THE ANALYSIS OF INTRINSIC ELEMENTS OF LINDA CHAIKIN’S NOVEL “MONDAY’S CHILD”
A PAPER
BY
NAME : NAOMI HUTAPEA REG.NO : 062202036
DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF LETTERS
Approved by Supervisor,
Drs. Parlindungan Purba M.Hum NIP : 131837561
Submitted to Faculty of Letters University of North Sumatera
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) IN ENGLISH.
Approved by
Head English Study Program,
Dra. Syahyar Hanum, D.P.F.E NIP.130702287
Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program Faculty of Letters, North Sumatera University
Accepted by the board of examiners in partial to fulfillment requirements for D-III Examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, of the Faculty of Letters, North Sumatera University
The examination is held on the ………
Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera. Dean,
Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A.Ph.d NIP.132098531
Board of Examiner and Reader:
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, NAOMI HUTAPEA, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except were reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
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Name : NAOMI UTAPEA
Title of paper : The Analysis of Intrinsic Elements Of Linda Chaikin’s Novel “Monday’s Child”
Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya Study Program : English
I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at discreation of the librarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Letters USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The greater and worship are expressed to my Almighty God, Jesus Christ for all the blessing., and with His blessing this paper The Analysis of Intrinsic Elements of Linda Chaikin’s Novel “Monday’s Child” has finally been completed.
My special thanks to Dean of Faculty of Letters Drs. Syaifuddin, MA PhD, the Head of English Diploma, Dra. Syahyar Hanum, PDFE, for her welcome and support. My Supervisor Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M Hum for giving support advice encouragement and spent his time in correcting this paper. For Drs. Siamir Marulafau M.Hum, as my reader, thank you for reading and checking my paper. In completing this paper, I would like to express my grateful thanks to all my lecturers for valuable advices and guidance during student at the academy.
I could not have carried out the task it war entrusted here. Finally, I hope this paper would useful for the next generation in this faculty.
Medan, May, 2009
TABLE OF CONTENT
II. THE INTRINSIC ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE 2.1 Theme……… 4
2.2 Plot ……….……… 6
2.2.1 Plot based on the criterion of Times Order ... 7
2.2.2 Plot based on the criterion of Number ... 8
2.2.3 Plot based on the criterion of Content……….. 9
2.3 Character……… 11
2.3.1 Main Characters and Peripheral Characters ... 12
2.3.2 Protagonist and Antagonist ... 12
2.4 Setting ... 14
2.4.2 Setting of Time ... 15
2.4.3 Setting of Society……….. .. 15
2.5 Point of View ... 17
2.5.1 First Person of Point if view (Participant) ... 18
2.5.1.1 The Protagonist ... 18
2.5.1.2 The Witness ... 18
2.5.2 The Third Person Point of view ... ` 19
2.5.2.1 Omniscient ... 19
2.5.1.2 Selective or Limited Omniscient ... 19
2.5.3 Mixed Point of view………... 169 III. THE ANALYSIS OF INTRINSIC ELEMENTS OF MONDAY’S CHILD 3.1 The Summary of “Monday’s Child” ... 21
3.2 The Analysis of Theme ... 21
3.3 The Analysis of Plot ... 24
3.4 Analysis of Character ... 26
3.4.1 Main Characters ……….. 26
3.4.2 Peripheral Characters ... 27
4.2 Suggestion ... 32
REFERENCES APPENDIX
ABSTRACT
I
INTRODUCTION
1.1The Background of Study
Literature is a kind of art, usually written offer pleasure and illumination. Literature is also composition that tells us stories, dramatize situations, express emotions, and analyze advocate ideas. Roberts (1993:68) stated that literature can help us to grow both personally and intellectually. Literature provides an adjective base for knowledge and understanding. Literature enables us to recognize human dreams and struggle in different places and times that would never know.
According to Jacobs (1993:1-3) literature provides the comparative basic from which we can see worthiness in the aims of all people, and it helps us to see the beauty of the world around us. Literature may be classified into four categories or genres 1) prose fiction,2) poetry, 3) drama, 4) non fiction.
Among the forms of prose fiction, in completing her study the writer chose novel to be analyzed. Prose fiction is narration, relating or recounting of a sequence of events or action. Work of fiction usually focuses on one or a few major characters who and deal with problems. While fiction like an imaginative literature may introduce true historical details, it is not real history.
