol. 74, Iss. 5, p.783-790 (8 pp.)
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Keeping Up to Date on Avian Influenza
Lara M Johnson. American Family Physician. Kansas City:Sep 1, 2006. Vol. 74, Iss. 5, p.719 (1 pp.)
Ring wearing and hand hygiene: avian influenza: pharmaceutical waste; tuberculosis update: multiuse surgical site marking pens
Joan Blanchard. Association of Operating Room Nurses. AORN Journal. Denver:Sep 2006. Vol. 84, Iss. 3, p.477-480,482-484 (7 pp.)
Pandemic containment and management
Anne Gardner. Australian Nursing Journal. North Fitzroy:Sep 2006. Vol. 14, Iss. 3, p.25-27 (3 pp.)
Noninvasive positive-oressure ventilation: an experimental model to assess air and particle dispersion.
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Nurses' Fears and Professional Obligations Concerning Possible Human-to-Human Avian Flu
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Personal protective equipment for preventing respiratory infections: What have we really learned?
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Whafs next for WHO?
Anders NordstrOm. The Lancet London:JuI15-JuI21, 2006. Vol. 368, Iss. 9531, p.177-179 (3 pp.)
Poultry Workers ShOUldn't Serve as Canaries
Gary N Greenberg. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. Philadelphia:Jul-Sep 2006. Vol. 12, 155.3, p.288-289 (2 pp.)
Skewed allele frequencies of an Mx gene mutation with potential resistance to avian influenza virus in different chicken populations.
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Skewed Allele Frequencies of an Mx Gene Mutation with Potential Resistance to Avian Influenza Virus in Different Chicken Populations .
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AVIAN INFLUENZA A (H5N1) INFECTION IN A CHILD
Prasonk Witayalhawomwong. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. Bangkok:JuI2006. Vol. 37, 155.4, p.684-689 (6 pp.)
News @ a glance
Barbara Sibba/d. Canadian Medical Association. Journal. Ottawa:Jun 20, 2006. Vol. 174, 155.13, p.1830-1831 (2 pp.)
Taiwan and the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
Chang-Chuan Chan, Feng-Jen Tsai. The Lancet London:Jun 10-Jun 16, 2006. Vol. 367, 155.9526, p. 1901-1902 (2 pp.)
A Constant Fight Against New and Rare Diseases
A Rick Bennett, Robert A Heckert. Agricultural Research. Washington:Jun 2006. Vol. 54, 155.6, p.2 (1 pp.)
Managing Emerging and Reemerging Diseases in Poultry
Sharon Durham. Agricultural Research. Washington:Jun 2006. Vol. 54, Iss. 6, p. 19 (1 pp.)
Avian influenza (H5N1): implications for intensive care
Pascale C. Gruber, Charles D. Gomersall, Gavin M. Joynt. Intensive Care Medicine. New York:Jun 2006. Vol. 32, Iss. 6, p. 823-829
Purdue Project Could Help Pets Serve as Disease Watchdogs
Anonymous. Journal of Environmental Health. Denver:Jun 2006. Vol. 68, Iss. 10, p. 62 (1 pp.)
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Will the next human influenza pandemic be caused by the virus of the avian flu AlH5N1? Arguments pro and counter
H. W Doerr, Domenica Varwig, Regina Allwinn, J. Cinatl. Medical Microbiology and Immunology. Berlin:Jun 2006. Vol. 195, 155.2, p.45-47
Avian influenza vaccines: whafs all the flap?
Suryaprakash Sambhara, Gregory A Poland. The Lancet London:May 20-May 26. 2006. Vol. 367, Iss. 9523. p. 1636-1638 (3 pp.)
Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated spUt-virion influenza ANietnaml119412004 (H5N1) vaccine: phase I randomised trial
Jean-Louis Bresson. Christian Perronne, Odile Launay, Catherine Gerdi/, et a/. The Lancet London:May 20-MaY,26, 2006. Vol. 367, Iss. 9523, p.1657-1664 (8 pp.) A reappraisal of H5N1 avian influenza
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China's rural health reforms tackle entrenched inequalities
Jonathan Watts. The Lancet. London:May 13-May 19, 2006. Vol. 367, Iss. 9522, p. 1564-1565 (2 pp.)
