S krip si
A P L IK A S I SIS T E M P A K A R B E R B A S IS W E B
U N T U K D IA G N O SA P E N Y A K IT G IG I D A N M U L U T
B U D I K U R N IA W A N
104091002863
T E K N IK IN F O R M A T IK A
F A K U L T A S S A IN S D A N T E K N O L O G I
U N IV E R S IT A S IS L A M N E G E R I SY A R IF H ID A Y A T U L L A H
JA K A R T A
A P L IK A S I S IS T E M P A K A R B E R B A S IS W E B U N T U K D IA G N O S A
P E N Y A K IT G IG I D A N M U L U T
B u d i K u rniaw an
S krip si
S e b a ga i s ala h satu s yarat u n tu k m e m p e ro le h ge lar S arjan a K o m p u ter
P a d a F a k u ltas S ain s d a n T e k n o lo gi U n ive rsita s Is la m N e ge ri S yarif H id a yatu lla h J a karta
P R O G R A M S T U D I T E K N IK IN F O R M A T IK A
F A K U L T A S SA IN S D A N T E K N O L O G I
U N IV E R S IT A S IS L A M N E G E R I S Y A R IF H ID A Y A T U L L A H
JA K A R T A
A P L IK A S I S IS T E M P A K A R B E R B A S IS W E B U N T U K D IA G N O S A
P E N Y A K IT G IG I D A N M U L U T
S krip si
S e b a ga i s ala h satu s yarat u n tu k m e m p e ro le h ge lar s arjan a k o m p u ter
P a d a F a k u ltas S ain s d a n T e k n o lo gi U n ive rsita s Is la m N e ge ri S yarif H id a yatu llo h J a ka rta
O le h : B u d i K u rn ia w a n
1 0 4 0 9 1 0 0 2 8 6 3
M e n yetuju i, P e m b im b in g I
K h odija h H ulliyah, M .Si N IP . 19730402 200112 2 001
P e m b im b in g 2,
F itri M inta rsih, M .K om N IP .19721223 200710 2 004
M e n geta h u i,
K etu a P ro g ra m S tu d i T e k n ik In fo rm atik a
P E N G E SA H A N U JIA N
S krip si ya n g b erju d u l “Aplik asi Siste m P a kar B erb asis W eb untu k D iag nosa P en y a kit G igi d an M ulut” tela h d iu ji d a n d in yata ka n lu lu s d ala m sid a n g M u n a qo s ya F a k u lta s S a in s d an T e k n o lo gi, U n ive rsita s Isla m N e ge ri S ya rif H id a yatu lla h J a karta p a d a h ari S ela sa, 2 A gu stu s 2 0 1 1 . S krip si In i tela h diterim a se b a gai s ala h satu s yarat u ntu k m e m p ero le h ge lar S arja n a S tarata S a tu (S 1 ) P ro gra m S tu d i T e k n ik In f o rm a tik a.
J a k arta, 9 A gu stu s 2 0 1 1
D o s en P e n gu ji I,
V ictor A m rizal, M .K om N IP . 150 411 288
T im P e n gu ji,
D o s en P e n gu ji II,
R ia H ari G u sm ita, M .K om N IP . 19820817 200912 2 002
P e m b im b in g I
K h odija h H ulliyah, M .Si N IP . 19730402 200112 2 001
P e m b im b in g 2,
F itri M inta rsih, M .K om N IP .19721223 200710 2 0 04
M e n geta h u i,
D e k a n F a k u ltas S ain s da n T e k n o lo gi
D R . Syopiansy a h Jaya P utra, M .Sis N IP .19680117 200112 1 001
K etu a P ro gra m S tu d i T e k n ik Inf o rm a tik a
P R O G R A M S T U D I T E K N IK IN F O R M A T IK A
F A K U L T A S SA IN S D A N T E K N O L O G I
U N IV E R S IT A S IS L A M N E G E R I S Y A R IF H ID A Y A T U L L A H JA K A R T A
D e n ga n in i m e n ya ta k a n b a h w a sk rip si ya n g tela h d itu lis o le h :
N a m a : B u d i K u rn ia w a n
N IM : 1 0 4 0 9 1 0 0 2 8 6 3
P ro gra m S tu d i : T e k n ik In fo r m a tika
Ju d u l S krip si : A p lika si S iste m P a ka r B e rb a sis W eb u n tu k D ia gn o sa P e n ya k it G igi d an M u lu t
D a p at d iterim a se b a ga i s ya rat k e lulu s an u n tu k m e m p ero le h ge lar S arjan a K o m p u ter p a da P ro gra m S tu d i T e k n ik In o rm a tika, F a k u ltas S ain s d an T e k n o lo gi U n ive rsita s Isla m N e ge ri S ya rif H id a ya tu llah Ja k a rta .
J a k arta, 9 A gu stu s 2 0 1 1 M e n yetuju i,
P e m b im b in g I
K h odija h H ulliyah, M .Si N IP . 19730402 200112 2 001
P e m b im b in g 2,
F itri M inta rsih, M .K om N IP .19721223 200710 2 004
M e n geta h u i,
D e k a n F a k u ltas S ain s da n T e k n o lo gi
D R . Syopiansy a h Jaya P utra, M .Sis N IP .19680117 200112 1 001
K etu a P ro gra m S tu d i T e k n ik Inf o rm a tik a
P E R N Y A T A A N
D E N G A N IN I S A Y A M E N Y A T A K A N B A H W A S K R IP S I IN I B E N A R -B E N A R H A S IL
K A R Y A S E N D IR I D A N B E L U M P E R N A H D IA J U K A N S E B A G A I S K R IP S I A T A U
K A R Y A IL M IA H P A D A P E R G U R U A N T IN G G I A T A U L E M B A G A M A N A P U N .
J a k arta, 2 A gu stu s 2 0 1 1
B U D I K U R N IA W A N , A p lik a si S iste m P a k a r B erb asis W e b u ntu k D ia gn o sa P e n ya k it G igi d a n M u lu t, d ibim b in g o le h K H O D IJA H H U L L IY A H d a n F IT R I M IN T A R S IH.
K o m p u ter p a d a era glo b a lisa si sa at in i m e nj adi k e b u tu h a n u ta m a d ala m m e n u nja n g k e rja -k e rja m a n u sia. S a la h satu c ab a n g ilm u ko m p u ter ya n g b a n ya k d im a nf aatka n o le h m a n u s ia u n tu k m e m b a n tu k erja n ya a d alah p e m b e n tu k a n sis te m p a ka r ya n g m eru p a k a n s ala h satu su b b id an g ilm u k e c e rd a s an b u ata n [ 1 ]. S ala h s atu p e m a nfa a ta n siste m p a ka r a d ala h d ala m b id a n g k e d o k tera n gigi. T erb u kti d e n ga n m u n c u ln ya p e n elitia n I N yo m an K usu m a W a rda n a b ertaju k p era n c a n ga n sis te m p a k a r u n tu k d ia gn o sa p en ya k it m u lu t d an gigi m e n g g u n a k a n b a h a sa p e m ro gra m a n C L IP S ya n g d ip u b lik a sik a n p a da Seminar Nasional Aplikasi Teknologi Informasi ya n g d iad a ka n d i U n iv ersitas G aja h M a da, Y o g y a k arta 2 1 Ju n i 2 0 0 8 . A p lik a si in i ta m p il d e n ga n in terface b eru p a p ertan ya a n -p e rtan ya a n tertu tu p te n tan g gejala ya n g d iras a k a n ole h user se h in gg a tid a k m e m a ksim a lk a n h asil d ia gn o sa ya n g d id a p at. S iste m p a k a r ini ju ga m e nja di p e n ge m b a n ga n d ari p e n elitia n B a m b a ng S u y o n o (S e m in ar N a sio n al In fo r m a tik a U P N Y o g ya k arta 2 2 M ei 2 0 1 0 ) ya n g m e m ilik i k e k u ra n ga n p ad a p en g g u n a a n m eto d e p e n elu su ra n depth first search se h in g g a tid a k m a m p u m e n a m p ilka n d ua ata u b e b era p a so lu si [3 ], p a d a h al d ala m m e n d ia g n o sa p e n ya k it terk a d a n g se o ra n g d o k ter m e n eta p ka n d ia gn o sa b an d in g. H al in ila h ya n g m e n d o ro n g p e n u lis m e n g e m b a n g k a n siste m a p lika si terseb u t d en ga n m e m p e rb aik i s e ga la ke ku ran ga n ya n g a d a. M eto d e ya n g d igu n a k a n p en elitia n in i a d ala h Extreme Programming (X P ) ya n g m e ru p a k a n b a gia n d ari m eto d e A G IL E [ 7 ], terd iri d ari lim a ta ha p ya itu , Planning, Design, Coding, Test dan release [ 8]. P e n elitia n ini m e n g g u n a k a n software P H P versi 5 .3.5 se b a gai b a h asa pe m ro gra m a n , M Y S Q L ve rsi 5 .0 .7 seb a ga i databased a n k e d u a n ya terd a p at d ala m s atu p a k et localhostX A M P P ve rsi 1 .7.4, se m e n tara design a p likasi in i m e n g g u n a k an M icro so ft O ffice F ro n t P a ge 2 0 0 3 . S iste m o p erasi ya n g d igu n a k a n p e n u lis a d ala h M icro s oft W in d o w s V ista d an Personal Computer (P C ) d e n ga n sp e sifika si, p ro s eso r In tel P e n tiu m D u a l C o re , R A M 1 G B d a n H ard d isk 1 6 0 G B . K eleb ih a n siste m p a k a r in i d ari siste m se belu m n ya a d alah ca k u p a n d ia gn o sa p e n ya kit gigi d a n m u lu t ya n g leb ih b a n ya k , ta m p ila n le b ih in tera ktif serta m a m p u m e n e n tu k a n d ia gn o sa b an d in g d ari ke d e k a tan gejala ya n g m e n y ertai p e n ya k it gigi d a n m u lu t.
