NUTRIENT INTAKE AND PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY
CATTLE IN TWO DIFFERENT FARMING SYSTEM
ON LOCAL FARM KUDAT, SABAH, MALAYSIA
DAYANG SITI HANIZAH BINTI DATU ABDUL KADIR
DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITION AND FEED TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BOGOR
DECLARATION OF BACHELOR THESIS AND
SOURCES OF
INFORMATION AND COPYRIGHT
I hereby declare that the thesis entitled Nutrient Intake and Performance of Dairy Cattle in Two Different Farming System on Local Farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia is true of my work under the guidance of the supervising committee and has not been submitted in any form to any college. Sources of information derived or quoted from published works and unpublished from other writers have mentioned in the text and listed in the Bibliography at the end of this bachelor thesis.
I hereby assign the copyright of my papers to the Bogor Agriculture University.
ABSTRACT
DAYANG SITI HANIZAH. Nutrient Intake and Performance of Dairy Cattle in Two Different Farming System on Local Farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. Supervised by IDAT GALIH PERMANA and DESPAL.
The objective of this research was to compare the two different farming systems on nutrient intake and performance of dairy cattle in local farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. In the local farm Kudat, Sabah, there are two methods farming systems of dairy cattle, intensive system and semi-intensive system. The research was done 2 months, on September 2012 and July 2013. The procedure was conducted by surveys and interviews and the data were analyzed by T-test. The results showed daily dry matter intake on intensive system was higher than on semi-intensive system were 15.87 and 10.16 kg DM-1head-1day-1respectively. The average milk production on intensive and semi-intensive system showed significant differences, were 19.72 and 18.14 l day-1 respectively, (P<0.05). Cost of feed (MYRhead-1day-1) in two different farming was different (37.20 MYR on intensive system and 38.70 MYR on semi-intensive system). Comparing income over feed cost in both systems, it is concluded that intensive system was more profitable than the semi-intensive one (12.10 vs. 8.02).
Keywords: dairy cattle, intensive system, nutrient intake, performance, semi-intensive system
ABSTRAK
DAYANG SITI HANIZAH. Asupan Nutrien dan Kinerja Sapi Perah di Dua Sistem Pemeliharaan yang Berbeda di Peternakan Rakyat Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. Dibimbing oleh IDAT GALIH PERMANA dan DESPAL.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan dua sistem pemeliharaan yang berbeda terhadap asupan nutrien dan kinerja sapi perah di Peternakan Rakyat Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. Di Peternakan Rakyat Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia ini terdapat dua metode sistem pemeliharaan, yaitu sistem intensif dan semi-intensif. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 2 bulan, mulai bulan September 2012 dan Juli 2013. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara survei dan wawancara dan data dianalisis dengan menggunakan Uji-T. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asupan nutrien pada sistem intensif lebih tinggi daripada sistem semi-intensif, masing-masing 15.87 dan 10.16 kg BK-1ekor-1hari-1. Produksi susu rata-rata pada sistem intensif dan sistem semi-intensif, menunjukkan signifikan masing-masing 19.72 dan 18.14 l hari-1. Biaya pakan (MYRekor-1hari-1) pada dua sistem pemeliharaan ini berbeda, masing-masing 37.20 MYR pada sistem intensif dan 38.70 MYR pada sistem semi-intensif. Keuntungan setelah dikurangi biaya pakan pada kedua sistem pemeliharaan menunjukkan sistem intensif sistem lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan dengan sistem semi-intensif (12.10 vs 8.02).
Bachelor Thesis
is submitted to fulfill the Requirements for the award of the degree Bachelor of Animal Science
of
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology
NUTRIENT INTAKE AND PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY
CATTLE IN TWO DIFFERENT FARMING SYSTEM ON
LOCAL FARM KUDAT, SABAH, MALAYSIA
DAYANG SITI HANIZAH BINTI DATU ABDUL KADIR
DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITION AND FEED TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY BOGOR
Title : Nutrient Intake and Performance of Dairy Cattle in Two Different Farming System on Local Farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia
Name : Dayang Siti Hanizah Binti Datu Abdul Kadir
NIM : D24098003
Approved by,
Dr Ir Idat Galih Permana, MSc Agr Supervisor
Dr Despal, SPt MSc Agr Co-supervisor
Prof Dr Ir Panca Dewi MHK, MSi Head of Department
PREFACE
Author praises to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala for all His grace so that academic paper works have been successfully completed. Selected topics in the research carried out on September 2012 and July 2013 was Nutrient Intake and Performance of Dairy Cattle in Two Different Farming System on Local Farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia.
Dairy industry in Sabah is growing forward with the ability of milk production reached 10 million litres of milk a year. Now, Sabah is a major producer of fresh milk for public school milk program and “1Malaysia Milk Program”. So that, needed strategies to maintain the local production self-sufficiency and protein intake per capita in livestock industry.