Novel is a story that communicates silently at whatever moment and whatever pace whether quickly or slowly and meditative the readers desire.
theme, plot, character, setting, point of view. In this paper the writer would like to explain about these five elements in the novel entitled Monday’s Child by Linda Chaikin.
1.2 The Objective of Study
The writer has her own purposes when she decided to write this paper. She wants to explain about the intrinsic elements that consist of : theme, plot, character, setting, and point of view.
1.3 The Scope of Study
To avoid the readers getting confused in writing this paper , the writer would like to limit her study only in analyzing 5 intrinsic elements in Monday’s Child Novel that contain of theme, Plot, character, setting, and point of view.
1.4 The Significance of the Study
Obviously , the significance of the study in this paper is to improve the research in literary works, especially in novel. The writer also expects that this paper will be significant to the readers of literature, and helps the readers know and understand about the intrinsic elements that occurred in a novel.
1.5 The Method of Study
II
THE INTRINSIC ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
In order to complete this paper, in this chapter the writer would like to give a brief definition and explanation about the intrinsic elements in a novel theoretically, because they are crucial to support the analysis. The intrinsic elements that consist of Theme, plot, character, setting and point of view are the elements that are participating in forming a story in literary work.
2.1 Theme.
According to Burton Goodman, theme is the main idea or the main point in a story. A theme must represent the whole part of the story, because theme is a basic development of a whole story. Actually it is not easy to find out the theme in a novel. The reader has to read the novel and understand what the story tells about.
2.2 PLOT.
Plot is an important element of literary work, because the plot tells the important event that occur in a story. Plot or the structure of action is used to indicate almost any kind of action that found in a story, including the closed plot, the open plot, and the straight narrative with little or no serious complication, Bocker (1963:91).
Staton (2007:26) was stated that plot is a series of the events in a story. How a certain event affecting another event that cannot be ignored, since the event will be affecting for all the story. Plot is very close to the existence of the character. If the story only has a little in character, there will be more close and simple to plot, in contrast a novel that has many characters in the story the plot will be more complicated. Plot also helps the reader in understanding the story of the novel. The clarity of the plot makes the reader easier in understanding the story. Usually a good or popular novels uses simple plot, so the strength of the novel also depend on the plot.
Staton(2007:29) was stated that the character is affecting the plot, if the story only has a few in characters, there will be more close and simple story. If we do not know the plot of the story, it will be hard to understand what the story tells about. Like another intrinsic elements, plot also have his own rule. There should be clear, real, and logic, where the beginning, middle, and the end of the story.
characters engage in the decision, action responses and interactions that make up most stories. Nearly all fiction focuses on conflict. Judith was stated (2003:20) that conflict is a struggle between opposing forces. It is usually reflected or accompanied by the external and internal action. In addition to conflict inside the mind, literary works may focus on conflicts between individuals, between individual and a social force and between individual and a natural force. It is important to note that conflicts do not necessary just belong in one category. The conflict is often forces character to make a decision: to act or not to act, to compromise or to refuse. The point of this character make these choices are usually lead the story to the climatic moment, and the effect or implication of this choice usually represents the conclusion of the story.
The second event is climax; climax is the highest point of interest, the moment when the conflict is most intense. The time when the consequences of a character’s action become inevitable and the main points of the plot merge.
In literary work plot is classified in to three major parts: plot based on the criterion of times order, plot based on the criterion of number, plot based on the criterion of content.
2.2.1 Plot Based on The Criterion of Times Order
On the criterion of times order the plot is differentiate in to three parts: progressive plot, flash back plot, and mixed plot.
First, the progressive plot, is a plot in a story when the events are shown chronologically, the first event is followed by the next events. In other word the story starts from the earlier step (situation, introduction, and conflict) then the middle step (rising, conflict, and climax) and finally the last step (solution).
Second, flashback plot is the plot in a story when the time order of the event is regressive or not chronologically. It means that the story is not started from the earlier step but from the middle or from the last step and then back to the beginning before reach the final. This plot serve conflict directly, event the conflict that almost reach climax, while the readers have not known the situation and the problem yet.
Third, the mixed plot is the mixture between progressive plot and flashback plot. Because mixed plot have two kinds of plot, so it is difficult be done, and almost none novel use mixed plot.