K A T A P E N G A N T A R
P u j i s y u k u r p e n u l i s p a n j a t k a n k e h a d i r a t A l l a h S W T y a n g t e l a h m e m b e r i b a n y a k
n i k m a t d a l a m k e h i d u p a n i n i d a n d e n g a n r i d h o - N y a p u l a p e n u l i s d a p a t m e n y e l e s a i k a n
p e n y u s u n a n S k r i p s i y a n g b e r j u d u l
A P L I K A S I S I S T E M P A K A R B E R B A S I S W E B
U N T U K D I A G N O S A P E N Y A K I T G I G I D A N M U L U T .
S h a l a w a t
s e r t a s a l a m
s e n a n t i a s a p e n u l i s h a t u r k a n t e r u n t u k N a b i M u h a m m a d S A W
y a n g t e l a h m e m b a w a
c a h a y a d a l a m k e h i d u p a n d i d u n i a i n i . S e m o g a R a h m a t A l l a h s e l a l u m e n g a l i r u n t u k n y a
b e s e r t a k e l u a r g a , s a h a b a t , d a n u m a t n y a y a n g
isti q o m a h
m e n g i k u t i j e j a k b e l i a u h i n g g a
a k h i r
z a m a n .
S k r i p s i y a n g b e r j u d u l
A P L I K A S I S I S T E M P A K A R B E R B A S I S W E B U N T U K
D I A G N O S A P E N Y A K I T G I G I D A N M U L U T
m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u t u g a s w a j i b
m a h a s i s w a s e b a g a i p e r s y a r a t a n u n t u k m e n g a m b i l g e l a r S t r a t a 1 (S 1 ) p a d a P r o g r a m
S t u d i T e k n i k I n f o r m a t i k a U n i v e r s i t a s I s l a m N e g e r i S y a r i f H i d a y a t u l l a h J a k a r t a .
D a l a m p e n y u s u n a n s k r i p s i i n i p e n u l i s m e n d a p a t b i m b i n g a n d a n b a n t u a n dengan
b a i k
d a r i b a n y a k
p i h a k ,
b a i k
s e c a r a
m o r a l
m a u p u n
s e c a r a
t e k n i s . O l e h
k a r e n a i t u , p e r k e n a n k a n l a h p a d a k e s e m p a t a n i n i p e n u l i s m e n g u c a p k a n t e r i m a k a s i h
k e p a d a :
1 . B a p a k D R . I R . S y o p i a n s y a h J a y a P u t r a , M . S i s . s e l a k u
D e k a n
F a k u l t a s
S a i n s
d a n
T e k n o l o g i U n i v e r s i t a s
I s l a m
N e g e r i
S y a r i f
H i d a y a t u l l a h
J a k a r t a .
6 .
I b u n d a
S u t a r m i
k e p a d a
p e n u l i s
2 .
B a p a k Y u s u f D u r r a c h m a n , M . S c ., M I T
s e l a k u
K e t u a
P r o g r a m
S t u d i
T e k n i k
I n f o r m a t i k a ,
dan I b u
V i v a
A r i f i n ,
M M S I . S e l a k u
S e k r e t a r i s
P r o g r a m S t u d i
T e k n i k I n f o r m a t i k a .
3 .
I b u K h o d i j a h H u l l i y a h , M . S i , d a n I b u F i t r i M i n t a r s i h , M . K o m
s e l a k u d o s e n
p e m b i m b i n g s k r i p s i y a n g s e c a r a k o o p e r a t i f t e l a h m e m b e r i k a n b i m b i n g a n , b a n t u a n ,
d a n d u k u n g a n b a i k s e c a r a m o r a l m a u p u n t e k n i s . T e r i m a k a s i h b a n y a k t e l a h b e r s e d i a
m e l u a n g k a n w a k t u , t e n a g a , d a n
p i k i r a n n y a
u n t u k
m e m b i m b i n g
p e n u l i s .
4 .
B a p a k V i c t o r A m r i z a l , M . K o m d a n I b u R i a H a r i G u s m i t a , M . K o m
s e l a k u d o s e n
p e n g u j i s k r i p s i y a n g t e l a h m e m b e r i b a n y a k m a s u k a n d a n s a r a n y a n g s a n g a t b e r a r t i
b a g i p e n u l i s .
5 .
S e l u r u h d o s e n
p a d a P r o g r a m
S t u d i T e k n i k
I n f o r m a t i k a d a n
P r o g r a m
S t u d i
I n f o r m a s i k h u s u s n y a b a g i y a n g p e r n a h m e n g a j a r p e n u l i s . T e r i m a k a s i h a t a s i l m u
-i l m u n y a P a k / B u , s e m o g a -i l m u
y a n g p e r n a h
d i b e r i d a p a t m e n j a d i t a b u n g a n
a m a l k e b a i k a n
y a n g t i d a k p e r n a h b e r h e n t i d a n d a p a t p e n u l i s m a n f a a t k a n s e b a i k
-b a i k n y a .
d a n
A y a h a n d a
S u n a r y o
y a n g
s e l a l u m e m b e r i k a n d u k u n g a n
d a l a m
b e r b a g a i
b e n t u k .
T e r i m a k a s i h M a h , P a h , a t a s d o a - d o a
y a n g t a k p e r n a h b e r h e n t i m e n g a l i r b a g i a n a k n y a d a n a t a s s e m u a p e n g o r b a n a n y a n g
t e l a h
d i b e r i k a n
b a i k
b i a y a ,
t e n a g a ,
d a n w a k t u .
7 . A d i k - a d i k k u
y a n g
t e l a h
m e m b a n t u m e m b e r i s e m a n g a t d a l a m p e n y e l e s a i a n s k r i p s i
i n i .
8 .
A l m a r h u m B a p a k d r g . A . S h o l e h y a n g t e l a h m e m b e r i k a n i n s p i r a s i d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n
d i a g n o s a d a n g e j a l a p e n y a k i t g i g i d a n m u l u t . S e m o g a A l l a h s w t m e n e r i m a s e g a l a
a m a l i b a d a h d a n A l l a h s w t t e m p a t k a n d i t e m p a t y a n g b a i k d i s i s i - N y a .
9 .
Mbak drg. Nur Widyani dan suami yang telah membantu dalam validasi data skripsi
ini dan memberi inspirasi dalam penulisannya.
1 0 . S a h a b a t k u A h m a d S u b r i d a n A g u n g
y a n g
t e l a h
b e r s e d i a
b e b e r a p a
k a l i
m e n g a j a r i p e n u l i s d a l a m
p e n y u s u n a n
s k r i p s i d a n
p e n y e l e s a i a n
p r o g r a m n y a .
1 1 . Sahabatku Robiatul Adawiyah, S.Pd yang memberikan motivasi dan banyak
bangtuannya dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Semoga cepat dapat jodoh dan kerja ya.
12. Sahabatku Suci Wiji Lestari, S.Si, Ulfah,S.Kom dan Arum Sari, S.Psy yang telah
membantu dalam penyebaran quesioner. Sukses untuk kalian smua. Semoga Mba uci
cepat tuntas jadi Hafidzoh. Mba Ulfah biar cepet ngundang ya.... Tak lupa pula buat
adik-adik kelas ku yang sudah membantu suksesnya seminar dan sidang ku (Umam,
Dian dan Elin, cepet lulus ya....)
1 3 . S a h a b a t - s a h a b a t k u
t e m p a t
p e n u l i s
m e n d a p a t k a n
b a n y a k
p e l a j a r a n
t e n t a n g
k e h i d u p a n s e r t a
s e l a l u
s a l i n g
m e n g i n g a t k a n
d a l a m
j a l a n
k e b e n a r a n
d a n
s u d a h
p e n u l i s
a n g g a p s e b a g a i s a u d a r a s e n d i r i . T e r i m a k a s i h a t a s u k h u w a h y a n g
i n d a h i n i .
1 4 . T e m a n - t e m a n p e n u l i s d i T I C 2 0 0 4 . T e r i m a k a s i h a t a s
k e b e r s a m a a n n y a s e l a m a
m e n i m b a i l m u .
k e s e d i a a n n y a
u n t u k
b e r j u a n g
b e r s a m a - s a m a
u n t u k
m e m b e r i k a n s e s u a t u
y a n g
b a i k
d a n
b e r m a n f a a t
b a g i
k a m p u s
k i t a
t e r c i n t a
i n i .
R a s a n y a
u c a p a n t e r i m a k a s i h s a j a t i d a k p e r n a h c u k u p b a g i k a l i a n , p a r a m a h a s i s w a y a n g
t e l a h b e r s e d i a m e m b a g i w a k t u , t e n a g a , b a h k a n b i a y a u n t u k m e m b e r i k a n m a n f a a t
d i r i n y a p a d a p e m b a n g u n a n t o n g g a k p e r a d a b a n d u n i a i n i . S e m o g a A l l o h m e m b a l a s
s e m u a p e n g o r b a n a n y a n g t e l a h d i b e r i k a n d e n g a n s e b a i k - b a i k n y a b a l a s a n . T e t a p
S e m a n g a t !
1 6 . S e m u a p i h a k y a n g s e c a r a l a n g s u n g m a u p u n t i d a k l a n g s u n g t e l a h m e m b e r i k a n
b a n t u a n d a n d u k u n g a n b a i k m o r i l m a u p u n t e k n i s d a l a m p e n y u s u n a n s k r i p s i i n i d a n
t i d a k d a p a t p e n u l i s s e b u t k a n s a t u p e r s a t u d a l a m k e s e m p a t a n i n i .