The author realizes that this bachelor thesis away from perfection so I expect criticism and suggestions from readers. The authors hope the results of this research can provide useful information and insight for the reader and the world of livestock. Thank you.
Bogor, June 2014
Dayang Siti Hanizah D.A.K. NIM D24098003
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURE ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ix
INTRODUCTION 1
METHODOLOGY 3
Materials 3
Animals 3
Feeds 3
Equipments 3
Location and Time 3
Procedures of Research 3
Permission Research 3
Preparation of Questionnaires 3
Surveys and Interviews 3
Data Collection Techniques 3
Data Analysis Plan 4
Data Analysis 4
Observed Variables 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6
Livestock Population 6
Feeding Management 8
Feed of Dairy Cattle 9
Nutrient Intake 10
Body Weight, Body Condition Score (BCS), Milk Production, and
Lactation Period 13
Dairy Industry 14
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 15
Conclusion 15
Suggestion 15
REFERENCES 16
APPENDICES 19
LIST OF TABLE
1 Quantity of forage and concentrate that are given to dairy cattle SxF on
two farming systems 4
2 Formula that are used to calculate the variables of nutrient intake 5 3 Profile of farmers observed on local farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia 6 4 Number of livestock observed on local farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia 7 5 Percentage of lactation dairy cattle SxF each farm 7 6 The nutrient composition of napier grass and PKC 10
7 Nutrient Intake 12
8 Performance of dairy cattle 13
9 Cost of feed and milk production 15
LIST OF FIGURE
1 The location of research 7
2 Napier grass 10
3 Palm Kernel Cake 10
4 Intensive systems system 11
5 Semi-intensive system 11
6 Graph of lactation in two different farming system 14
LIST OF APPENDICES
1 Livestock Population 2007-2011 19
2 Per capita Consumption of Livestock Production 2007-2011 20
3 Questionnaire 21
4 T-test Forage intake (kg As fed-1head-1day-1) 24 5 T-test Forage intake (kg Dry matter-1head-1day-1) 24 6 T-test PKC intake (kg As fed-1head-1day-1) 24 7 T-test PKC intake (kg Dry matter-1head-1day-1) 24
8 T-test Body Weight (kg) 24
9 T-test Body Condition Score 24
INTRODUCTION
Background of Study
Dairy farm is field of work needed a more focus in efforts and working hard (DVSI 1989). Dairy cattle farming in Malaysia has a bright potential because 90 percent of the country's milk production is produced by small farmers or traditional and the remaining commercial farmers. The main dairy cattle population in Malaysia was initially with Local Indian Dairy (LID) cattle. LID cattle from a mixture of Indian zebu breeds and imported into Malaysia in the late 19th century. As the results, these animal showed excellent adaptability to the local climate and thrived well on low nutritional input (Sivarajasingam and Zahari 1985; Raymond and Ratnakumar 1997). According to Sivarajasingam (1983), these animals had low milk yields averaging 502 kglactation-1. Next, Department of Veterinary Services Industry (DVSI) was made experiment by importing pure breed dairy cattle of Friesian Holstein and Jersey with the objective is to improve the local dairy industry. However, this effort failed because of the environmental stresses in Malaysia. In the 1950, DVSI upgrading the LID cattle breeds by crossing with Red Sindhi and Sahiwal from India and Pakistan (Osman 1984). According to Raymond and Ratnakumar (1997), the attempt produced crossbreds better than the LID one. On the next experiment, DVS once again improve the productivity in the local dairy industry by crossing with Bos taurus dairy breeds and zebu breeds.
The National Dairy Development Program was started under the New Economic Policy on 1974. The program involved the establishment of milk collection centers, creation of market outlets for fresh milk and importation of dairy crossbred cattle (Osman 1984). In order to organize the breeding of dairy cattle, DVSI embarked on a crossbreeding programmed involving the Sahiwal and Friesian cattle breeds. A large number of Sahiwal × Friesian crossbred (F1) calves and heifers and pure breed Friesian were imported from Australia and New Zealand (Sivarajasingam et al. 1983). The aimed of this crossbreeding programmed is to develop Sahiwal-Friesian crossbred cattle that were adapted to the hot and humid local environment. In addition, it was hoped that the high yields from the improved cattle would encourage more local farmers to participate in dairy cattle production and, thereby, boost the industry.
The Dairy Cattle Project was started in 1980 in Sabah at the Sebrang Livestock Breed Stations in Keningau and Tawau as a direct result of the Malaysia Plan (1981-1985). According to Salleh (1989), this project involved small land holders with the intention of forming the dairy industry and thereby increasing urban resident’s income in conjunctions with the New Economic Foundation. Dairy industry in Sabah is growing forward with the ability of milk production reached 10 million l of milk a year. Now, Sabah is a major producer of fresh milk for public school milk program and “1Malaysia Milk Program”.
