Production Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Glucogenic and
Lipogenic Diets to Overcome Environment Temperature
E. Sulistyowati*, T. Rostini, Suharlina, I. Martaguri, R. Muthia, A. Sudarman, & K. G. Wiryawan
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Graduate School, Bogor Agricultural University
Jl. Agatis, Kampus Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia *E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Two types of diet, glucogenic and lipogenic, were equally tested to 24 broiler chicken in completely randomized design for four weeks to evaluate their effects on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass, and whole carcass weight. Diets were designed to contain 1.05% and 7.0% of palm oil, as glucogenic and lipogenic ones, respectively. Both diets were formulated as isoprotein (22%) and isocaloric (3050 kcal/kg) to overcome the environment temperature of 25.8- 30.40C, around the poultry housing at campus. The birds were weighed at the
beginning, weekly, and at the end of the diet application. The difference of these body weights were calculated as body weight gain (BWG). Feed intakes were accumulated weekly to the end. The FCR was calculated as the ratio of feed intake to body weight gain. Carcass and whole carcass were then compared to their body weight gain for each diet. Results showed that even though there were no significant differences (p>0.05), however, BWG in glucogenic diet chicken were 2.3% higher than that of in lipogenic diet birds. While, the feed intake in lipogenic diet chicken were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of in glucogenic diet birds. Accordingly, the FCR was also significantly higher (p<0.05) in lipogenic diet of broiler chicken. None of carcass variables was significantly different, however, the glucogenic diet birds were 10.6% heavier than that of the lipogenic diet birds. Having higher in BWG, carcass weights, and carcass ratios, yet, lower in Feed intake and FCR, it can be concluded that glucogenic diet fed to broiler chickens was more efficient in overcoming the environment temperature, therefore the production performance was better than that of lipogenic diet.
Introducton
Glucogenc and lpogenc dets refer to the level of fat source beng ncluded n the det, the hgher fat content, t s as lpogenc det. Ths, even was clearly df-ferencated from one another by the ncluson of 0 and 2.5% of fat from palm ol n Glucogenc and lpogenc dets, respectvely (vanKnegsel et, 2007). Feedng both dets or even a combnaton or mxed det would come up wth certan consequences relatng to the stage of the physologcal condton of the anmal. Glucogenc source for brds s usually derved from amno acd, contanng hgh proten det, as well as t was out of D-glucose. Whle, lpogenc source could be from glucose and trglyc-erol. Therefore, glucose, amno acd, and glycerol are the keys for lpd metabolm n non rumnants (Larson, 1985).
Heat stress envronment may lead to producton and physologcal mparment. Desgnng proper det s a key to mantan these performances. Hgh densty dets made of dfferent source or dfferent level of certan ngredent, such as palm ol may be expected to keep producton performance. Therefore, t was crucal to eval-uate the effects of the glucogenc and lpogenc dets on the performance of broler chcken under the envronment temperature, 28-31 oC.
Materals and Method
Animals and Diets
Twenty four broler chcken were allocated nto two dfferent dets n com-pletely randomzed desgn. As the purpose of ths small study was to evaluate be-tween glucogenc and lpogenc therefore there was no control det. There were three replcatons and four brds for each replcaton. Brds beng used were at one week day old at the begnnng of the treatment for four weeks.
All ngredents for both dets were the same, wth the excepton of the level of each feedstuff. These dets were composed wth the same level of crude proten (CP), that was 22% (soproten) and the same level of metabolzable energy (ME), that was 3050 kcal/kg (socalorc). The fat content derved from palm ol were 1.05 and 7.0% for glucogenc and lpogenc dets, respectvely. Envronment tempera-tures were recorded at am, noon, and pm usng thermometer.
Data Collection and Statistical Analysis
as-sessed at the end of the experment. Carcass ratos were calculated by comparng toward body weght.
Data of body weght gan, feed ntake, FCR, carcass weghts were presented as the means wth standard devaton and were analyzed usng a Pared t- test (Myers, 1986).
Results and Dscusson
Nutrient intakes
Lookng at the det composton and nutrent content (Table 1), t s known that both dets have relatvely the same ether extract contents, 3.48% and 3.61%, respectvely were for glucogenc (1.5% palm ol) and lpogenc (7.0% palm ol) dets. These ether extract levels were lower than that of n raton contanng lower corn gluten meal (3%) and about the same amount of soybean meal (24.50%), was 5.92% (Sugharto et al., 2010).
The data revealed that there were slght dfferences, even though not sgnfcant (p>0.05) n nutrent ntakes between both dets n broler chcken (Table 2). As n dry matter ntake of glucogenc det brd was a 10.29 g hgher (0.6%), ts crude proten and metabolzable energy were quanttatvely hgher as well, even though they contaned the soproten and soenergy. However, the ether extract ntake of the lpogenc det brd was slghtly hgher (3.1%) for as much as 1.82 g. Ths ntake suggested that the lpogenc det comprsng 7% fat n the concentrate resulted n Table 1. Det composton for broler chcken
Composton Glucogenc Lpogenc
Corn Gluten meal, % 4.96 13.16
Corn gran, % 60 44.17
Soy bean meal, % 25 24.73
Fshmeal , % 7.91 10
Palm Ol, % 1.05 7.0
Calcum Carbonate, % 1.08 0.94
Nutrents:
Dry Matter, % 85.12 78.49
EE, % 3.48 3.61
CP, % 22 22
ME, Kcal/kg 3,050 3,050
Ca, % 0.69 0.68
such amount of ether extract content that was hgh enough to make a small dfference n ts ntake compared to that of n glucogenc det brds.