2.2.2 Plot Based on The Criterion of Number
Besides the plot has a criterion of times order, plot also has a criterion of number. It refers to the number of plot. Perhaps a novel has only one plot, and it is called single plot, but in many cases novel can also has more than one plot as well and it is called sub-plot.
and conflicts that he/she got. Usually this kind of plot is used in biographic novel. Of course this plot also shows other characters in the story that involves conflicts too, but this characters only appear to support the main characters.
The other plot is called sub plot, it develops a story by giving more than one plot and characters in it. Its structure contains a main plot, some additional plots (sub-plots) based on the order of importance and the role of characters in the story. Sub plot means the series of event that is related and become a part of the main or the first plot but still have a distinctive feature it self. It is possible in a sub-plot has parallel with another sub-plot. This term is a kind of efforts to stick out of the show the significance of the story. Staton (2007:27)
2.2.3 Plot Based on the Criterion of Content.
Nurgiyantoro (1998:152-156) differentiated this plot in three majorities. They are plot of fortune, plot of character, and plot of thought.
Plot of fortune characters connects to a story that tells about the luck and the fortune of the main character’s destiny in a novel. He divided this plot in to six kinds, they are: action plot, platonic plot, tragic plot, punitive plot, sentimental plot, and admiration plot.
Plot of character refers to the importance of the character which becomes the focus of attention. Plot of character is more attentive with the characters condition than the events that related to the plot, reform plot, testing plot and the generation plot.
2.3 CHARACTER.
Another intrinsic element in literary fiction is character. According to Harahap (2007:23), character is the aggregate of traits and features that form the nature of some person or animal. Character also refers to moral qualities and ethical standard and principles.
Character is one of the interesting things for personal opinions that the readers want to see how is the other people life and how they effort to pursue the goals. Character also a vehicles for the author in order to convey to the reader about her/his view of the world. The reader can learn about individual characters from their own words and action, from what other characters said about them and the way others act towards them. Character in a novel can be differentiated in to several kinds based on point of view,a character can be categorized in to several at once, for example as main character protagonist and character antagonist.
Foster (1990:73-80) distinguished two kind of characters, those are. 1. Flat Character
Flat character is constructed a single idea or quality, he is unchanging, static and at the end of the novel he is essential what he has been thought. All his responses are predictable; so readers can anticipate exactly how the character will reach.
2. Round character
of character according to the existence of characters and the appearance of characters in a novel.
2.3.1 Main Character and Peripheral Characters.
Based on the character existence in a novel, the character can be differentiated in to main characters and peripheral character.
Main characters are the character that is emphasized in a story. This character always appears in almost each event, so it seems dominated in that story, either as subject or object. It also always has connection with another actor and in a certain novel main character can be found in each page of the novel.
Other characters called peripheral character is a character that exists once or some times in the story, and maybe relatively in short portion. The existence of peripheral characters are limited and usually only related to the main character, but this character held an important role in creating a good story in a novel.
2.3.2 Protagonist and Antagonist.
2.4 SETTING.
The setting of the story can mean many things besides the obvious where it takes place include the location, the background, and the regional aspect. It can designate a particular time, and historical era, a political situation. From the setting or the story we know the beginning of the story set and setting also affects what the characters do.
Hamalian (1967:59), was stated that the setting is not only a particular time and a particular place, or a very substance of a region, but also how the people things, how they react, their prejudices, their insanities, and their lifestyle with all elements that related indirectly. Setting also includes the background: aspect of atmosphere, a series of details, nuances which give a certain shape to theme and plot. In other word we can say that setting is usually integrated into other aspects in a story, into plot, theme, character, and philosophical implication.
Setting in literary work is important because it may stir the readers’ imagination as well as reveal the significance of the action. The element of setting can be differentiated into three principle elements: setting of place, setting of time, and setting of society. Although each of these elements offer situations but actually they are close and influence each other.
2.4.1 Setting of place.
characteristics which differentiate with the others. The description of place is important to give impression to the readers, so the readers can consider which one that really happen or made up event (imagination) from the place in the story. The setting of place in a novel usually consist of several locations, and it moves more from one place to another place, because there is a development of plot and character. Setting of place is decided by the accuracy of description, function of the unity with another setting element.