2
The characteristics of intensive system are cattle full time in enclosure with grass and the other food available all the time. Whereas, the characteristics of semi-intensive, cattle are allowed to freely looking for the food like plants and grass. Cattle will be released in the morning and put into enclosure in the evening. Cattle will be released on pasture full time and going back to the enclosure at milking time, shows the characteristics of continuous grazing. If there are grazing area near the rubber plantation, coconut plantation and palm plantation that allow cattle grazing in it, is known as integration system.
Each of the farming system has its own benefits that are; farmers will more focus in feed management, if the dairy cattle kept in enclosure. Beside that, intensive systems are the best cattle management practices among other systems due to less methane emission. On semi-intensive system, nutrient requirement by the animals must be fulfilled because cattle consume feed in large amounts. This will influence the milk production by the cattle in terms of quality and yield and cattle show a good performance. In addition, the monitoring process for the cattle will be easier if the animal is kept in enclosure. Meanwhile, in semi-intensive system, the monitoring of the dairy cattle was difficult because the animal not seen and reachable at all the time. However, the important factor in farming management is the selection of areas in order to minimize the stress of dairy.
Objective of the Study
The specific objective of the study was, to compare the nutrient intake and performance of dairy cattle on two different farming systems on local farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia.
Benefits of Research
3
METHODOLOGY
Materials Animals
Animals used in this research were 90 heads dairy cattle crossbreed of Sahiwal Friesian (SxF) in these four farms.
Feeds
The dairy farm in Kudat, Sabah, gives Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), while the concentrate is palm kernel cake (PKC).
Equipments
The equipments that are used in this research includes stationery, scale, measuring tape, camera and questionnaires (interview guide sheet).
Location and Time
Research was conducted 2 months, on September 2012 and July 2013 on Local Farm in Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. Kudat, as a research location because the hilly topography quite so well as the location of dairy farming.
Procedures
Permission Research
Permission apply research conducted before survey and observation, including, delivery of letter from faculty to DVSI at Sabah. After that, DVSI will provide written permissions to conduct the research in the farms.
Preparation of Questionnaires
Questionnaires were used to collect the data. Questionnaires were developed to determine the characteristics of farmers and the technical skills in managing a dairy farming business. The technical aspect includes feeding management, milk yield and quality of milk.
Surveys and Interviews
Before the research began, a preliminary survey conducted in Sebrang Livestock Breeding Station, Keningau by looking at the data to determine the farmers. After a preliminary survey finish, second survey was conducted in Local Dairy Farm in Kudat, Sabah. Research was conducted by observing four farms in Kudat. Total of 90 heads of dairy cattle crossbreed of Sahiwal Friesian (SxF) were observed in these four farms (two farms intensive systems and two farms with semi-intensive systems. Interviews were conducted by using questionnaire given to four farmers who have been selected as respondents.
Data Collection Techniques
4
population and the use of questionnaires as the main data collection. Data were collected at random. Research used primary data and secondary data. Primary data obtained through interviews of all respondents using questionnaires, observations technique or by direct observation in the farm and also use estimation data. Secondary data obtained from DVSI. Primary data collected includes the identity of farmers, feed management, milk yield, and milk quality.
Data Analysis Plan
Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive analyze are used to show the real condition local dairy farm on Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia. The parameters were observed includes nutrient intake (method of feeding, amounts of feeds, and frequency of feeds), milk production and body weight.
T-test
T-test analyze are used to compare the variables between two different farming systems. The equation of t-test is,
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ √
Notes: , t :student coeficient
xi : average of group i,ii,iii… ni : total of data group i,ii,iii… s : sample of deviation standard
Observed Variables
Nutrient Intake
Parameters were observed includes, nutrient intake (method of feeding, amounts of feeds, and frequency of feeds), milk production, body weight, body condition score (BCS) and milk production. The quantity of forage and concentrate were measured on these four farms when going to give the feeds to the dairy cattle. Table 1 describes the quantity of forage and concentrate that are given to the dairy cattle on intensive system and semi-intensive system.
Table 1 Quantity of forage and concentrate that are given to dairy cattle SxF on two farming systems
Types of feed Intensive system Semi-intensive system
Farm A Farm B Farm C Farm D
Napier grass(kghead-1day-1) 44 33.6 12 6
Natural grass (kghead-1day-1)*E - - 10 12
Palm kernel cake (PKC) (kghead-1day-1)
8 11 7 10
Notes; E: Estimation data from DVSI Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia
5 head-1day-1), PKC intake (kg DM-1head-1day-1 ), Total daily dry matter intake (kg DM-1head-1day-1), ratio forage: concentrate as fed (Napier grass: PKC), ratio forage: concentrate dry matter (Napier grass: PKC), Total digestible nutrient (TDN), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF) and feed intake/body weight (%). Table 2 describes all the formula of variables above.