P e n u l i s
m e n y a d a r i
b a h w a
d i
d a l a m
p e n u l i s a n
L a p o r a n
S k r i p s i
i n i
m a s i h p e n u h
d e n g a n
k e k u r a n g a n .
M a k a
d a r i i t u s a r a n
y a n g
m e m b a n g u n
p e n u l i s
h a r a p k a n u n t u k
p e r b a i k a n
d i m a s a
y a n g a k a n d a t a n g .
J a k a r t a , 3 1 J u l i 2 0 1 1
B u d i K u r n i a w a n
D A F T A R ISI
H A L A M A N J U D U L ... i
H A L A M A N P E R S E T U J U A N P E M B IM B IN G ... ii
H A L A M A N P E N G E S A H A N ... iii
H A L A M A N P E R N Y A T A A N ... v
A B S T R A K ... ... vi
K A T A P E N G A N T A R ... vii
D A F T A R IS I ... x i D A F T A R G A M B A R ... x iv D A F T A R T A B E L ... x vi D A F T A R L A M P IR A N ... x vii B A B I P E N D A H U L U A N 1 .1 L a ta r B e la k a n g... 1
1 .2 P e ru m u s a n M a sa la h... 5
1 .3 B a ta sa n M a s a la h... 5
1 .4 T u ju a n... 6
1 .5 M a n fa a t... 6
1 .6 M e to d o lo g i P e n e litia n... 8
1 .7 S iste m a tik a P e n u lisa n... 8
B A B II L A N D A S A N T E O R I 2 .1 A p lik a si... 10
2 .2 S iste m P a k a r... 10
2 .2 .1 D e fin isi S iste m P a k a r... 10
2 .2 .2 C iri-c iri S iste m P a k a r... 11
2 .2 .3 A rsite k tu r S iste m P a k a r... 12
2 .2 .3 .1 F a s ilita s A k u isi P e n g e ta h u a n... 14
2 .2 .3 .3 M e sin In fe re n si... 14
2.2.3.4 W orkplace... 18
2 .2 .3 .5 F a s ilita s P e n je la s a n... 19
2 .2 .3 .6 P e rb a ik a n P e n g e ta h u a n... 19
2 .2 .3 .7 A n ta r m u k a P e n g g u n a... 20
2 .2 .4 R e p re se n ta si P e n g e ta h u a n... 20
2 .2 .4 .1 J a rin g a n S e m a n tik (Sem antic network)... 21
2.2.4.2 Fram e... 22
2.2.4.3 Script... 23
2 .2 .4 .4 A tu ra n P ro d u k si... 25
2 .3 W e b... 27
2 .4 D ia g n o sa... 27
2 .5 P e n y a k it... 28
2 .6 G ig i d a n M u lu t... 28
2 .7 K o n se p D a sa r B a sis D a ta... 30
2 .7 .1 P e n g e rtia n B a sis D a ta... 30
2 .7 .2 P e n g e rtia n D B M S... 30
2 .8 P e ra n g k a t L u n a k y a n g D ig u n a k a n... 30
2 .8 .1 P H P... 30
2 .8 .2 M y S Q L ... 31
2 .8 .3 X A M P P... 31
2 .8 .4 M ic ro so ft O ffic e F ro n t P a g e 2 0 0 3... 32
2 .9 E x tre m e P ro g ra m m in g... 32
2 .9 .1 K o m u n ik a si (com m unication)... 33
2 .9 .2 K e se d e r h a n a a n (sim plicity)... 34
2 .9 .3 M a su k a n a ta u u m p a n b a lik (feedback)... 34
2 .9 .4 K e b e r a n ia n (courage)... 34
2 .9 .5 F a se -fa se p a d a M e to d e X P... 36
B A B III M E T O D O L O G I P E N E L IT IA N 3 .1 K e ra n g k a B e rfik ir... 38
3 .2 .1 W a w a n c a r a... 39
3 .2 .2 S tu d i P u sta k a... 39
3 .2 .3 S tu d i L ite ra tu r... 40
3 .3 M e to d e P e n g e m b a n g a n A p lik a si... 42
3 .3 .1 P la n n in g... 44
3 .3 .2 D e sig n... 44
3 .3 .2 .1 P e ra n c a n g a n A p lik a si... 44
3 .3 .2 .2 P e ra n c a n g a n B a sis D a ta... 45
3 .3 .2 .3 P e ra n c a n g a n T a m p ila n... 45
3 .3 .3 C o d in g... 46
3 .3 .4 T e st... 46
B A B IV P E M B A H A SA N 4 .1 P la n n in g... 47
4 .2 D e sig n... 48
4 .2 .1 P e ra n c a n g a n A p lik a si... 48
4 .2 .1 .1 D ata Flow Diagram (D F D )... 48
4 .2 .1 .2 T e k n ik P e n a la ra n Forward C haining... 51
4 .2 .1 .3 P o la P e n e lu su r a nB est First Search... 52
4 .2 .1 .4 M a n u a l P ro se s... 53
4 .2 .1 .5 Flow chartA p lik a si... 57
4 .2 .1 .6 M e n u N a v ig a si... 58
4 .2 .2 P e ra n c a n g a n B a sis D a ta... 58
4 .2 .2 .1 E n tita s d a n A trib u t... 58
4 .2 .2 .2 E R D (Entity Relationship D iagram)... 59
4 .2 .2 .3 S r u k tu r B a sis D a ta... 61
4 .2 .3 P e ra n c a n g a n T a m p ila n... 63
4 .3 C o d in g... 70
4 .4 T e st... 70
B A B V K E SIM P U L A N D A N S A R A N... 73
D A F T A R P U S T A K A
D A F T A R G A M B A R
D A F T A R T A B E L
D A F T A R L A M P IR A N
L A M P IR A N A : D A F T A R P E N Y A K IT -P E N Y A K IT G IG I
L A M P IR A N B : P O H O N D IA G R A M
L A M P IR A N C : P E N E R A P A N K A ID A H P R O D U K S I P A D A A P L IK A S I L A M P IR A N D : Q U E S IO N E R
L A M P IR A N E : T A B U L A S I H A S IL P E N Y E B A R A N Q U E S IO N E R L A M P IR A N F : H A S IL W A W A N C A R A D E N G A N P A K A R L A M P IR A N G : T A M P IL A N D A T A B A S E D A N IN T E R F A C E L A M P IR A N H : H A S IL P E N G U J IA N M A N D IR I
L A M P IR A N I : L IS T IN G P R O G R A M
L A M P IR A N J : JU R N A L I N Y O M A N K U S U M A W A R D A N A L A M P IR A N K : JU R N A L F E T T Y T R I A N G G R A E N Y
B A B I
P E N D A H U L U A N
1.1 L atar B ela ka n g
K o m p u ter p a d a era glo b alisa si saat in i m e nja di k e b u tu h an u ta m a
d ala m m e n u nja n g k e rja -k erja m a n u sia. P eran ko m p u ter kin i p u n m e nja d i
le b ih m e lu a s, tid a k h an ya m e njad i alat b an tu h itu n g (se p erti p e n g g u n a a n a w a l
k o m p u te r (H arto n o, 2 0 0 2 )) tap i ju ga m e nja di alat b a n tu p e n yele saia n
m a sala h -m a sa la h ya n g d ih ad a pi m a n u sia. S iste m ya n g terin te grasi d ala m
k o m p u te r h ari in i m e m u n gk in k a n m e n yim p a n d ata d e n ga n ju m la h be s ar,
m e n c ari d ata ya n g tersim p an d e n ga n w a k tu sin g k a t b a h k a n , a da ju ga y a n g
m e nja d ik a n k o m p uter se b a ga i alat p e m b e ri p ertim b a n ga n d ala m m e n e n tu k a n
k e b ija k a n. S e m a kin c e rd as siste m ya n g d ib u at dan s e m a kin d itin g k a tka n le ve l
p en a n ga n a n info r m a si m asu ka n n ya m a ka , s e m a k in a k tif p eran a n ya n g
d im a in ka n o leh k o m p u ter. S ala h satu c a b an g ilm u k o m p u ter ya n g b an ya k
d im a n fa atka n o le h m a n u sia u n tu k m e m b a n tu kerja n ya a da la h p e m b e n tu ka n
siste m p a k a r ya n g m e ru p a k a n sala h s atu su b b id a n g ilm u k e c erd a sa n b u ata n
(A rh a m m i, 2 0 0 5 :2 ). K e cerd a sa n b u ata n (Artificial Intelligence) a d alah k e giata n m e n ye d ia ka n m esin se p erti k o m p u te r d e n ga n k e m a m p u a n u n tu k
m e n a m p ilka n p erila k u yan g d ian g g a p cerd as jika dia m a ti o le h m a n u sia.
K o n s e p siste m p a ka r did asark a n p a d a asu m si b a h w a p en ge ta h u an
p a k ar d a p at d isim p a n d a n d iap lik a sik a n ke d ala m k o m p u ter, ke m u d ia n
siste m p a k a r k e d ala m k o m p u ter, d a p at m e n gh a silka n b e bera pa m a n faat
se p erti ke a k u ra sia n, k ece p ata n, d an d a p at d ia k s e s k a p a n p u n s e hin g g a d a p at
m erin ga n k a n tu ga s d ari p ara pa k a r d i b id an gn ya .