2.4.2 Setting of Time.
Setting of time means when the time of the story happened. The problem of when usually connected with factual time for example day, month, year, weather, or a historical period. The knowledge and the perception of the reader will be used to try getting involved in the story, which is based on the setting of time. It makes the story brings the readers to the certain time. The knowledge and the perception of the readers will be used to get involved in the story which is based on the setting of time. It makes the reader try to competence and enjoy the story. The existence of the similarity development and accordance of the time can be profitable to give an impression to the readers and make the readers believe that the story really happened at that time.
2.4.3 Setting of Society.
2.5 POINT OF VIEW.
Every story is certainly told by someone that usually called a narrator. Point of view is a device for in narrator to indicate the position from which an action is observed and narrated. An author of a fiction must choose a point of view from which he will narrate his story.
Hamalian (1967:445-447) was stated that point of view is a term for who tells the story and how the story gets told. Because it is bound up with the story, point of view could have been in the section on character obviously, and the nature and personality of the narrator will determined in part what is seen and how it is seen. But, because it also bound with knowing how the story gets out, point of view is intimately connected with style.
Point of view direct to the way of the story telling in a novel. It is the way of perception which is used by the author as a device to appear characters, action, setting and many kinds of events which may form the story in a fiction to the readers Coyle (1998:248)
According to the participation of point of view in a novel, generally it can be divided in to: first person, third person, and mixed point of view.
2.5.1 First person point of view (participant)
First person point of view or participant is the use of first person as a narrator of a story, he/she takes a part in the action. In this point of view, the narrator is involved in the story. He/she the “I” or the character who is telling him/her self – awareness, telling event and action that are known, seen, and felt by the character.
The “I” has a name, but the name is rarely called, because he is telling his experience himself. The name of the “I” perhaps called in the other character. In this point of view the narrator only knows about himself.
First person point of view is often divide into two, they are:
2.5.1.1The protagonist-narrator
The narrator is a major in the story. Because the narrator is the protagonist, what he tells mainly about him self. He plays an important role, but he is limited almost entirely to his own thought, feeling and perceptions.
2.5.1.2The witness-narrator
2.5.2 The third person point of view (non participant).
The person point of view of the story does not introduce him self as a character. He have receded from the story, he is outside of the story and appears character by calling their names or their substitutes he, she, and they. The name of characters, especially main characters is called continuously. So the readers easier to know who the characters are. The third person point of view can be divided into two:
2.5.2.1Omniscient.
The narrator relates what he wishes about the thought as well as the deeds of his character. When he choose the omniscient, narrator enters the main of any or all his characters.
2.5.2.2Selected or Limited omniscient.
In this point of view the narrator limits omniscient to the mind of only a few of his characters or even to one of his character. Selective omniscient narrator enters the main of any or all of his characters.
2.5.3 Mixed point of view.
III
THE ANALYSIS OF “MONDAY’S CHILD”
3.1 Summary of “Monday’s Child”.
Krista Van Buren is a model in post world war II Switzerland. She is engaged to the nephew of the owner of a diamond mine, whose diamond she models. She is beautiful kind and loves God. Her perfect life is flipped inside out when a wealthy actress from the United States Stella Cohen comes to have a jewelry showing, bringing her good looking Texas Lawyer, Jorden. She soon finds out they are more than what they seem. The “actress” is really a Jewish girl trying to get her grandfather account out of the bank, not for the money but so his heart earnings will not benefit those who killed him. She is also looking for the answer of how Krista is wearing a ring that was in her family during the war’ Krista has gotten the ring from her mother, but it is a mystery how her mother got it.
3.2 The Analysis of Theme.
Stella. Krista Van Buren has a ruby ring that make Elsa was interesting with Krista and he wanted to know why Krista has that ruby ring.
“Surprisingly she found his touch brief, contradicting the impression of boldness and confidence. The ring on her finger flickered in the light coming from the window. She looked back at Jorden Keller, he was looking at the ring. Was he mistaken again, or was that a thorough but brief study? She could almost think he had asked to shake hand just to see the ring” (Monday’s Child, 1999:72).