Table 2 Formula that are used to calculate the variables of nutrient intake
No Variables Formula
1 Forage intake (kg As fed-1head-1day-1) = sum of quantity of forages/total of 6 Ratio forage: concentrate as fed
(Napier grass: PKC) =
orage intake
Total x 100%
7 Ratio forage: concentrate as fed
(Napier grass: PKC) =
Notes; DM: Dry matter; PKC: Palm kernel cake
Body Weight
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Livestock Population
Dairy industry in Sabah is growing forward with the ability of milk production reached 10 million litres of milk a year. Now, Sabah is a major producer of fresh milk for public school milk program and “1Malaysia Milk Program”. According to Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry Sabah, domestic dairy industry in Sabah started with Dairy Cattle Project in the early 98 ’s on a small scale with possession of two to five head per breeder.
There are four farms with different owner involved in this research. On these four farms, there are have a palm plantation as a side income but the farmers didn’t use the land as a grazing area for semi-intensive system. This is because the farmers used empty land itself. Large areas of grazing reserve (communal grazing land) are available in Sabah (96 479 ha), Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia (38 000 ha). Profile of farmers on local farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia can be seen on Table 3.
Table 3 Profile of farmers observed on local farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia
Category Intensive system Semi-intensive system
Name Vun Chi Onn and Mohd Jebli Mohd Tarman and Nur
Azam
Age (years) 60 and 75 52 and 55
Education High school High school
Area of enclosure (ha)
7 and 10 7 and 8
Area of palm plantation (ha)
10 and 20 10 and 10
Starting become a dairyman (year)
2001 and 2004 2007 and 2010
Salary per month (MYRmonth-1)
8 000,00 and 12 000,00 8 000,00 and 10 000,00
Total of workers 3 5
Location of farms Kampung Tajau and Kampung
Sikuati, Kudat
Kampung Sikuati, Kudat
Notes; MYR: Malaysia Ringgit (1.00 MYR = 3600 RP, 1st January 2014)
7
Figure 1 The location of research
Farmers in local farm Kudat, Sabah have animals with different composition. Table 4 showed that, Sabah having an animal with averaging 32.63 animal units. Structure of livestock in the research sites can be seen completely in Table 4. Cattle that are kept include calves, lactating, dry, heifer, and bull.
Table 4 Number of livestock observed on local farm Kudat, Sabah
Group of animal Total Animal Unit (AU) Percentage (%)
Calves 107 26.75 13.67
Lactating Dry
90 19
90 19
45.98 9.70
Heifer 30 15 7.66
Bull 45 45 23
Total 291 195.75 100
Average 48.5 32.63
The largest group of animal that are kept is lactating cattle with animal unit 90 (45.98%) and the smallest group of animal are kept is bull with animal unit 45 (23%). In generally, the percentage of lactating cattle should be 70-80% and for percentage of bulls. It’s showed the structure of livestock observed in local farm Kudat, Sabah is not ideal. Beside that, it will affect the cash flow and will unprofitable. However, bulls which are not having good performance will be culled to reduce the cost of maintenance. Percentage of lactation dairy cattle SxF by each farm can be seen on Table 5.
Table 5 Percentage of lactation dairy cattle SxF each farm
Types of farm Total Animal Unit (AU) Percentage (%)
Intensive system
Farm A 36 36 40
Farm B 25 25 28
Semi-intensive system
Farm C 20 20 22
Farm D 9 9 10
8
Based on Table 5, Farm A (intensive system) showed the highest percentage of lactation dairy cattle SF and the lowest is Farm D (semi-intensive system), were 40% and 10% respectively. From the data above, dairy farmers on local farm Kudat more suitable kept the dairy cattle on intensive system than semi-intensive system. Besides that, intensive system is the best cattle farming management and it will produce less methane emission.
Feeding Management
In dairy cattle breeding, feed is one important factor because it will affect the production and quality of milk. For any dairy enterprise, but especially for a dairy planning on expansion, the feeding technologies used must be carefully evaluated to be sure the promote “intense feeding behavior” b the milking herd. Feeding technologies includes, (1) feeding system, (2) feeding strategy and (3) ration ingredients. According to Clark and Overton (1995), development of the dairy cattle nutrition is very important in determining the ability of the dairy industry to produce a nourishing product with economic costs without harming the environment. The main feed dairy cattle are forages and concentrates.
Farm business success are determined by three factors (1) breeding, 2) feeding and 3) management. In animal husbandry, feed contribution is the highest of about 75% of them. There are four objectives of feeding, (1) nutrient needs of cattle is satisfied, (2) palatable, (3) economic and (4) good for the animal health. Efficient feeding should be in accordance with body weight cattle, milk fat content, and milk production (Sudono 2003). There are three types of feed are given to dairy cows that is, forage, concentrate and supplementary (Ensminger 1971). Proper feeding management can improve the production and quality of milk and animal health.