Avian flu and the New World
Nature. London:May 11, 2006. Vol. 441, 155.7090, p.137-138
Immunization with influenza A NP-expressing vaccinia virus recombinant protects mice against experimental infection with human and avian Influenza viruses
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Archives of Virology. New Yorl<:May 2006. Vol. 151, Iss. 5, p.921-931 In the fight against flu. forewarned is forearmed
Melissa Sweet. AustraUan Nursing Journal. North Fitzroy:May 2006. Vol. 13, Iss. 10, p. 26-28 (3 pp.)
Update on the Spread of Avian Influenza
Donald Kaye. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Chicago:May 1, 2006. Vol. 42, Iss. 9, p. III (1 pp.)
Spread of Avian Influenza Viruses Among Birds
Anonymous. Journal of Environmental Health. Denver:May 2006. Vol. 68, Iss. 9, p. 59 (1 pp.)
Avian influenza: Solving another piece of the H5N1 puzzle
Shannon Amoi/s. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. London:May 2006. Vol. 4, Iss. 5, p.321-321
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Influenza pandemic preparedness: gauging from EU plans
Kennedy F Shorlridge. The Lancet. London:Apr 29-May 5, 2006. Vol. 367, Iss. 9520, p. 1374-1375 (2 pp.)
U.S. Ready to Waive Liability to Lure Flu Vaccine Makers
Donald Kaye. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Chicago:Apr 15, 2006. Vol. 42, Iss. 8, p. III (1 pp.)
Beyond borders: public-health surveillance
Marlin McKee, Ritat Atun. The Lancet London:Apr 15-Apr 21, 2006. Vol. 367, Iss. 9518, p. 1224-1226 (3 pp.)
Diversitv of avian influenza
David Secko. Canadian Medical Association. Journal. Ottawa:Apr 11, 2006. Vol. 174, Iss. 8, p. 1080 (1 pp.)
Economic Effects of Animal Diseases Linked to Trade Dependency
Don P Blayney, John Dyck, David Harvey. Amber Waves. Washington:Apr 2006. Vol. 4, Iss. 2, p. 22-29 (8 pp.)
OIE/FAO International Scientific Conference on Avian Influenza. Developments In Biologicals Series No. 124
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Beasts of the Earth: Animals. Humans. and Disease
Sunil K Sood. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Chicago:Apr 1, 2006. Vol. 42, Iss. 7, p. 1061 (1 pp.)
New Laboratory Assay for Diagnostic Testing of Avian Influenza AlH5 (Asian Lineage) Donald Kaye. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Chicago:Apr 1, 2006. Vol. 42, Iss. 7, p. III (1 pp.)
Influenza M2 envelope protein augments avian influenza hemagglutinin pseudotvping of lentiviral vectors
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Perspectives on avian influenza.
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Perspectives on avian influenza
Pascal James Imperato, Gavin H. Imperato. Journal of Community Health. New York:Apr 2006. Vol. 31, Iss. 2, p. 79-83
Functional tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosls-inducing ligand production by avian influenza virus-infected macrophages.
Zhou J, Law HK, Cheung CY, Ng IH, Peiris JS, Lau YL. Journal of Infectious Diseases [NLM - MEDLlNE]. Apr 1 2006. Vol. 193, Iss. 7, p. 945-53
Functional Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Induclng Ligand Production by Avian Influenza Virus-Infected Macrophages
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Gene De Michele. WEF Highlights. Alexandria:Apr 2006. Vol. 43, Iss. 3, p. 3,5 (2 pp.) EDITORIALS: Vaccines against Avian Influenza - A Race against Time
Gregory A Poland. The New England Journal of Medicine. Boston:Mar 30, 2006. Vol. 354, 155.13, p. 1411-1413 (3 pp.)
Lethal Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Infection in a Pregnant Woman in Anhui Province, China
Yuelong Shu, Hongjie Yu, Dexin U. The New England Journal of Medicine. Boston:Mar 30,2006. Vol. 354, Iss. 13, p. 1421-1422 (2 pp.) .
Health risks at the Hall
Qanta A Ahmed, Yaseen M Arabi, Ziad A Memish. The Lancet. London:Mar 25-Mar 31, 2006. Vol. 367, 155.9515, p. 1008-1015 (8 pp.)
Human Illness and Isolation of Low-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus of the H7N3 Subtype in British Columbia, Canada.