S ala h satu p e m a n fa atan siste m p a k a r a d ala h d ala m b id a n g k e d o k tera n
ata u ke s e h atan . P e n gim p le m e nta sia n sis te m p a ka r p a d a d u n ia k ed o k teran atau
k e s e h ata n d a p at b eru p a d ia gn o sa p e n ya k it, k o n su ltasi p e nja ga a n k e se h ata n
sa m p a i p e m b eria n s aran p e n en tu a n so lu si d ari h a sil dia gn o sa ya n g a da.
K e se h ata n m e m a n g m e n ja d i b ara n g m a h al b a gi m a n u sia , o le h ka ren a
itu b u tu h ke p e k a an p riba d i u n tu k m e nj a ga n ya. S ala h satu o rga n tu b u h ya n g
serin g lalai u n tu k d ija ga a d alah gigi d an m u lu t. In i terb u k ti d ari D ata D irjen
P ela ya n a n M e d ik (2 0 0 1 ) ya n g m e n u n ju k ka n b a h w a p e n ya k it gigi d a n m u lu t
term a su k se p u lu h ra n kin g p en ya k it terb a n ya k d i In d o n e sia (S ara gih , 2 0 0 9 :1 ).
B e rd a sark a n su rvei Y a ya s a n K es e h atan G igi In d o n e s ia (2 0 0 3 ) ya n g d ila k u k an
p ad a a n a k -a n a k m e n u nju k k a n b a h w a 7 0 % a n a k -a n a k m e n d erita k aries gig i
d an gin givitis (p erad a n ga n gu si), s e d a n gk a n pa d a o ra n g d e w a sa d ite m u i
se b a n ya k 7 3 % ya n g m e n d erita k arie s gigi. S e d an g k a n , b erd a sark a n ha sil
su rve i k e s e h atan ru m a h ta n gg a (S K R T ) tah u n 2 0 0 4 , se b a n ya k 9 0 ,0 5 %
p en d u d u k In d o n esia m e m p u n ya i m a sala h k e se h ata n gigi d a n m u lu t (S ara gih ,
2 0 0 9 :2 ). A n g k a in i p u n m e n in g k a t p a d a h asil ris e t d rg H ern iya w ati, M k es
ta h u n 2 0 0 7 ya n g m e n u n ju kan se b a n ya k 7 2 p ers e n p en d u d u k In d o n e sia
m e n ga la m i gigi b erlu b an g (H a m s afir, 2 0 1 0 ).
P e n ja b ara n d i atas m e nja d i alas a n d ib u tu h ka n n ya siste m ya n g d a p at
p era w atan m e lalu i d o kte r gigi. S iste m in i p u n d im a k su d ka n se ba gai
p en ge m b a n ga n d ari p e nelitia n ya n g telah d ila k u ka n o le h I N yo m a n K usu m a
W a rda n a ya n g d ip u b lik a sika n p a da S e m in ar N asio n al A p lika si T e k n o lo gi
In f o rm a si ya n g d ia d a kan d i U n ive rsita s G aja h M a d a, Y o g y a k arta 2 1 J u n i
2 0 0 8 . P e n elitian terse b ut m e n gh a silk a n siste m p a k ar d en ga n 1 8 d ia gn o sa
p en ya k it m u lu t d a n gig i d en ga n 4 0 gej ala ya n g m e n ye rtain ya . P en elitian
ters e b u t m e m ilik i k e le m a h a n, k are n a d ita m pilk a n b eru p a p erta n ya a n tetutu p
b erk ait d en ga n gejala ya n g d iras a k a n seh in g g a tid a k m a m p u m e n c a k u p
k e selu ru h a n d ia gn o sa. P e rtan ya a n tertu tu p artin ya , ha n ya m e m u n c u lk an
p erta n ya a n ya n g m e n yu d u t p a d a s atu b a gia n p e n ye les aia n ata u d ia gn o sa ya n g
tid a k m e m u n g k in k a n h asil d ia gn o sa lain d ip ro s e s. P erta n ya a n -p erta n y a a n
ters e b u t m u n c ul d e n ga n k o m b in asi b erb e d a sa at d ija la n k a n s e hin g g a la gi-la gi
tid a k m e m fa silitasi p e nan ga n a n d ari ke selu ru h a n d ia gn o sa. S iste m p a ka r in i
ju ga m e nj a di p e n ge m b a n ga n d ari p e n e litian B am b a ng S u yo no (S e m in ar
N a sio n al In fo r m a tik a U P N Y o g ya k arta 2 2 M ei 2 0 1 0 ) ya n g m e m ilik i
k e k u ran ga n p a d a p e n g g u n a a n te k n ik p e n elu su ra n depth first search seh in g g a tid a k m a m p u m e n a m p ilk a n d u a a tau b e b erap a so lu si (D esia n i, 2 0 0 6:3 1 ),
p ad a h al d ala m d ia gn o sa p e n ya k it terk a d an g s e o ra n g d o k ter m e n e ta p k a n
d ia gn o sa b a n d in g. K e k u ra n ga n tera k h ir a da lah d ata ya n g d igu n a k a n s eb a ga i
p ara m e ter d ia gn o sa b elu m m eru p a k a n d ata d ia gn o sa p e n ya k it ya n g
m ere p re s e n tasika n p en ya k it di d a era h tro p is k h u s u sn y a In d o n es ia.
P e n ja b ara n d i atas ya n g a k h irn ya m e n d o ro n g p en u lis u n tu k
P enya kit G igi d an M ulut” s e b a gai p e n ge m b a n ga n d ari ke k u ra n ga n ya n g a d a p ad a p e n elitia n seb elu m n y a d a n d ituju ka n p u la u n tu k m e m b a n tu kerja d o kter
gigi d a n m u lu t d ala m h al k e c e pa ta n d a n kete p ata n m e n d ia gn o sa p e n ya k it d a n
m e n e ntu k a n s olu sin ya . S elain ala s an d iata s itu ju ga, p e n u lis m e n ga m b il
sec ara ac a k p e n d a pat d ari 1 0 0 m as ya ra k at (terd iri d ari m a h asisw a u m u m ,
m a h a sisw a F a k u lta s K ed o k tera n ya n g s e d a n g m e njala ni p ro s es k u lia h d an
C O A S S , m a h a sisw a F a ku ltas K e d o k tera n G igi ya n g se d a n g m e njala n i p ro ses
C O A S S d a n m a s ya ra k at u m u m )te n ta n g k e b u tu ha n siste m p a k a r ini tern ya ta ,
4 4 ,2 1 % m e n ya ta ka n sa n ga t m e m b u tu h k a n d an 4 3,1 6 % m e n ya ta k a n
m e m b u tu h ka n k e h a d ira n siste m in i. In i artin ya ya n g m e m b u tu h k a n k e h a d ira n
siste m p a ka r in i a d a 8 7,3 7 % d e n ga n m a yo ritas tin g k at k e b u tu h an ya n g tin g gi.
A p lik a si in i dih ara p ka n ju ga d a p at digu n a k a n o le h ka lan ga n a w a m dala m
d ia gn o sa a w a l s e b a ga i pe n c e ga h a n p e n ya k it ya n g le b ih para h serta d a p at p u la
d igu n a k a n o le h m a h a sisw a k e d o k tera n gigi d ala m m e m a h a m i gejala b e b era p a
p en ya k it gigi d an m u lu t b e serta p e n a n ga n a n a w aln ya .
P era n c a n ga n siste m p a ka r in i a ka n d ib u at b erb asis web m e lalu i m e d ia php d e n ga n b a sis d ata m e n g gu n a k a n mysql yan g terd a p at d ala m p a ket X A M P P . P era n c a n ga n siste m p a k a r in i d ib a n g u n d e n ga n m e n g gu n a k a n
p en alara n -p e n alara n ya n g d im u lai d ari fa k ta terleb ih d a h u lu u n tu k m e n gu ji
k e b e n aran hip o te sis ya n g d is e b u t d en ga n forward chaining d an p era n c a n g a n siste m p a k ar in i p u n d ije lask a n m e lalu i b asis atu ra n ya n g m e ru p a k a n rule ya n g terd iri d ari d u a b a g ia n yaitu k o n d isi d a n k e sim p u la n , b a sis p e n ge tah ua n
u n tu k b erfikir m e n g g u n a k a n p a n alara n se hin g ga b isa m e n gh a silk a n
p e m b u ktian h ip o te sa. S iste m ini n an tin ya d a pat m e n gh a silk a n d ia gn o sa
b eru p a na m a p e n ya k it ya n g m e n yera n g b a gia n b ib ir, lid a h, d an ju ga gig i.
G ejala ya n g m e n girin gi p en ya k it m u lu t d a n gigi itu se n d iri dira n gk u m
m e nja d i 5 8 je n is. K u m p u la n gejala in i d igu n a ka n u n tu k m e m b e d a ka n 2 0 jen is
p en ya k it m u lu t d a n gigi y a n g la zim m u n c u l d i In d o n esia . A p lik asi in i ju g a
a k a n m e m b e rika n so lu si b eru p a cara p e n a n ga n a n d a n p e n go b ata n ya n g s e su ai
d en ga n d ata gejala p e n ya k it ha sil in p u ta n user.
1.2 P eru m u sa n M asalah
P eru m u s an m a sala h p a d a p en u lisan sk rip si ini a d ala h b a ga im a n a
m a m p u terse d ia aplik a si ya n g d a p at m e m b e rik a n in fo r m a si ata u dia gn o sis
a w al d ari p e n ya k it gigi d a n m u lu t d e n ga n m e n g g u n a k a n m e to d e siste m p a ka r
m e lalu i p en alara n forward chaining ya n g a k an d ita m pilk a n b erb a sis web d en ga n d a sar P H P d a n M y sq l.