Dairy farmers on intensive system, they give Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) as single forage to the dairy cattle. While on semi-intensive system, pasture as main feed to the dairy cattle and Napier grass are prepared for night supplemental feeding. In two farming systems they had given PKC as a concentrate and mineral block as a feed supplement. A farmer gives the feeds twice a day in morning and evening (05:00 and 16:30). However at certain times, farmer will face difficulty in obtaining Napier grass. The problem is overcome by as they will buy and hire someone to get their supply of Napier grass for dairy cattle. In addition, some farmer also planted Napier grass in their farms with extents about 3 hectares.
9 go back to the pasture land again while the milk will be sent to Milk Collecting Center (MCC) for further analysis process.
Feed of Dairy Cattle
All the farmers in Malaysia practiced feeding system with giving good quality of forage as the basic feed with concentrates as supplements (Hawari 1988). If cattle’s are fed with excessive nutrients, some of the nutrients will be excreted in feces and urine, thus have an impact on environmental pollution and the increasing cost of milk production (Chandler 1996). Development of the dairy cattle nutrition is very important in determining the ability of the dairy industry to produce a nourishing product with economic costs without harming the environment (Clark and Overton 1995). Moreover, it also affects the health of dairy cattle.
The types of forages that can be consumed by dairy cattle are native grass and natural grass while from agricultural residues are oil palm fronds, corn and bananas stalks, rice straws, and industrial by product such as coconut cake and pineapple pulp. Concentrate could be waste by-product from the agricultural industry such as rice bran, pollard, and PKC. Overall, the dairy farm in Kudat, Sabah, gives Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), while the concentrate is PKC.
Malaysia currently produces an annual quantity of 1.4 million tons of PKC as a by-product in the milling of palm kernel oil. Palm oil milling is a major industry in Malaysia. The total area under oil palm covers more than 2 million hectares. The industry, besides producing palm oil, also produces by-products usable as animal feed. These are PKC, palm oil sludge (POS) and palm pressed fiber (PPF). The most useful is PKC, which is the solid residue left behind after the extraction of oil from the kernels of the palm fruits. It is now well entrenched as a major feed ingredient in beef and dairy feed in the country.
PKC is an oil palm by product and it is available in the tropics (Rhule 1996), including South-East Asia. PKC, with its high fiber content it is often consider as suitable feed for ruminants. According to Zahari and Alimon (2005), supplementing the traditional rations of beef cattle with 30-50% PKC gave improved performance and increase live weight (LW) gain better than the dairy type Local Indian Dairy crossbreds and the Sahiwal-Friesian (Yusoff et al. 1987). Their respective daily gains were 0.85 and 0.65 kg. The nutrient composition of Napier grass and PKC is presented in Table 6.
10
Table 6 The nutrient composition of Napier grass and PKC
Nutrient (%)/ Feed DM TDN CF CP EE Ash Ca P
Napier grass* 18.4 53.7 26.0 12.2 2.3 11.3 0.30 0.24
Palm kernel cake** 89.0 75.0 14.3 15.3 2.9 4.1 0.20 0.54
Natural grasses* 35.3 49.8 38.6 9.1 1.9 7.5 0.20 0.28
Notes: * DVS (2005); ** Mustaffa et al. (1987) and Chin (1991); DM: Dry matter; TDN: Total digestible nutrient; CF: Crude fibre; CP: Crude protein; EE: Ether extract; Ca: Calcium; P: Potassium
PKC is a useful source of protein and energy for livestock and it is commonly used in animal feed especially for ruminants (Hutagalung 1981). Almost all exported Malaysia PKC is used in dairy cattle feed (Osman 1986). PKC is used as a common ingredient in German and Dutch with dairy ration approximately 10% of the cake in the ration, whereas in Malaysia, dairy farmers use more than 50% (Osman and Hisamuddin 1999). Feeding palm kernel-based diets to dairy cattle has been shown to increase the milk fat content, enhance the firmness of butter and produce good quality meat (Witt 1952; Morrison 1956). The milk of dairy cattle fed with PKC tends to produce a firm butter and a ration of 2-3 kg of PKC daily is satisfactory for adult cattle (Gohl BO 1981).
Figure 2 Napier grass Figure 3 Palm Kernel Cake (PKC)
(Wicaksono 2010) (Anonim 2010) Nutrient Intake
Work to evaluate the potential usefulness of palm kernel cake through chemical and biological determination has been pursued quite extensively by several researchers in Malaysia. All dairy farms run by the government had converted to use PKC in their dairy ration since the seventies after it was shown in studies that mixtures with PKC are cheaper than those using conventional feedstuffs and there is no decline in milk production or quality. Ratio of forage and concentrate based on dry matter in two different farming systems was different.
11 pasture consumed directly influence milk production and performance. Here, some example picture of methods farming management of dairy cattle on local farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia.
Figure 4 Intensive system Figure 5 Semi-intensive systems Pasture intake is related to the amount of time spent for grazing, the number of bites per minute, and the size of each bite (Phillips et al. 1988). Dairy cattle generally graze for six to nine hours per day. Because of cattle need to ruminate and rest, overall will graze over nine hours per day. Moreover, dry matter intake from pasture is controlled by the size of the bite of forage. The number of bites had taken 55 to 65 bites per minutes. Besides that, it is directly related to the height and density of the forage stand being grazed. The availability and quality of pasture forage consumed directly influence milk production. When forage availability decreases, the bite size of pasture forage decreases. Consequently, milk production decreases.