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Danuta M Skowronski, S Aleina Tweed, Martin Petric, Tim Booth, et a/. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Chicago:Mar 15, 2006. Vol. 193, 155.6, p.899-901 (3 pp.) Cytotoxic therapy for severe avian influenza A (H5N1) infection
Jan-Inge Henter, Chun-Bong Chow, Chi-Wai Leung, Yu-Lung Lau. The Lancet. London:Mar 11-Mar 17, 2006. Vol. 367, 155.9513, p.870-873 (4 pp.)
Catastrophe in the Wings?
Timothy M Beardsley. Bioscience. Washington:Mar 2006. Vol. 56, Iss. 3, p. 179 (1 pp.) The March of Avian Influenza Westward
Donald Kaye. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Chicago:Mar 1, 2006. Vol. 42, Iss. 5, p. III (1 pp.)
Precautions in ophthalmic practice in a hospital with a major acute SARS outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong
W-M Chan, D T L Liu, P K S Chan, K K L Chong, K S C Yuen, T Y H Chiu, B S M Tam, J S K Ng, D S C Lam. Eye. London:Mar 2006. Vol. 20, Iss. 3, p. 283-289
AVIAN INFLUENZA AND POULTRY BIODIVERSITY
Devlin Kuyek. Multinational Monitor. Washington:Mar/Apr 2006. Vol. 27, 155.2, p.20 (1 pp.)
Feces as fertilizer and livestock feed
Leon Bennun. Multinational Monitor. Washington:Mar/Apr 2006. Vol. 27, Iss. 2, p.24 (1 pp.)
An in vitro fluorescence screen to identify antivirals that disrupt hepatitis B virus capsid assembly
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The Origin and Virulence of the 1918 "Spanish" Influenza Vlrus1
Jeffery K Taubenberger. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia:Mar2006. Vol. 150, Iss. 1, p.86-112 (27 pp.)
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Scrutiny of British science
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Antiviral Agents. Vaccines. and Immunotherapies
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Development of adenoviral-vector-based pandemic influenza vaccine against antigenlcally distinct human H5N1 strains in mice
Mary A Hoelscher, San jay Garg, Dinesh S Bangari, Jessica A Belser, et a/. The Lancet London:Feb 11-Feb 17, 2006. Vol. 367, 155.9509, p.475-481 (7 pp.)
Heat Inactivates Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Viruses in Egg Products Sharon Durham. Agricultural Research. Washington:Feb 2006. Vol. 54, Iss. 2, p. 21
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Vectored Vaccines for Avian Influenza
Sharon Durham. Agricultural Research. Washington:Feb 2006. Vol. 54, Iss. 2, p. 21 (1 pp.)
Oseltamivlr Worthless in Avian Influenza?
Donald Kaye. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Chicago:Feb 1, 2006. Vol. 42, Iss. 3, p. III (1 pp.)
Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Japan and Anti-Influenza Virus Activity of Povidone-lodlne Products
Hiroshi Ito, Toshihiro Ito, Muneo Hikida, Junko Yashiro, Akira Otsuka, Hiroshi Kida, Koichi Otsuki. Dermatology.: S1 BaseJ:Feb 2006. Vol. 212, p. 115-118
Update on Avian Influenza Pandemic Threat
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Global avian Influenza controls must be scaled up now.
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Looking Back May Provide a Hint of the Future: Lessons Learned from the 1918 Spanish Influenza Virus
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The first conflrmed human case of avian influenza A (H5N1) in Mainland China. Yu H, Shu Y, Hu S, Zhang H, Gao Z, Chen H, Dong J, Xu C, Zhang Y, Xiang N, Wang M, Guo Y, Cox N, Lim W, Li D, Wang Y, Yang W. Lancet [NLM - MEDLlNE]. Jan 7 2006. Vol. 367, Iss. 9504, p. 84
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Pandemics. antiviral stockpiles and biosecuritv in Australia: what about the generic option?
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Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Beginning of the 21st Century
Lashley, F.. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Kent:2006. Vol. 11, Iss. 1, The 2003 SARS Outbreak: Global Challenges and Innovative Infection Control Measures
Murphy, C.. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Kent:2006. Vol. 11, Iss. 1, Avian Influenza pandemic: not if. but when.
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THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND UV LIGHT ON INFECTIVITY OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS (HAsub SANAsub 1 A! THAI FIELD STRAIN) IN CHICKEN FECAL MANURE
Kamlang Chumpolbanchom, Namphung Suemanotham, Nakrop Siripara, Bopit Puyati, Kridsada Chaichoune. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. Bangkok:Jan 2006. Vol. 37, Iss. 1, p. 102-105 (4 pp.)