1.3 B atasan M asalah
B a tas a n p e n elitian ini a d ala h:
1 . M e n d ia gn o sa gejala p en ya k it gigi d a n m u lu t y a n g terb a gi m e n ja d i 2 0
d ia gn o sa p e n ya k it ya n g la zim m u n c u l d i In d o n esia d en ga n 5 8 gejala ya n g
b iasa m u n c ul.
2 . P e n elitian in i h a n ya sa m p ai ta h a p te s p a d a p e n era p a n m e to d o lo gi
3 . Im p le m e n tasi web h a n ya s a m p ai localhost, b elu m s a m p ai terim p le m e n tasi p ad a jarin ga n in tern et.
1.4 T uju an
T u ju a n p era nc a n ga n d a n p e m b a n gu n a n a p lik a si in i d a p at d iteran g k a n p a d a
p e njelasa n b erik u t:
1 . M e m b a n tu asisten d o kter gigi d ala m kec e p atan d a n ke te p a tan
p en d ia gn o sa an p e n ya k it p a d a gigi d a n m u lu t
2 . M e m b a n tu p e n gg u n a a w a m se b a gai alat p e n d e kte si a w al p e n ya k it gigi d a n
m u lu t d a n m e m b erik a n sa ran p en go b a tan ya n g m u n g k in d a p at d ila k u k a n ,
teta p i a plika si in i b u ka n s e b a gai ke m u tla ka n p e n g g a n ti d o k ter gigi, k are n a
sa n ga t d ia nju rk a n teta p m e m in ta sara n la n gsu n g p ad a p a k arn ya.
3 . A p lik asi in i ju ga d ituju ka n u n tu k m e m b a n tu m a h a sis w a -m a h a sis w a
k e d o k tera n gigi d ala m m e n e n tu ka n ata u m e n g e lo m p o k k a n jen is -je n is
p en ya k it u m u m gigi d a n m u lu t m elalui id e n tifik asi ge jala ya n g m u n c u l.
1.5 M a nfaat
1.5.1. M a nfaat B agi P en u lis
M a n fa at p eran c a n ga n a p lik asi ini b a gi pe n u lis a da lah :
a. M e m p erd ala m d a n m e m a h a m i ilm u te nta n g siste m p a k a r.
b . M e n era p k a n ilm u -ilm u ya n g d ip ero le h sela m a k u lia h se p erti
P e n ge n a lan K o m p u ter, A n alisis d a n P era n c a n ga n S iste m , R e k a ya sa
P era n gk a t L u n a k , M eto d o lo gi P e n elitia n , K ec erd as a n B u ata n, d a n
c. M e n geta h u i m a c a m -m a c a m p e n ya k it gigi d a n m u lu t, dia gn o sa
gejala -gejala n ya d a n so lu si p e n ye m b u h a n ata u p e na n ga n a n
a w aln ya.
d . M e m e n u h i sala h satu s yarat k e lu lu s a n m a h a sisw a T e k n ik
In f o rm a tika U IN S ya rif H id a yatu lla h J a karta.
1.5.2. M a nfaat B agi A ka dem ik
a. M en ge ta h u i k e m a m p u a n m a h a sis w a d ala m m e n gu a sai m a teri teo ri
ya n g tela h d ip ero le h s ela m a k u lia h.
b . M e n geta h u i ke m a m p u a n m a h a sisw a d ala m m e n era p ka n ilm u n ya
d an s e b a ga i b a h a n e va lu asi.
c. M e m b e rik a n ga m b a ra n te n tan g k e sia p an m a h a sisw a d ala m
m e n gh a d a p i d u n ia k erja d ari h asil ya n g d ip ero le h s ela m a b elajar
ata u k ulia h .
1.5.3. M a nfaat B agi P en gg u n a
a. T ers ed ia n ya a p lika si ya n g m e m b e rik a n info r m a si p en ya k
it-p en ya k it it-p ad a gigi d a n m u lu t m elalui d ia gn o sa geja la -gejala ya n g
d ira s a ka n o le h p e n d erita.
b . M e m b a n tu p ara p a ka r d ala m h al in i d o kter gigi d ala m m e n d e te k si
p en ya k it ya n g d id erita o leh p a sie n n ya
c. M e m b a n tu p u la m a h a sisw a k e d o ktera n gigi d a la m m e n ge tah ui
1.6 M etod ologi P en elitian
M e to d o lo g i p a d a p e n u lisa n sk rip si in i m e m ilik i d u a b a g ia n y a itu ;
1 . M e to d o lo g i P e n g u m p u la n D a ta
a . W a w a n c a r a
b . S tu d i p u sta k a
c . S tu d i lite ra tu r se je n is
2 . M e to d o lo g i P e n g e m b a n g a n S iste m
P e n ge m b a n ga n siste m p a k ar ini m e n g g u n a k a n m e to d e e x tre m e
p ro g ra m m in g a ta u b iasa d ise b u t m e to d e X P ya n g m e ru p a ka n b a gia n d ari
m e to d o lo gi A G IL E (H u n t, 2 0 0 6 :1 6 ). M e n u ru t P ro b o ye k ti (2 0 0 8 :3 ), a da
lim a ta h a p p e n ge m b a n ga n siste m d ala m m e to d olo g i X P , ya itu : planning, design, coding, testd a nrelease.
1.7 Sistem atika P enu lisan
D ala m p e n u lisa n sk rip si in i dib a gi m e nja d i lim a b a b d e n ga n b e b era pa su b
p o k o k b a h asa n. A d a p u n siste m a tika d ari sk rip si in i a d alah se b a ga i b erik u t :B A B
I P E N D A H U L U A N
B a b in i terd iri d ari tuju h su b ba b , yaitu : L atar B ela k a n g, R u m u sa n M a sala h,
B a tas a n M a sala h, T uju an , M an faat, M eto d o lo gi P e n elitia n, d a n S iste m a tik a
P e n u lis a n.
B A B II L A N D A S A N T E O R I
B a b in i b erisi teo ri-teo ri y a n g d igu n a k a n d ala m P en ge m b a n ga n S is te m P a k a r
B A B III M E T O D O L O G I P E N E L IT IA N
B a b in i m e n gu raik a n se c a ra rin ci m e to d e p e nelitia n ya n g d igu n a k a n d ala m
m e n ga n a lisis, m era nc a n g d an m e n gim p le m e nta sik a n siste m . S elain itu a k a n
d ib a h a s p u la m e n ge n ai c ara uji co b a d an p era w atan siste m .
B A B IV P E M B A H A S A N
B a b in i m e m b a h a s m e n g e n ai siste m p a k a r ya n g a k a n d ik e m b a n g k a n , ya itu
m e n ge n a i p e n defin isia n m asala h d a n a n alisis siste m , serta im p le m e n tasi d ari
siste m ya n g m e lip u ti p e m ro gra m a n , p e n erap a n sa m p a i p a d a p era w a ta n.
B A B V P E N U T U P
B a b in i m e ru p a k a n p en utu p ya n g b erisi k e sim p u lan te n tan g h as il p e m e ca h a n
m a sala h ya n g d ip ero le h d ari p e n yu su n a n tu ga s a k h ir in i s erta b e b era p a sara n
B A B II
L A N D A S A N T E O R I
2.1 A plikasi
A p lik a si ata u p ro gra m a p lika si a d alah p ro gra m y a n g d itu ju ka n
u n tu k m e n ye le saik a n s u atu p er m as ala h a n d ala m a p likasi terte n tu (H a rto n o ,
2 0 0 2 :3 9 8 ).
2.2 Sistem P a k ar
2.2.1 D efinisi Sistem P a k ar
Expert systems are computerized tools designed to enhance the quality and availability of knowledge required by decision makers in a wide range of industries. They augment conventional programs such as databases, word processors, and spreadsheet analysis (B o ss, 1 9 9 1 ).
M e n u ru t M u h a m m a d A rh a m i (2 0 0 5 :9 ) siste m p a k ar (expert sistem) m eru p a ka n p a k e t p era n g k a t lu n a k ata u p a k e t p ro gra m k o m p u te r ya n g d itu ju k an se b a ga i p e n ye d ia n a sih at d an sara n a b an tu
d ala m m e m e c a h ka n m a sa la h d ala m b id a n g-b id a n g sp esialis a si terten tu
se p erti sain s, p ere ka ya s a a n m a te m a tika, ke d o k tera n , p e n d id ika n d a n
se b a ga in ya . K o m p u ter ya n g d e m ik ia n d a p at d ijad ika n se p erti
S iste m p a ka r se n d iri m eru p a k a n p ro gra m artificial intelligence ya n g m e n g ga b u n g k a n p a n gk a la n pe n ge ta h ua n (knowledge base) d en ga n siste m infere n si. In i m eru p a k a n b a gia n software sp e sialisa si tin gk a t tin g g i ya n g b eru s a h a m e n d u p lik a si fu n gsi s e o ra n g p a k a r d ala m
su atu b id an g k e a h lia n (S u p arm a n , 1 9 9 1 :9 9 )
2.2.2 C iri-ciri Sistem P a kar
M e n u ru t Jo gia n to H arto n o (2 0 0 3 , 6 ), ad a e n a m ciri d a n
k ara k teristik s iste m p a kar ya itu :
a. P e n ge ta h u a n siste m pa k ar m e ru p a k a n su atu k o n s e p, b u ka n
b erb e n tu k n u m e ris. H al in i d ik are n a k a n k o m p u te r m e la k u ka n
p ro se s p en go la h an data s ec ara n u m e rik s e d an g k a n k e ah lia n d ari
se o ran g p a k a r a d alah f a kta d an atu ra n -a tu ra n, b u ka n n u m e rik.
b . In f o rm a si d ala m sis te m p a k ar tid a k s elalu le n g k a p , su b ye k tif,
tid a k k o n sisten , su b ye k teru s b eru b ah d a n terg a n tu n g p ad a
k o n d isi lin gk u n ga n s e h in g ga k e p u tu s a n ya n g d ia m b il b ersifat
tid a k p a sti d a n tid a k m u tla k “ya” atau “tid a k” a ka n te ta p i m e n u ru t u k u ra n k e b e n ara n terte n tu . O le h kare na itu d ib u tu h ka n
k e m a m p u a n siste m un tu k b elajar sec a ra m a n d iri d ala m
m e n ye le saika n m a sala h -m a sa lah d en ga n p ertim b a n ga n
-p ertim b a n ga n k h u su s.
c. P e n a n ga n a n so lu si b ersifat fle k sib el.
e. T id a k a da ja m in an b a h w a so lu si ya n g d is a m p aik a n a d alah p asti
b en ar, k aren a s u m b e r p a k a r a ka n m e n ya m p a ik a n so lu si ya n g
su b ye k tif.
f. K e p u tu s an ya n g d ih asilk a n d ih arap k a n m e m ilik i a k u rasi ya n g
b aik w a la u p u n s o lu sin ya su lit s eh in g g a f a silitas in f o rm a si siste m
h aru s selalu d ip erlu k a n .