Hence, forage must come with good quality is needed during dairy cattle in enclosure because hungry cattle could not allowed access to pasture directly. Before the farmers making a choice to use semi-intensive system for dairy cattle, the dairy cattle need to be introduced to pasture slowly. For example, this adaptation should take place over at least a week, with provided forage before being turned out on pasture. Any sudden changes will affect milk production and performance of dairy cattle. In addition, the physiological status of animal should be understood. Dairy cattle, need more nutritious forage and will almost always require supplementation feed. Beside that, the attitude and motivation of the farmers play a critical role in the development of pasture. Furthermore, government should be provided technical dairy information, advices and training to the farmers in order to promote the development of dairy industry especially in pasture.
12
milk production and milk fat content. The nutrient intake on local farm Kudat, can be seen on Table 7.
The function of concentrate is to increase the value of feed nutrition (Akoso 1996). Percentage of giving concentrate is 50% from total of milk production (Sudono et al. 2003). PKC intake on two farming system is not vastly different respectively 8.56±1.38 and 7.35±1.31 kg DM-1head-1day-1. It can be concluded the quality of pasture is not good and the farmers back up the nutrient requirements by given PKC in large amounts. Energy requirements for dairy cattle is based on basic necessities of life, milk production, milk fat content, and the necessities for reproduction (Schmidt et al. 1998). Beside that, protein is also very important for the bod ’s metabolic processes Sudono 999 , basic necessities of life, growth, milk production, and fetal development of dairy cattle. Ration of protein content in feed is about 17-18% (Despal 2008). Decreases in protein ration affect the level of milk production.
Based on other researchs, when Sahiwal x Friesian (SxF) under grazing on N-fertilized tropical grasses, the averaged milk production 2 000 kg head -1
lactation-1 period of 335 days. When grazing on leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) or signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) pastures, milk yield from SxF cattle was around 8 577-9 180 kgha-1 without concentrate; and 13 323–17 070 kgha-1 with 4-6 kg supplement per cattle. As a consequence, the cost of concentrates was reduced by about 30% on-farm (Wong et al. 1982). When 100% PKC solvent extracted was given to the SxF it showed the daily feed intake was 4.8 kganimal-1 and the daily weight gain was 0.76 kgday-1. However, when SxF was given 60% PKC solvent extracted plus 40% palm oil mill extracted showed daily feed intake increase (7.0 kganimal-1) but the daily weight gain becomes 0.65 kgday-1 (Jaffar and Dahlan 1987).
13 Body Weight, Body Condition Score (BCS), Milk Production, Lactation Period
The average of body weight, body conditions score (BCS) and milk production on intensive system is better than semi-intensive system. This statement is supported with the average of body weight on intensive system is higher than on semi-intensive system, were 519.59±99.8 and 499.34±31.7 kg respectively. This is because the energy intake on semi-intensive loss and the quality of pasture is not good. The BCS on intensive system and semi-intensive system showed non significant differences, respectively the average of BCS were 3.08±0.28 and 2.98±0.21. Generally, cattle on pasture have lower BCS than cattle managed under a non-grazing environment (Lawrence 2003). Milk production on intensive system and semi-intensive system showed significant differences were 19.72±1.07 and 18.138±0.516 l day-1 respectively (P<0.05). Table 8 describes about body weight (kg), BCS and milk production (l day-1).
Table 8 Performance of Dairy Cattle
Variables Intensive
system
Semi-intensive system
T-test
Body weight (kg) 519.59±99.8 499.3±31.7 NS*
Body condition score 3.08±0.28 2.95±0.21 NS
Milk production (lday-1) 19.72±1.07 18.14±0.516 <0.05**
Age (years) 3-4 3.5-4.5 -
Lactation times 2 2 -
Notes; *: NS-non significant differences; **: Significant differences, P<0.05
Each breed of dairy cattle has different characteristics in the volume of milk produced, the colour of milk, and milk composition (Sudono et al. 2003). According to Sudono (1999), the factors that influence milk production are, people, a long gestation, lactation, body weight, estrous, age, calving interval, dry period, milking frequency and feeding management. Dairy cattle that have a large weight will produce more milk than dairy cattle with small body in the same breed and age.
Lactation period lasts for 10 months or about 305 days, whereas the dry period usually lasts for 2 months or 60 days (between the times of birth until dry time). Actually, milk production was generally higher in the first month after birth and decline gradually, otherwise milk fat content increased towards until the end of lactation (Esminger and Howard 2006). During milk production in older pregnant will decrease inversely with the percentage of protein and fat produced. The percentage of protein and fat are lowest when the production was at the peak lactation and gradually increased towards until the end of lactation (Schmidt et al. 1998).