The Run on Tamiflu - Should Physicians Prescribe on Demand?
Allan S Brett, Abigail Zuger. The New England Journal of Medicine. Boston:Dec 22, 2005. Vol. 353, Iss. 25, p. 2636-2637 (2 pp.)
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Hong Kong battens down the hatches
Patralekha Chatteljee. The Lancet. London:Dec 17, 2005-Jan 6, 2006. Vol. 366, Iss. 9503, p.2073-2074 (2 pp.)
Preparing for pandemic influenza
John McConnel/, Richard Horton. The Lancet London:Dec 17, 2005-Jan 6,2006. Vol. 366, Iss. 9503, p. 2072 (1 pp.)
Drug-Resistant Avian Influenza Virus Isolated
Donald Kaye. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Chicago:Dec 15, 2005. Vol. 41, Iss. 12, p. III (1 pp.)
Newsletter
Sarah J Evans. American Family Physician. Kansas City:Dec 1, 2005. Vol. 72, Iss. 11, p.2165-2166 (2 pp.)
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Hannless Virus May Aid in Knocking Out DeadlY Bird Flu
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David Secko. Canadian Medical Association. Journal. Ottawa:Nov 22,2005. Vol. 173, Iss. 11, p.1311 (1 pp.)
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Pandemic preparedness: begin at the source
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Fear of avian influenza is a double-edged sword.
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Bush Unveils Pandemic Flu Plan
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Anonymous. Australian Nursing Journal. North Fitzroy:Mar 2004. Vol. 11, Iss. 8, p. 29 (1 pp.)
Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands.
Koopmans M, Wilbrink B, Conyn M, Natrop G, van der Nat, Vennema H, Meijer A, van Steenbergen, Fouchier R, Osterhaus A, Bosman A. Lancet [NLM - MEDLlNE]. Feb 21 2004. Vol. 363, Iss. 9409, p. 587-93
Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands
Marion Koopmans, Berry Wi/brink, Marina Conyn, Gerard Natrop, et a/. The Lancet. London:Feb 21,2004. Vol. 363, Iss. 9409, p.587-593 (7 pp.)
China: towards "xiaokang", but still living dangerously
Anonymous. The Lancet. London:Feb 7,2004. Vol. 363, Iss. 9407, p.409 (1 pp.) 269.
270.
271.
272.
WHO confirms human-to-human avian flu transmission
Hannah Brown. The Lancet. London:Feb 7,2004. Vol. 363, Iss. 9407, p.462 (1 pp.) Avian influenza: expect the best but prepare for the worst
John TJ. Indian Journal of Medical Research [NLM - MEDLlNE]. Feb 2004. Vol. 119, p. iii-iv
Avian influenza: Expect the best but prepare for the worst
T Jacob John. Indian Journal of Medical Research. New Delhi:Feb 2004. Vol. 119, Iss. 2, p. III,IV (2 pp.)
Asian nations step up action to curb spread of avian influenza. Outbreak is spreading at an unprecendented speed, WHO says, and nowhere can be considered safe.
Watts J. Lancet [NLM - MEDLlNE]. Jan 31 2004. Vol. 363, Iss. 9406, p. 373 273.
Jonathan Watts. The Lancet. London:Jan 31, 2004. Vol. 363, Iss. 9406, p. 373 (1 pp.) 274.
WHO Ramps Up Bird Flu Vaccine Efforts
Dennis Normile. Science. Washington:Jan 30, 2004. Vol. 303, Iss. 5658, p. 609 (1 pp.) 275.
Avian influenza: the threat looms.
Lancet [NLM - MEDUNE]. Jan 24 2004. Vol. 363, Iss. 9405, p. 257 276.
Avian influenza: the threat looms
Anonymous. The Lancet. London:Jan 24, 2004. Vol. 363, Iss. 9405, p. 257
277.
Stopping Asia's Avian Flu: A Worrisome Third Outbreak
DAFfARPUSTAKA
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http://www.deliveri.org/Guidelines/howlhm16lhm162i.htm 30/05/2007 Last Update (31108/2007)
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Arikunto, Suharsimi. 2002. Prosedur penelitian suatu pendekatan praktek. Jakarta :
Rineka Cipta.