S e n a d a d en ga n ke tera n ga n d i ata s, M u h a m m a d A rh a m i
(2 0 0 5 ,2 3 ) m e n era n gk a n sifat siste m p a ka r se c a ra u m u m se b a ga i
b erik u t :
a. M e m iliki inf o rm a si ya n g h a n d al, b aik d ala m m e n a m p ilkan
la n gk a h la n g k a h an tara m a u p u n d ala m m e nja w a b p erta n ya a n
-p erta n ya a n te n tan g -p ro ses -p e n yele saia n.
b . M u d a h d im o d ifika si, yaitu d e n ga n m e n a m b a h atau m e n gh a p u s
su atu ke m a m p u a n d ari b asis p e n geta h u a n n ya .
c. H e u ristik d ala m m e n g g u n a k a n p e n ge tah u a n n ya (ya n g s erin g k a li
tid a k se m p u rn a) u n tu k m e n d a p atka n p en ye le saian n ya .
d . D a p at d igu n a ka n d ala m b e rb a ga i je n is k o m p u te r
e. M e m iliki k e m a m p u a n bera d ap ta si.
2.2.3 A rsitektu r Sistem P a kar
S iste m p a k a r tersu su n d ari d ua b a gian u ta m a, yaitu lin gk u n ga n
p en ge m b a n ga n b erisi ko m p o n e n -k o m p o n e n ya n g d igu n a k a n u n tu k
m e m a su k k a n p en ge ta h u an p a ka r k e d a la m lin gk u n g a n siste m p a k ar,
se d a n gk a n lin g k u n ga n k o n su lta si b erisi k o m p o n en ya n g a k a n
d igu n a k a n o leh user d ala m m e m p eroleh p en ge ta h u a n p a ka r. S tru ktu r b es erta k o m p o n e n siste m p a k a r d itu nju k k a n o leh ga m b ar 2.1.
G a m b a r 2.1 A rsitektu r S istem P a ka r
P a d a b a ga n d i atas d a p at k ita lih at s ec a ra jelas s elu ru h k o m p o n e n ya n g
[image:31.612.151.538.57.485.2]2.2.3.1 F asilitas A ku isi P eng etah u a n
F a silitas a k u isi p e n ge ta hu a n ad ala h a k u m u las i, tra n sfer
d an tra n sf o rm a si ke a h lia n d ala m m e n yele saika n m a sala h d ari
su m b e r p e n ge tah u a n k e d ala m p ro gra m k o m p u ter (A rh a m i,
2 0 0 5 :1 6 ). F asilitas in i m eru p a ka n su atu p ro s e s m e n g u m p u lk a n
d ata -d ata p en ge ta h u an a k a n su atu m a sala h d ari p a ka r
(H arto n o , 2 0 0 3: 1 2 ). P e n ge ta h u a n d a p at d ip ero le h m e lalui
stu d i p u sta k a m a u p u n o bs erva si d a n b erta n ya la n g su n g k e p a d a
p a k arn ya. P e n ge tah u a n d a n d ata -d ata ya n g terk u m p u l itu lah
ya n g d is eb u t knowledge base(b asis p e n ge ta h u a n ).
2.2.3.2 B asis P eng etah u an
B a sis p en ge ta h u a n m e n ga n d u n g p en ge ta h u a n u n tu k
p e m a h a m a n , fo r m u lasi d a n p e n ye le s aian m a sala h. K o m p o n e n
siste m p a ka r in i d isu su n atas d u a ele m e n d asar, ya itu fa kta d a n
atu ra n. F a k ta m e ru p a k a n in fo r m a si te n ta n g o b ye k d ala m are a
p erm a sa la h a n terte n tu , se d a n gk a n atu ran m e ru p a k a n inf o rm a si
te n tan g c a ra b a gaim a n a m e m p ero leh fa k ta b aru d ari fa k ta ya n g
tela h d ik eta h u i (A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :1 5 ).
2.2.3.3 M e sin Inferensi
M esin inf ere n si a d ala h p ro gra m k o m p u te r ya n g
m e m b e rik a n m e to d o lo gi u n tu k p e n alaran te n ta n g in f o rm a si
S ela m a p ro s es k o n su lta si a n tar siste m d a n p e m a k a i,
m e k a n is m e in fere n si m e n gu ji atu ra n s atu d e m i s atu s a m p ai
k o n d isi atu ra n itu b e n ar (H arto n o , 2 0 0 3 : 1 5 ).
S e c a ra u m u m a da d ua te k n ik uta m a ya n g d igu n a k a n
d ala m m e k a n is m e inf ere n si u n tu k p e n gu jian atu ra n, yaitu
p en alara n m aju (forward chaining) d a n p e n alaran m u n d u r (backward chaining).
P elac a ka n ata u p e n a la ran k e b e la k a n g (backward chaining) a da la h p e n de k ata n ya n g d im o to ri tu j u a n ( goal-driven) (A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :1 9 ). P e n alara n ini ju ga b iasa d ise b ut p en alara n d ari atas ke b a w a h (A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :1 1 6 ) yaitu
p en alara n ya n g d im u lai d ari le vel tertin g g i m e m b a n gu n su atu
h ip o tesis, tu ru n ke fa kta le ve l p alin g b a w a h y a n g d a p at
m e n d u k u n g h ip o te sis. D a p at d ika ta ka n p u la d ala m backward chaining m e n u nju k k a n f a k ta ya n g a d a d igu n a k a n u n tu k m e n d u k u n g h ip o tesis. G a m b a ran backward chaining d ip erlih atk a n p a da ga m b a r 2.2 .
[image:33.612.148.539.64.597.2]P elac a ka n ata u p e n alara n k e d e p a n (forward chaining) a d alah m eto d e p e n c a ria n ata u p e n arika n k e sim p u lan ya n g
b erd a sark a n p a d a d ata ata u fa k ta ya n g a d a m e n uju ke
k e sim p u la n, p e n elusu ra n d im u lai d ari fa k ta ya n g a d a lalu
b erge ra k m aj u m e lalu i p re m is -p re m is u n tu k m e n uju
k e sim p u la n ata u d a p at d ik ata k a n bottom up reasoning. Forward chaining m e la k u k a n p en c a ria n d ari su atu m a s ala h k e p a d a so lu sin ya, ga m b ara n n ya d ap at dilih at p a da ga m b a r 2.3.
G a m b a r 2.3 P o la F o rw ard C h a in in g
D u a p o la p e n c a ria n d i ata s a k a n b erga n tu n g p u la p a d a
p o la p e n elu su r a n ya n g d itera p k a n . A d a tiga je n is p o la
p en elu su ra n ya n g d a p at d igu n a k a n ya itu depth-first search, breadht-first searchd a n b est first search.
a. Depth-first Search
Depth-first search a d ala h te k n ik p e n elu su r an d a ta p a d a n o d e -n o d e sec a ra ve rtik al d a n su d a h terd efin isika n ,
[image:34.612.148.538.56.457.2]search m e la k u ka n p e nelu su ran k aid a h sec ara m e n d ala m d ari sim p u l a k ar b erge ra k m e n u ru n k e tin g k a t d ala m ya n g
b eru ru ta n (A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :2 0 ).
Mulai
1
2 5 7
3 4 6 8 9
Goal (End) G a m b a r 2.4 P o la P en elu su ranD epth -first sea rch
b . Breadth-first Search
Breadth-first search a dala h te k n ik p e n elu su ra n d a ta p a d a se m u a n o d e d ala m satu le ve l ata u satu tin g k ata n se b elu m ke
le ve l ata u tin g k a ta n d ib a w a h n ya (H arto n o , 2 0 0 3 :1 7 ).
Breadth-first search b erge ra k d ari sim p u l a k ar, sim p u l ya n g a d a p a da setia p tin gk a t d iuji se b elu m pin d a h k e tin g k at
[image:35.612.147.540.56.415.2]Mulai
1
2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
Level 0
Level 1
Level 2 Goal
G a m b a r 2.5 P o la P en elu su ranB rea dth -first sea rch
c. Best-first Search
Best-first search a d ala h p e nelu su ra n ya n g m e n g g u n a k a n p en ge ta h u an a k a n s u atu m asala h u n tu k m ela k u ka n p a n d u a n
p en c aria n ke ara h n o d e te m p a t d im a n a so lu si b era da .