14
fifth showed decline and then rises on week sixth. Lactation period in two farming system can be seen on Figure 6.
Figure 6 Graph of lactation in different two farming system; Intensive system; Semi-intensive system
Dairy Industry
The establishment of dairy industry in Malaysia was initiated by the government and motivated by the objectives to helps small scale with increasing milk demand and improving rural development. Beside that, the government also provides centralized milk collection and distribution facilities, some rural credit, subsidies for the purchase of dairy cattle and extension-service support for animal nutrition and hygiene.
Milk collection system that is implemented by DVSI farmers would send milk to the Milk Collecting Centre (MCC) where acceptance of milk in liters. Milk delivered to the MCC will undergo laboratory testing such as alcohol testing, test Methylene Blue Reduction Test (MBRT), free from antibiotics, no milk adulteration, and chemical and physical testing. Milk received will be consolidated into Dairy Industry Sabah (SID) to be processed before being given to consumers. Milk not in accordance standards two times will liable to the penalty, where, farmers were not allowed to deliver milk. Milk price subsidized by the government is 1.00 Malaysia Ringgit (MYR) and the price set by DVSI is 1.50 MYR. This shows that the price of a liter of milk in Malaysia is 2.50 MYR, but price for individuals, agents and restaurants lies between 2.20 MYR until 4.00 MYR based on market demand.
In 2010, the consumption of fluid milk was estimated around 47.5 kilograms per capita consumption, which contributed to domestic milk consumption of 1 373 l while the domestic milk production was around 67 million litres (DVSI 2011). Cost of feed in two different farming was different, were 37.20 MYR on intensive system and 38.70 MYR on semi-intensive system. Meanwhile, the income over feed on intensive system was higher than semi-intensive system, were 12.10 and 8.02 MYR respectively. Cost of feed and milk production MYRhead-1day-1 can be seen on Table 9.
0 5 10 15 20 25
4 5 6 7
M
ilk
y
eild per
da
y
(
litr
es)
15
Table 9 Cost of Feed and Milk Production
Variables Intensive system Semi-intensive system
Cost of Forage (MYRhead-1day) 19.40 7.90
Cost of PKC (MYRhead-1day) 17.10 15.30
Other Cost (MYRhead-1day)* 0.70 15.50
Total Cost (MYRhead-1day) (a) 37.20 38.70
Milk Price 2.50 2.50
Income from Milk Production (b) 49.30 46.72
Income Over Feed Cost (c=b-a) 12.10 8.02
Notes; *: Including cost of pasture management; Price of Napier grass 0.25 MYR kg-1; PKC 0.90 MYR kg-1, and mineral block 3.50 MYR kg-1 (1.00 MYR = 3600 RP, 1st January 201)
According to Dong (2006), dairy industry in Malaysia is projected to expand rapidly due to increasing milk demand as a result of higher income, urbanization and population growth. These projects suggest that by 2014, dairy product consumption will increase more than 30%. Milk marketing in Malaysia is dominated by a state owned enterprise, the MCC, under the supervision of the DVSI.
CONCLUSION
Nutrient intake on intensive higher than on semi-intensive system (based on dry matter intake) thereby affecting the performance of dairy cattle especially in aspect body weight, body condition score and milk production. However, the semi-intensive system is more beneficial for low feed cost.
SUGGESTION
To improve dairy cattle on semi-intensive production should be guided to support supplements of nutrient requirements of maintenance and production of dairy cattle.
16
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19 APPENDICES
Appendices 1 Livestock Population 2007-2011
Livestock Type 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011E
130.775 131.229 127.152 125.175 124.503
Cattle
20
Appendices 2 Per capita Consumption of Livestock Production 2007-2011
Commodity Region 2007 2008 2009P 2010P 2011E Notes; P: Provisional; E: Estimated; n.a.: not available; *: Peninsular Malaysia; **: Based
21 Appendices 3 Questionnaire: Evaluation of Feed Dairy Cattle (Sabah Sahiwal Friesian) in Local Farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia-Year 2012/2013
A.Personal Data
Number of Family Members :
Number of Employees :
2. Profile of Dairy Cattle
No Identity of
3. Total of Livestock Feeding (kg/head/day)
22
4. Giving Concentrate
a. How to giving concentrate i.Given dried
ii.Mix with water, explain why?... b. How many times given concentrate per day? i.1 times (Morning/Afternoon/Night) ii.2 times (Morning and Afternoon) iii.3 times (Morning/Afternoon/Night)
c. Time given concentrate i.Before milked
ii.On milked iii.After milked
d. Milking time : ……….. and ……….. e. Quality of concentrate according to the farmer?
i. Very Good ii.Good iii.Not good
f. T pes of concentrate used? ………. g. Price of concentrate used? ………….MYR kg-1
h. If use another feed supplements, ……….. , from where farmers will get the material? How about the price? ………….MYR kg-1
5. Feed Supplement No Types of feed
supplement
Giving
Mineral Block Y/N
Molasess Y/N
Y/N Y/N Y/N 6. Giving and availability of grass a.Types of grass:
i. Nappier grass ……..kg ii.Tropical grass …....kg iii.Leguminosa ……..kg
iv.Others ……..kg b.Frequency giving forages:
i.1 times ii.2 times iii.3 times iv.all day
c. Grass obtained from:
i. arm itself: Area ………hectares ii.Finding by himself
iii.Hire people
iv.Buying:...MYR kg-1
23 Yes/No. If YES,in the coming months how often have difficulty?
What do you do to avoid this problem? e. Did you ever do the preservation of grass?