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Chadwick, Bruce A., Howard M. Bahr, dan Stan L. Albrecht. 1999. Metode penelitian ilmu pengetahuan sosial. Ed.Rev. New Jersey : Universitas Brigham Young
Press.
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(http:www.kammijepang.netlsorotan.php?id) (12111106)
(12/01/07)
kerja
Last
sama.
Update
Ishak 2005. Analisis Bibliometrika terhadap artikel penelitian penyakit malaria di
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Pustaha.
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Sulistyo-Basuki. 2002. Bibliometrika, sainsmetrika dan informetrika. Dalam Kumpulan Makalah Kursus Bibliometrika. Pusat Studi Jepang VI : Masyarakat Infonnatika Indonesia
3.1 Metode Penelitian
BABIII
METODE PENELITIAN
Dalam melakukan suatu penelitian tentunya dipergunakan suatu metode gurta mendapatkan data yang akurat dan relevan dengan maksud untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian.
Menurut Kartono (1996 : 20), "Metode penelitian adalah cara-cara berpikir dan berbuat yang dipersiapkan dengan baik-baik untuk mengadakan penelitian dan untuk mencapai suatu tujuan penelitian atau ajaran mengenai metode-metode yang digunakan dalam proses penelitian". Pendapat tersebut sama dengan pendapat yang dikemukakan oleh Hoover dalam Chadwick (1999 : 12) bahwa :
Tak seorangpun dapat mencek kembali segal a sesuatu yang terjadi pada waktu
pOOfan oeft1tUSan dengan petasrum
had,pefsepsi pengalaman dan proses oerpikir
ilmu pengetahuan membawa langkah-langkah inkuiri keluar dari pikiran sehingga diketahui umum dan karenanya langkah-Iangkah itu dapat dimiliki orangiain
sehagru haglandari
proses pengumpuian pengetahuan.Dengan kata lain proses pengumpulan pengetahuan adalah proses penelitian dengan melakukan pendekatan metode ilmiah atau langkah-langkah ilmiah. Metode ilmiah akan membantu dalam suatu pemecahan masalah dan mencapai tujuan penelitian.
Dari dua pendapat di atas, dapat dinyatakan bahwa penelitian deskriptif bertujuan untuk menggambarkan secara sistematik, akurat dan karakteristik terhadap populasi atau bidang tertentu. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif.
3.2 Unit Analisis
seluruh artikel penelitian penyakit avian influenza di Asia yang tennuat pada database jumal online Pro Quest periode Januari 2004 hingga Desember 2006. Artikel penelitian tentang penyakit avian irif/uenza di Asia dapat diakses secara online melalui situs www.proguest.com.
3.3. Populasi dan Sam pel 3.3.1 Populasi
Populasi merupakan wilayah genemlisasi yang terdiri atas objek atau subjek yang mempunyai kuantitas dan karakteristik tertentu yang ditetapkan oleh peneliti untuk dipelajari dan kemudian ditarik kesimpulannya (Sugiyono, 1998 : 34). Sedangkan pendapat lain mel!-yatakan bahwa populasi adalah totalitas semua kasus atau kejadian (Kartono, 1996: l30).
Tujuan dari proyek penelitian sosial adalah untuk memberikan karakteristik populasi atau untuk mencari pola-pola dalam hubungan antarkarakteristik tersebut. Apabila populasi yang akan dikaji atau diteliti memiliki kuantitas yang besar, tentu penelitian tersebut tidak dapat dilakukan karena tidak efisien. Sebingga agar populasi dapat dikaji atau diteliti maka data tersebut tidak diambil secara keseluruhan melainkan hanya sebagian dari populasi tersebut.
Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh, bahwa total artikel mengenai penelitian penyakit avian influenza di Asia tabun 2004-2006 pada database jumal online Pro Quest yang menjadi populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 277 artikel.
3.3.2 Sam pel
begitu sampel akan memberikan keuntungan terhadap peneliti dalam melakukan penelitian data yang lebih detail.
Dengan melihat w~ tenaga, dana sempit luasnya wilayah pengamatan dari
setiap subjek maka keseluruhan populasi dapat dijadikan sampel (Arikunto, 1998 : 120). Mengingat populasi penelitian ini hanya berjumlah 277 artikel dan seluruh artikel mengenai penyakit avian influenza di Asia dapat diakses dengan mudah dari situs
database jurnal online ProQuest yaitu www.proguest.com sehingga peneliti
menetapkan seluruh populasi menjadi sampel dalam penelitian. Dengan demikian penelitian ini menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel total sampling.