Production performance and Environment Temperature
The results (Table 3) showed that body weght gan n glucogenc det broler was a lttle bt heaver for 29.6 g or 2.28% than that of the lpogenc det. However, the feed ntake was greater sgnfcantly (p<0.05) for as much as 157.63 g, equaled to 7.94% n lpogenc det chcken. However, n terms of bulkness, the dry matter ntake n glucogenc det was quanttatvely hgher (10 g) n Table 2. On the other hand, glucogenc det was sgnfcantly more effcent (p<0.05) n convertng nto body weght gan. Ths number (1.54) s about n the same range as n the FCR of fasted and unfasted brds, were 1.49-1.54, respectvely (Sugharto et al., 2010). Ths FCR s also close to the FCR of chcken kept n dfferent densty, were about 1.55- 1.66 (Sunart et al., 2010). Ths suggested that the energy avalablty n glucogenc det s about at the rght level as t s n both fasted and unfasted brds to cover the energy requrement n fulfllng these brds’ body weghts. It seemed that the lower level of palm ol content n glucogenc det was more effcent for the broler kept durng ths envronment temperature (25.8-30.4 oC; average of 27.9 oC). Whle, n
34 oC, broler fed 8% palm ol or 8% soybean ol had FCR of 1.89-2.19 (Zulkfl et
al, 2007).
Table 2. Nutrent ntakes of glucogenc and lpogenc dets n broler chcken
Nutrent Intakes Glucogenc Lpogenc
Dry Matter, g 1,690.41±37.63 1,680.12±58.17
Ether Extract, g 58.83±1.31 60.65±2.1
Crude Proten, g 371.89±8.28 369.63±12.80
Metabolzable Energy, kcal 5,155±114.76 5,124. 37±177.42
Note: Sgnfcant dfferences (p<0.05) between treatments.
Table 3. Body weght gan, feed ntake, and FCR of broler chcken fed glucogenc and lpogenc dets
Varable Glucogenc Lpogenc
Pre-treatment body weght, g 195.03±7.0 174.50±15.39 Post-treatment body weght, g 1488.89±20.44 1438.75±96.34 Body weght gan, g 1293.85±27.4 1264.25±111.72 Feed Intake, g 1985.92±43.49a 2140.55±10.96b
Inspte of havng been the soenergy dets, wth the hgher ether extract (EE) content (3.61%) n lpogenc det, makng ts energy avalablty mght be a bt slower to be converted nto body weght. Therefore, ths mght be the cause that the brds wth ths det consumed more feed, consequently, wth the lower body weght, made the FCR s hgher n lpogenc det. These data were n coherent relatonshp when consderng the hgher body weght gan, lower feed ntake, therefore smaller feed converson rato was found n glucogenc det brds.
Carcass weights and ratios
Carcass weght of brds fed glucogenc det was slghtly dfferent by 111.8 g or 11.87% hgher quanttatvely, than that of lpogenc det brds (Table 4). Whole carcass was also quanttatvely hgher by 127 g or 11.86% n glucogenc det brds. In fact, both weghts of carcass belonged to the brds wth glucogenc dets were heaver than that of n lpogenc det. In addton, the ratos of body weght gan to carcass or whole carcass were hgher (0.82 and 0.93) n ths glucogenc det brds, compared to carcass rato n lpogenc det broler. The glucogenc carcass were hgher than that of n broler chcken (around 0.66) wth Ca-PFA as reported by Dew et al. (2011).
Ths suggested that the hgher the readable starch such as n corn gran (60%) n glucogenc det, the easer t would be metabolzed and converted nto body weght and carcass n broler chcken wth lower feed ntake n the average envronment temperature of 27.9 oC. However, these carcass weghts were lower than that of
broler chcken (1242.39–1425.44 g) kept n the average envronment temperature of 28.39 oC as reported by Sunart et al. (2010).
Table 4. Carcass weght of broler chcken fed glucogenc and lpogenc dets
Varables Glucogenc Lpogenc
Carcass, g 1,054±155.40 942.2±140.10
Whole carcass, g 1,198.3±145.43 1,071.3±124.80
Carcass:BWG 0.82±0.03 0.75±0.10
Whole carcass:BWG 0.93±0.11 0.85±0.09
Concluson
Acknowledgement
Upon the completon of ths small research, we’d lke to thank the INP Dept. of Graduate School of IPB or Bogor Agrcultural Unversty for fundng ths project. Also, we would lke to thank all staffs for helpng n the brd housng and n the Poultry Nutrton Laboratory.
References
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