For the first time Krista met Jorden Keller, he starting to admire him
She is trying to ignore his feeling because he remembered that she has engaged with Paul Gothard. Their job make them has much spent time together. Krista still tries to draw attention to Jorden Keller even though Jorden Keller show nothing and even sometimes mocking Krista, this makes Krista more interesting with Jorden Keller.
“She was to taken aback by the discovery that she stood staring at him. Why doesn’t he like me, he
doesn’t event find me pretty. He looked back brows
raised, pretending he didn’t know he had given him self away. She flushed. His jaw set. He knows I
saw what was really in his heart, she thought,
dismayed”
(Monday’s Child, 1999:91).
But when Krista come back to St. Moritz she realized that Stella, her aunt and Paul Gothard his fiancé was cooperating and using her, and he did not love her at all. But this matter did not make her feel disappointed because in St. Moritz she meet jorden Keller and realized that they were falling in love.
3.3 The Analysis of Plot.
There are three kinds of plots that appear in this novel. First based on the criterion of times order, at the beginning , the author uses progressive plot which introduce the main character Krista Van Buren, about her life and his career and his love. Start from Krista was engaged with Paul and describes about her career in modeling the diamond, and in process she help her fiancé and then meet Jorden Keller, start to fall in love with him. But in the middle of the story she uses the flash back plot when Flanders told Jorden about Krista Van Buren, what is the relationship Between Krista Van Buren (Grendelmier) and Elsa Von Bure, about Krista’s parents that have got an accident and how they died. Jorden know that Krista is not part of the Van Buren family, and her name is Krista Grendelmier. This fact make Jorden Keller felt guilty with Krista and realizes that Krista is innocent. She uses progressive plot again when she tells the last step, Krista meet again with Jorden Keller and falling in love with him. They worked together in order to find the mystery of the ruby ring that Krista used. And Krista knew that Paul is not a good man and she decide to left Paul Gothard. The ending of the story is Krista going to marry with Jorden Keller and Paul was arrested for having a banking scandal.
3.4 The Analysis of Character
Monday’s Child novel there are some characters, in this part, the writer
will analyze the main characters and peripheral characters.
3.4.1 Main Character.
There are three main characters that appear in this novel. The first main character is krista Van Buren (Krista Grendelmier), she is a beautiful girl, has turquoise- blue eyes, and long smooth hair. She models for Gothard Golden and has engaged with Paul Gothard the owner of Gothard Golden. Krista is a girl with a guileless behavior, but even she has a beautiful face she always feeling lonely and she did not love Paul even she has engaged with him.
She is called as the main character, because she has the most important role in the story. The story is began with her and endeed on her too. The story starting with Krista career in model, and join with Interpol. She has engaged with Paul Gothard until she met with, but when she meet Jorden Keller, and he was Falling in love with him, and at the end of the story Krista was married with Jorden Keller. She also calls as a protagonist because she makes the reader admiring her, about her attitude, her beautiful face, her good career, and the destiny of her love with a handsome man that loves her very much.
formidable, and easy going behavior. Krista admired Jorden for his fairly smart, wholesome, and calm confidence man.
He called as a main character because he also has an important rule in this story, and very related with Krista. He is a detective who helping Stella in order to find the mystery of Ruby Ring that used by Krista. At the end of the story Krista get married with Jorden Keller.
The third main character is Stella Cohen, she is an actress from United States, she is beautiful smart, likable, bravely, but sometimes impatient. Beautiful Jewish girl with raven hair and big brown eyes. She is a customer in a Gothard Enterprises, and she really want to know more about Krista for she uses a ruby ring, and as she know that its ring is her grandfather’s.
She called as the main character because she also related with Krista and Jorden. Stella was occupied Jorden to investigate where the ruby ring comes from. Stella also works for CIA, a New York agent. This story also tells about the journey of Stella and Jorden in order to find where the ruby ring comes from. She also called as a protagonist because help Krista and Krista from Elsa and Paul.
3.4.2 Peripheral Character
There are several peripheral character that appears in Monday’s Child. However the writer of this paper will choose some of them according to the importance of their rule that influence the main character and the story itself.
the story but he does not involve directly in the story. He knows much about Krista and spent much time with her. He is a protagonist because he acts as Krista’s Uncle.
The second peripheral character is Paul Gothard, Paul is Krista fiancé and the owner of Gothard Enterprises. He consider as the second peripheral character because she related with main character and influences the story. He act as antagonist because he has a scandal with international banking, and he use Krista to uncover his scandal.