3.4 Instrumen Penelitian
Instrumen pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah teknik dokumentasi. "Dalam melaksanakan metode . dokumentasi peneliti menyelidiki benda-benda tertulis seperti buku-buku, majalah, dokumen, peraturan-peraturan, notuleri rapat, catatan dan sebagainya" (Arikunto, 1998 : 148).
Sesuai dengan masalah penelitian yang membahas tentang kolaborasi peneliti pada artikel penelitian maka instrumen penelitian yang akan dipakai pada penelitian ini adalah daftar check list
(--J)
sedangkan metode pengumpulan datanya menggunakan teknik dokumentasi.3.5 Teknik Pengumpu)an Data
Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan penelusuran pada database jurnal online Pro Quest. Penelusuran dilakukan dengan langkah-Iangkah sebagai berikut :
a. Metode pengumpulan data yang dilakukan dengan cara browsing database jurnal online Proquest melalui situs www.proguest.com.
b. Melakukan pembatasan penelusuran pada tahun publikasi, yaitu periodenya. c. Menggunakan Operator Boolean AND untuk membatasi hasil penelusuran. d. Menentukan strategi penelusuran yaitu, avian influenza and asia.
e. Memilih menu Scholarly Journal.
g. Seluruh cantuman dari hasil penelusuran di-download dalam format
dokumen.
3.6 Teknik Pengolahan Data
Data yang diperoleh dalam format dokumen kemudian diolah dengan menggunakan program MS Excel, dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh data awal dan memudahkan untuk mengetahui :
a Penyebaran artikel penelitian mengenai penyakit avian influenza pertahun.
b. Penyebaran artikel penelitian mengenai penyakit avian influenza pada
berbagai jumal.
c. Tingkat kolaborasi pene1iti.
Data awal yang diperoleh diolah kembali dengan menggunakan program Microsoft Excel, tujuannya utnuk memudahkan pembuatan tampilan data secara grafik.
3.7 Teknik Analisis Data
Setelah data terkumpul selanjutnya diorganisir, kemudian dilakukan pemrosesan data (analisis data). Analisis data dilakukan dengan langkah-Iangkah sebagai berikut :
a. Mengidentifikasi hasil penelitian atau artikel mengenai penyakit avian influenza
di Asia (dilampirkan).
b. Analisis core journal untuk artikel penelitian penyakit avian influenza di Asia
dan dilakukan dengan penggunaan hukum Bradford (1 : n : n2 : n3 : ... : nn).
c. Menganalisis penyebaran artikel penelitian mengenai penyakit avian influenza di
Asia pada berbagai jumal.
d. Pembuatan tabel, tabel yang akan dibuat dalam penelitian ini terdapat dua bagian yaitu bagian yang meliputi kajian tentang penyebaran artikel penelitian mengenai penyakit avian influenza di Asia pada berbagai jumal dan kajian tentang kolaborasi peneliti terhadap artikel penelitian mengenai penyakit avian influenza di Asia.
e. Pembuatan grafik, grafik yang dibuat untuk menggambarkan tampilan data persebaran artikel artikel penelitian mengenai penyakit avian influenza di Asia
f. Penentuan tingkat kolaborasi peneliti pada penelitian
ini
menggunakan fonnulasi Subramanyam (prihanto, 2002).C ;;;; lVm ,lmana: d· 0
Nm+Ns
C = tingkat kolaborasi peneliti, nilai C berada pada interval 0 sampai 1
Nm = total basil penelitian dari peneliti dalam subjek trtentu pada tabun
tertentu yang dilakukan secara kolaborasi
Ns = total hasil penelitian dari peneliti dalam subjek tertentu yang dilakukan secara individual
3.8 Penyajian Data
Penyajian ,data dilakukan dengan menggunakan tabel yang telah dibuat sedemikian rupa, sebagai berikut :