7. LEGUMINOSA GIVING
a. Is the farmers like to give a leguminosal?
No. Types of leguminosa Giving
1 Leucaena leucocephala Yes/No
2 Yes/No
3 Yes/No
Is the water always available for a dairy cattle? Yes/No here’d ou get the source of water? ... Did you difficult to get clean water? Yes/No How much water do ou give per da ? ………..
8. Quality of Milk
a. According to the farmer, is the milk having a good quality? Yes/No b. Have your milk rejected by Milk Collecting Center?
If yes, how many times in a month year-1?... Why, the milk is rejected? ...
c. Did you know how to increase the milk production? ... d. Did you know about teat dipping after milked?
e. How many times the dairy cattle going to bath?…………times day-1 f. Is there a dairy cattle suffering from mastitis?...head
g. What do you do when dairy cattle is suffering from mastitis? h. Milk rice ……… MYR l-1
9. Biogas and Manure Handling a. How do you handle the manure?
i.Collected
ii.Throw to the pasture iii.Make into compost iv.Make into biogas v……….. vi……….
b. Is the farmers has a biogas? Yes/No c. Since when you have biogas?
here’d ou get the modal? Biogas is used for what?
If you do not have biogas, do you interested to make biogas? Yes/No d. Do you know about methane gas that produced by cattles? Yes/No 10. Training
a. Is there any training programs from society? What form of training? How man times training?... ….. per ear
24
N= number total, Sd= standard deviation, SE Mean= standard error of the mean , D= difference
Appendices 5 T-test Nutrient intake for forage intake (kgDry matter-1head-1day-1)
Category N Mean Sd SE Mean D P-Value
N= number total, Sd= standard deviation, SE Mean= standard error of the mean , D= difference
Appendices 6 T-test Nutrient intake for PKC intake (kgAs fed-1head-1day-1)
N= number total, Sd = standard deviation, SE Mean= standard error of the mean , D= difference
Appendices 7 T-test Nutrient intake for PKC intake (kgDry matter-1head-1day-1)
N= number total, Sd = standard deviation, SE Mean= standard error of the mean , D= difference
Appendices 8 T-test Body weight (kg)
N= number total, Sd = standard deviation, SE Mean= standard error of the mean , D= difference
Appendices 9 T-test Milk production (l day-1)
25
Appendices 10 T-test Body condition score (BCS)
Category N Mean Sd SE Mean D
P-Value BCS
Intensive
61 3.082 0.284 0.036 0.1371 0.006
BCS Semi-intensive
58 2.945 0.209 0.039
26
CURRICULUM VITAE
Author was born in Hospital Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia on 28 March 1991, the daughter of Datu Abdul Kadir bin Haji Datu Jamalul and Aliah Binti Ahmad. In 2008 the author graduated from the School of Abdul Rahim, Kudat, Sabah and in 2009 passed the selection test in Bogor Agricultural University and received a scholarship from the Yayasan Sabah, Malaysia and received in the Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Bogor Agricultural University.
On September 2012 and July 2013 the authors
perform research at Local Farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia with the title Nutrient Intake and Performance of Dairy Cattle in Two Different Farming System on Local Farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, syukur Alhamdullillah and thanks to Allah Almighty because my Research at Local Farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia had running smoothly with His bless and I could finish my bachelor thesis completely with the help of Dr. Idat Galih Permana as main supervisor and Dr. Despal as co-supervisor. Unforgetable, a very thank you to Dr Ir Asep Sudarman MRur, SC and Dr Ir Epi Taufik, MSi MPVH as a examiner of bachelor thesis trial, Miss Dilla Marcistia Fassah SPt MSc as a respresentative from Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Prof Dr Ir Toto Toharmat MSc Agr as a examiner of seminar and Dr Ir Widya Hermana MSi as a committee of seminar on 12 December 2013. A million thanks to Department of Veterinary Science, Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia because accepted me to do an research at Local Farm Kudat, Sabah and especially thanks to Mr. Nordin and Mr. Datu Abdul Kadir (my father) which act as my guider or supervisor in helping me during my research at Local Farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia for two months. I also would like to thanks the owner of farms in Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia and of course all the workers on local farm Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia, that who have been welcomed me and helped me to undergo my Research at here for two months that cannot be mentioned one by one.