The third peripheral character is Elsa Klossner Van Buren, Gothart’s cousin and Wilhelm’s wife. She comes from Swiss, and she is the women who asked Krista to be a model. She is considered as peripheral character because she appear in a short portion of the story, but she has a role that influences the story and the main character. He is an antagonist because she cooperated with Paul Gothard and hate Krista Van Buren.
3.5 The Analysis of Setting.
In this paper the writer will analyze the setting of Monday’s Child into three parts ; Setting of Place, Setting of Time and Setting of Society.
3.5.1 Setting of Place.
The novelist chooses two places in Switzerland as a place for his novel they are Zurich and St.Moritz. The first place is Zurich, it is a small town, and squares lined with hilly, twisting street that stretched from the university’s heights down to the shores of the blue-gray river Limmat that eventually flow in to the German Rhine. There are many events of the story happened in this place. This is the place of Krista meet Jorden Keller, and also Krista stayed in Zurich and worked for Gothard Enterprises. The story begin in this place and at the end of the story Krista and Jorden Keller back to Zurich in order to find more about Elsa and Elsa’s Truly husband.
The second place is St. Moritz. St. Moritz is a big town with a great Cathedral and displayed Romanesque style. In this town the mountains offered more than skiing. There is challenging climbs on rock and ice. St. Moritz area is filled almost entirely by along series of topaz lakes and forming a grand chain, that sponsored a cross-county sky race. This is the place where Krista was born and Krista’s parent died.
3.5.2 Setting of Society.
Monday’s Child takes a social setting of a town that under the dictator of
people do anything in order to get the prosperity. They hurt or even killing people only for their own benefit, the situation when life is meaningless.
3.6 The Analysis of Point of View.
In Monday child, the novelist uses the third person point of view as her technique to tell about the story. She uses the third person “He” as omniscient person, because the author acts as the person who is outside the story and appears the character by calling their names or their substitutes: he, she, and they. She can tell everything because she knows everything about the characters, events, and actions. As described in quotation below
IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
4.1 Conclusion
The theme of Monday’s Child is about true love that happens between Krista Van Buren and Jorden Keller. their true love is proven when Krista left her fiancé Paul Gothard and choose Jorden Keller. Jorden also left his bad life and started to trust in God because he love Krista.
Monday’s Child has mixed plot because the author uses progressive plot at the beginning and at the middle she uses flashback plot and finally she uses the progressive plot again
The novel has three main characters, they are Krista Van Buren (Grendelmier) a model, Jorden Keller, Israeli secret police and a lawyer and Stella Cohen an actress from United States. The novel also has some peripheral characters, they are Franz Klossner Krista’s uncle, Paul Gothard Krista’s fiancé, Elsa Van Buren Franz brother and Krista’s aunt and the last are Peter and Anna Grendelmier Krista’s parent.
The novelist choose two places in Switzerland, Zurich and St. Moritz as the place of the story happened.
4.2 Suggestion.
After analyzing Monday’s Child, the writer realized that this analyzing has not been completed yet. There are still other intrinsic element such as mood, atmosphere and style. So, she would like to give suggestion for the next research, the writer hopes that some day there is a writer who will complete this analyzing, because the story of Monday’s Child is very good and interesting novel
REFERENCES
Chaikin, Linda.1999. Monday’s Child. Harvest House Puliser. Eugene, Oregon. Hamalian, Leo and Karl, Frederick R . 1967. The shape of Fiction . New York;
MC Graw-Hill Book Company.
Kennedy, X.J. 1991 Literature, An Introduction to Fiction , Poetry, and Drama. New York; Harper Collins Publisher.
Nurgiyantoro, Burhan. 1994. Teori Pengkajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta; Gajah Mada University Press.
Roberts, Edgar V.1993. Literature , New Jersey; Prentice –Hall, Inc.
Stanford, A. Judith. 2003. Responding to Literature. North Amerika; MC Graw- Hill Book Company.
Staton, Roberts. 2007. Teori Fiksi, Yogyakarta; Pustaka Pelajar.
Way, Janet. Burron.2003. Imaginative Writing the Element of Craft, United States ; Longman Inc.
APPENDIX
Biography of Linda Chaikin