1. Contoh Tabel Persebaran Artike) Di Berbagai Juma)
r-1-o-+---JU-d-m-J-urn--al---+---p-e-ng-ruan---g---r--Tah--un~1
2. Contoh Tabel Jumlah Jumal Dan Jumlah Artikel yang Dimuat Menurut Peringkat Juma.
Penngkat JumJah Mikel Jumlah Persentase
No Kumulatif Kumulatif
Judul Jurnal yang Dimuat
Artikel Artikel
1 2
3
3. Contoh Tabe) Pembagian Daerah Jurna) Menurut Hukum Bradford Daerah Jumlah Artikel Jumlah Jurnal Pengganda
Bradford (n)
1 2
4. Contob Tabel Kolaborasi Peneliti Per Tabun No Judul Artikel Nm Ns
1
2
3 Jumlab
5. Contoh Tabel Rekapitulasi Kolaborasi Peneliti
No Tabun Jumlab Nm Ns C
artikel
1 2
3
6. Contoh Tabel Tingkat Kolaborasi Peneliti
Tunggal Kolaborasi Tingkat Kolaborasi %
BABIV
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Deskripsi Data
Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh bahwa jumlah artikel mengenai penyakit avian influenza di kawasan Asia pada database jurnal online Pro Quest, sepanjang tiga tahun
terakhir yaitu dari tahun 2003 hingga tahun 2006 adalah berjumlah 277 artikeL
4.2 Penyebaran Perkembangan Artikel Penyakit Avian Influenza di Asia Pertahun Penyebaran perkembangan artikel yang membahas tentang penyakit avian influenza di Asia setiap tahun antara tahun 2004-2006 dapat dilihat pada gambar
berikut.
185 185
_145 •
~ 12:; -<105
.c
i
85~ 65
45 25
5
2004 2005
T"hun
[image:31.558.160.397.331.458.2]2006
Gambar-l. Perkembangan Artikel Penelitian Penyakit Avian inj/uenza Oi Asia
Dari gambar di atas dapat diketahui bahwa penyebaran artikel yang membahas tentang penyakit avian influenza di Asia setiap tahun meningkat. Hal ini ditandai dengan garis kurva yang semakin naik. Untuk lebih jelas di bawah ini akan diuraikan perkembangan artikel tentang penyakit avian influenza per tahun dari tahun 2004-2006.
a. Tahun 2006 ditemukan sebanyak 115 artikel b. Tahun 2005 ditemukan sebanyak 106 artikel c. Tahun 2004 ditemukan sebanyak 56 artikel
4.3 Pola Penyebaran Artikel Pad a Berbagai Jurnal
Dua ratus tujuh puluh tujuh artikel tentang penyakit avian influenza yang
Tabe13. Persebaran Artikel Pada Berbagai Jurnal
Jumlah
No Judul Jurnal artikel yang
dirtiiliif
1
Lancet49
2
Science 443
New England Journal of Medicine26
4
Clinical Infectious Di~ases16
5 Canadian Medical Association Journal
14
6
Journal of Infectious Diseases 117
Nature7
8 American
Family
Physician 69
Archives of Virology6
10
Nature Reviews Microbiology6
11 Journal of Environmental Health
5
12
Agricultural Research4
13 Australian Nursing Journal .
4
14
Medical Microbiology and Immunology4
15
Chest3
16
Journal of Community Health 317
Medical Journal of Australia3
18
Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical 3 Medicine and Public Health19
American Journal of Res. and Crit. Care.2
Med20
Annals of Internal Medicine2
21
Bioscience2
22
Bulletion of . The World Health2
Organization23
Foreign Affairs2
24
Indian Journal of Medical Research2
25
Mayo Clinic of Proceedings2
26
Multinational Monitor2
27
Nature Biotechnology2
28
Nursing Standard2
29
Online Journal of Issues in Nursing
230
Pediatric Annals2
31
Pediatric Nursing2
32
P6tilttyScience
2
33
The Journal of Antimicrobial2
Chemotherapy
34
Journal of Nutrition2
35
Acta Neuropathologica 136
Alternatives Journal 137
Amber waves 1
39
Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and 1Logistic
40
Asian Survey1
41
Association of Operating Room Nurses. 1 AORN Journal42
British Journal of Biomedical Science 143
British Medical Bulletin 144 Canadian Journal of Public Health 1
45
Clinical and Investigative Medicine 146
Cultural and Social History 147
Current Science 148
Dennatology
149
Environmental Health Pers~ective 150
Eye 151
Gene TherapY'
152
Harvard International Review1
53
Infection Control and Hospital 1Epidemiology
54
Intensive Care Medicine 155
International Journal of Occupational and 1 Environmental Health56
Journal of Gene Medicine1
57
Nature Medicine 158
Nursing Ethics 159
Perspective In Biology and Medicine 160
Proceedings 0