P e n c a rian je n is ini d ike n al ju ga se b a gai h e u ristik (H arto n o ,
2 0 0 3 :1 8 ) . D a p at d ikata k a n p u la best-first search b e kerja b erd a sark a n k o m b in a si ke d u a m e to d e s e b elu m n ya (A rh a m i,
2 0 0 5 :2 0 ).
2 .2.3.4 W orkpla c e
M e n u ru t A rh a m i, workplace m e ru p a ka n are a d ari se k u m p u la n m e m o ri k e rja (working memory). Workplace d igu n a k a n u n tu k m ere ka m h a sil-h asil an tara da n k e sim p ula n
[image:36.612.149.539.56.419.2]2.2.3.5 F asilitas P enjelasan
F a silitas p e njelas a n a da la h k o m p o n e n ta m b a h a n y an g
a k a n m e n in g k a tk a n ke m a m p u a n siste m p a k ar. K o m p o n e n in i
m e n g g a m b a rk a n p e n alara n siste m k e p a da p e m a k ai (A rh a m i,
2 0 0 5 :2 2 ). M e n u ru t T u rb a n d ala m M u h a m m a d A rh a m i
(2 0 0 5 :2 2 ), failitas p e njelasa n d a p at m e njela sk a n p erila k u
siste m p a k a r d e n ga n m e n ja w a b p erta n ya a n -p erta n ya a n s e b a gai
b erik u t:
• M e n ga p a p ertan ya a n terte n tu dita n ya ka n o le h siste m
p a k ar?
• B a gaim a n a ke sim p u la n terte n tu da p at d ip eroleh?
• M e n ga p a altern atif terte ntu d ito la k?
• A p a ren c a n a u n tu k m e m p eroleh p e n ye le s aian?
2.2.3.6 P erb aikan P eng etah u a n
P erb aik a n p e n ge ta h u a n m eru p a ka n h al p e n tin g d ala m
k o m p o n e n siste m p a kar, a ga r p ro g ra m m a m p u m e n ga n alisis
p en ye b a b ke su k ses a n d a n k e ga ga la n ya n g d iala m in y a. H a l ini
sa m a d e n ga n k ara k ter p a k ar ya n g m e m iliki k e m a m p u a n
m e n ga n a lisis d a n m e n in g k a tk a n kin erja serta k e m a m p u a n
2.2.3.7 A nta r m u k a P en gg u n a
User interface (a n tarm u k a p en g g u n a ) m eru p a k a n m e k a n is m e ya n g d igu n a k a n o le h p e n g g u n a d a n siste m p a k ar
u n tu k b erk o m u n ika si (A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :1 4 ). A n tar m u k a p e m a ka i
m e m b e rik a n f asilita s k o m u n ik a si an tara p e m a ka i d a n siste m ,
m e m b e rik a n b erb a ga i fasilita s inf o rm asi d an b erb a gai
k e tera n ga n ya n g b ertu jua n u n tu k m e m b a n tu m e n ga ra h ka n alu r
p en elu su ra n m a s ala h sa m p ai d ite m u ka n n ya so lu si (H arto n o,
2 0 0 3 : 1 9 ). S ya rat u ta m a m e m b a n gu n a n tarm u k a p e m a k ai
a d alah k e m u d a h a n d ala m m e nja la n k a n siste m , ya n g
d ita m p ilk a n m eru p a k a n ta m p ila n ya n g in tera ktif, k o m u n ik a tif,
d an m u d a h d ala m p e m a ka ia n n ya .
2.2.4 R ep resentasi P en g eta hu an
R e p re se n ta si p e n geta h u a n m eru p a k a n k o m b in asi siste m
b erd a sark a n d u a ele m e n , ya itu stru k tu r d ata d an p e n afsira n p ro s e d u r
u n tu k d igu n a k a n p e n ge tah u an d ala m m e n yim p a n stru k tu r d ata (A rh a m i,
2 0 0 5 :2 9 ). D ala m siste m p a k ar, p e n ge ta h u a n ya n g tela h d i u raik a n,
d ire p rese n tasik a n ke d ala m b e n tu k ya n g d a p at d ip ro s es o le h k o m p u ter.
M e n u ru t F ire b ro u gh d ala m A rh a m i (2 0 0 5 :2 8 ), terd a pat e m pa t te k n ik
jarin ga n se m a n tik (semantic network), frame d an script, s erta atu ra n p ro d u k si.
2.2.4.1 Ja rin gan S em a ntik (S em a n tic n etw o rk)
J arin ga n se m a n tik m e ru p a k a n jarin ga n d ata d a n
in fo r m asi ya n g d igu n a k a n u n tu k inf o rm a si ya n g
p ro p o rsio n al. Jarin ga n s e m a n tik k a d a n g ju g a d is eb u t
jarin ga n p ro p o sitio n al (b e rn ilai b e n ar atau sala h ). D a la m
m a te m atika , istila h jarin ga n s e m a n tik m e ru p a k a n su atu
la b el ata u graph b erara h (A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :3 1 ). J arin ga n se m a n tik p erta m a d iso s ialisa sika n o le h Q u ilin d a n R a p h a e l
p ad a ta h u n 1 9 6 8 (M e d s ke r; 1 9 9 3 :1 1 0 ).
S tru k tu r d ari jarin ga n se m a ntik d itu nju k ka n se c a ra
grafik ya n g terd iri d ari sim p u l (node) d a n b u su r (arc) ya n g m e n gh u b u n g k a n n ya . S im p u l m e n ya ta ka n o bje k , k o n sep
ata u situ a si, se d a n g k a n b u su r d igu n a k a n s e b a gai links ata u edge ya n g m e n ya ta ka n h u b u n ga n (relationlship) an tar sim p u l.
M e n u ru t C h a n g (1 9 9 0 ,4 1 ) su atu jarin ga n se m a n tik
d ap at d ib a ya n gk a n s eb a g ai su atu la h a n d ata (data land). S u atu sim p u l m e ru p a ka n ta n da la h a n d an su a tu sisi
m eru p a ka n h u b u n ga n a n tar ta n d a -ta n d a la ha n te rse b u t.
[image:39.612.150.539.54.421.2]la h an”. K ita d a p at m e n c a p ai k e s e s u atu tan d a la h a n, d a n m e n d a p atka n le b ih b a n y a k in f o r m a si m e lalu i h u b u n ga n
-h u b u n ga n k e ata u d en g a n ta n d a -ta n da la -h an ya n g lain .
C o n to h jarin ga n se m a n tik d itu nju k k a n p a d a ga m b a r 2 .7.
R ic h ard S a u d a ra L a k i-la k i Jo h n M ar y
K e m e n a k a n
-L a k i-la k i
P am an
A ya h A n a k
L a k i-la k i
Ib u
A n a k L a k i-la k i
S m ith
G a m b a r 2.6 Ja rin gan S em a n tik
2.2.4.2 F ram e
S ala h satu sk e m a ya n g tela h d igu n a k a n d ala m b a n ya k
a p lika si A I a d ala h frame (b in g k a i). Frame p erta m a k ali d ik e n alk a n o leh B arlett p a d a ta h u n 1 9 3 2 (D u rk in ; 1 9 9 3 ,7 3 )
k e m u d ia n d ike m b a n g k a n o le h M in sk y d an K u ip ers
(M e d sk e r; 1 9 9 3 :1 0 9 ). Frame d a p at d ip an d a n g se b a ga i stru ktu r d ata sta tik ya n g d igu n a k a n u n tu k
m ere p re s e n tasika n situ a si-situ asi ya n g tela h d ip ah a m i d an
stereotype. Frame b eru p a ku m p u lan -k u m p u lan slo t yan g d igu n a k a n ata u m e ru p a k a n atrib u t u n tu k m e n d esk rip sik a n
p en ge ta h u a n. P e n ge tah u a n ya n g term u a t d a la m slo t d a pat
[image:40.612.148.539.56.427.2]Frame d igu n a k a n u n tu k re p rese n tasi pe n geta h u a n d e klaratif.
P ro s es p e n alara n ya n g d ila k u ka n o le h frame sec ara es e n sial a d alah m e n g k o n firm a sik a n b erb a gai h ara pa n
(e k sp e k tasi). Ju m lah b erb a ga i h a ra p a n in i m e n gisi slo t d a n
m e m e rik sa a p a ka h ia se su ai d e n ga n situ asi ya n g b erla k u
ata u tid a k (A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :4 1 ). D e s ain stru k tu r Frame terlih at p a da ga m b a r 2 .7 b e rik u t.
G a m b a r 2.7 C on toh F ra m e
2.2.4.3 S c ript
Script m e ru p a ka n s ke m a rep re se nta si p e n ge ta h u a n
ya n g sa m a d en ga n frame. H a n ya saja frame
[image:41.612.149.541.54.516.2]P e n g ga m b a ran u ru ta n p eristiw a p a d a script m e n g g u n a k a n sera n gk a ia n slo t ya n g b erisi in f o r m a si te n ta n g o ran g, o bje k
d an tin d a k a n -tin d a ka n ya n g terja di d ala m s u atu peristiw a.
Script itu sen d iri m e m ilik i b eb era pa ele m e n u ta m a ya itu k o n d isi m a su ka n ,prop(p e n d u k u n g),track(jalu r), role (p era n ), d a n scene (a de ga n ). M e d sk e r m e n a m b a h k a n satu ele m e n uta m a ya itu Result– condition that will generally be true after the events described in the csript have occurred (1 9 9 3 :1 1 0 ). C o n to h s e d erh a n a d ari script d ap at d ilih a t p a da ga m b a r 2 .8 .
SCRIPTR e sto ra n
Ja lu r (Track) : resto ra n s w ala y a n (fa st fo o d )
P era n (Roles) : T a m u , p ela y a n
P e n d u k u n g (Prop) : c o u n te r, b a k i, m a k a n a n , u a n g , s e rb et, g a ra m ,
m e ric a , k e ca p , se d o ta n , d a n la in -la in
K o n d isi m a s u k a n : ta m u la p a r, ta m u p u n y a u a n g
A d e g a n 1 (scene1 ) : M a s u k
• T a m u p a rk ir m o b il
• T a m u m a s u k re s to ra n
• T a m u a n tre
• T a m u b a c a lis t m e n u d a n m e m u tu s k a n a p a
y a n g a k a n d ip es a n
A d e g a n 2 : p e sa n a n
• T a m u m e m b e rik a n p es a n a n p a d a p e la y a n
• P e la y a n m e n g a m b il p e s a n a n d a n
m e leta k k a n m a k a n a n d i a ta s b a k i
A d e g a n 3 : m a k a n
• T a m u m e n g a m b il s erb e t, se d o ta n , g a ra m
d a n la in -lain
• T a m u m e m b a w a b a k i m a k a n a n k e m e ja
k o s o n g
• T a m u m a k a n d e n g a n c e p a t
A d e g a n 4 : p u la n g
• T a m u m e n in g g a lk a n m e ja
• T a m u m e m b u a n g s a m p a h
• T a m u m e n in g g a lk a n re s to ra n
• T a m u n a ik m o b il d a n p u la n g
R e s u lt (h a sil) :
• T a m u m e ra s a k e n y a n g
• T a m u s e n a n g
• T a m u k e c e w a
• T a m u s a k it p eru t
G a m b a r 2.8 C on tohS cript
2.2.4.4 A tu ran P rod uk si
K aid a h S iste m p ro d u k si m e nja d i ac u a n ya n g san g at
serin g d igu n a k a n o leh m eto de inf ere n si siste m p a k a r d an
d ala m ka su s p e n yele saia n m a sala h tin g k a h la ku m a n u sia,
ata u d ala m p ro d u k si s e d e rh a na . P e n ge ta h u a n d ala m siste m
p ro d u k si d a p at d irep re se n tasik a n o le h h im p u n a n kaid a h
[image:43.612.148.539.54.452.2]for diagnosis and planning(M ed sk er; 1 9 9 3 :1 0 8 ). A tu ra n p ro d u k si d ip o p u lerka n o le h N e w l d a n S im o n d an ju ga o leh
D a vis d a n K in g(M ed s k er; 1 9 9 3 :1 0 7 ). C o nto h p en erap a n
atu ra n p ro d u k si terlih at d ala m ga m b a r 2.9.
IF [S a k it ke p ala A N D sa k it ten g g o ro k a n A N D h id u n g tersu m b at] T H E N [ m in u m asp irin g A N D istira h at]
G a m b a r 2.9 C on toh A tu ran P rod uk si
T erd a p at tiga ele m e n u ta m a d ari se m u a siste m
p ro d u k si (A rh a m i, 2 0 0 5 :7 7 ), yaitu :
a. D ata b ase glo b al
M eru p a ka n stru ktu r d ata u ta m a d ari siste m p ro d u k si.
b . K aid a h p ro d u k si
K aid a h p ro d u k si m e m p u n ya i b a gia n k o n d isi (IF ) y an g
d is e b u t b a gia n ka n a n d a n a k si (T H E N ) ya n g d is e b u t
b a gia n kiri.
c. S iste m k o n tro l
M eru p a ka n p ro gra m p en terje m a h ya n g e s en sial u n tu k
m e n go n tro l u ru tan d im a n a k aid a h -k a id a h p ro d u k si d ip icu
d an m e n ye lesaik a n k o n flik jika le bih d ari satu k a id a h
ya n g d ia p lik asik a n .
H u b u n ga n d ari k etiga ele m e n u ta m a d i atas terlih at
[image:44.612.144.549.66.599.2]STRUKTUR KONTROL (interpretasi kaidah)
Basis Pengetahuan (Kumpulan Kaidah)
Database Global (Working Memory)
G a m b a r 2.10 H u b un gan E lem en U ta m a p ada A tu ran P rod u k si
2.3 W eb
M e n u ru t k a m u s b a h asa In d o n esia w e b b erarti siste m u n tu k
m e n ga k s e s, m e m a n ip u las i, d a n m e n gu n d u h d o k u m e n h ip erta u t ya n g
terd a p at d ala m k o m p u ter yan g d ih u b u n g k a n m e lalu i in tern et (S u go n o ,
2 0 0 8 :1 6 2 0 ). S e b u ah h ala m a n w e b b ia san ya b eru p a d o k u m e n ya n g d itu lis
d ala m f o r m at H T M L ( H yp e r T e x t M ark u p L a n gu a ge ), ya n g s elalu b isa
d ia k ses m elalu i H T T P , yaitu se b u ah p ro to ko l yan g m e n ya m p a ik a n
in fo r m asi d ari server website u n tu k d ita m p ilk a n k e p a d a p ara p e m a k a i m e lalu i web browser. S e m u a p u blik a si d ari website ters eb u t d a p at m e m b e n tu k se b u a h jarin g a n inf o rm a si ya n g sa n ga t b e sar.
2.4 D iag n osa
D ia gn o sa atau D ia gn o sis d ala m ka m u s b esar b a h asa In d o n e sia
a d alah p e ne n tu a n su atu p e n ya k it d e n ga n m e n eliti (m e m e rik sa) gejala
[image:45.612.136.539.56.433.2]2.5 P enya kit
P e n ya k it a d alah s u atu k e a d a a n a b n o r m a l d ari tu b u h ata u p ikira n
ya n g m e n ye b a b k a n ke tid a k n ya m a n a n , d isfu n gsi ata u k e su ka ra n terh a d a p
o ra n g ya n g d ip e n garu h in ya .
2.6 G igi dan M ulut
Mulut dalam bahasa latin sering dikenal dengan kata oral atau oris. Mulut berukuran lebar atau tinggi 4-6 cm yang diukur ketika kita sedang menguap atau mulut terbuka lebar (M arta w ia n sy a h , 2 0 0 8 : 1 ). K o m p o n e n o rga n ya n g m e n yertai m u lu t an tara lain ; gigi d an b ib ir se b a ga i p e m b ata s
se b ela h d e p a n, lid ah se b a gai p e m b a tas se b ela h b a w a h , farin g s e ba ga i
p e m b atas b a gia n b ela ka n g, p ip i s e b a ga i p e m b a ta s s eb ela h sa m p in g d a n
p alatu m (la n git-la n git) seb a ga i p e m b a tas b a gia n atas (M arta w ia n s ya h , 2 0 0 8 :
2 ).
G igi s e n d iri seb a ga i b a gia n m u lu t m e m ilik i stru k tu r, b en tu k d an
ju m lah ya n g h a m p ir sa m a pa d a s etia p m a n u sia. Pada anak-anak terdapat 20 buah gigi sulung, dimana tiap-tiap rahangnya terdiri atas 4 gigi seri, 2 gigi taring, dan 4 gigi geraham. Untuk gigi dewasa, biasanya berjumlah 32 buah gigi tetap, pada tiap rahangnya terdiri atas 4 gigi seri, 2 gigi taring, 4 gigi geraham kecil, dan 6 gigi geraham besar (M arta w ia n s ya h , 2 0 0 8 : 3). P e m b e d a an tara gigi su lu n g d e n ga n gigi teta p a d ala h b e n tu k, u k u ran , w a k tu ,
B e n tu k gigi tia p o ra n g m e m a n g b erb e d a -b e d a, ta p i p ad a d asarn ya
setia p gigi terd iri d ari s usu n a n d a n stru ktu r ya n g sa m a . G igi terb a gi m e njad i
tiga b a gia n ya itu m a h k o ta gigi m e ru p a k a n b a gia n ya n g m e n o n jo l di ata s gu si,
a k a r gigi b a gia n ya n g te rp e n d a m d ala m tu lan g r a h a n g, d a n le h er gigi ya n g
m e ru p a ka n p erb atas a n berte m u n ya m a h k o ta d a n a k ar gigi.
G igi m e m ilik i tiga la pis a n uta m a ya itu e m a il (enamail), d e n tin (dentine) d an p u lp a (pulp). E m a il m e ru p a ka n b a gia n terke ra s p ad a tu b u h m a n u s ia ya n g terd iri d ari 9 9 % b a h an a n o rga n ik , teru ta m a k alsiu m f osfat
d ala m b e n tu k kristal a patit d an h an ya 1 % b ah a n o rga n ik yaitu p ro tein ya n g
sa n ga t k a ya p ro lin. D e n tin terd iri atas 7 0 % zat a n o rga n ik b eru p a k ristal
h id ro k si a p atit, 1 8 % zat o rga n ik b eru p a serat k o la ge n , le m a k,
glik o s a m in o glik a n, k o m p le k s p ro tein , d a n a s a m sitrat, se rta 1 2 % air. P u lp a
terd iri atas 2 5 % ba h a n o rga n ik d a n 7 5 % air. P u lp a te rleta k da la m salu ra n a k ar
ya n g b an ya k b erisi p e m b u lu h d a ra h d a n p e m b u lu h s ya raf. P e m b u lu h d ara h
ya n g terlete k p a d a p u lpa b erd in d in g tip is d an ka k u s e hin g g a s an ga t re n ta n
terh a da p p eru b a h an te kan a n h id ro statik ya n g d a p at m e n ye b a b k a n p era d a n g a n
rin ga n .
[image:47.612.256.362.556.674.2]2.7 K o nsep D asar B asis D ata
2.7.1 P en g ertian B asis D ata
B a sis d ata m eru p a ka n k u m p u la n d ari d ata ya n g s alin g b erh u b u n ga n
satu d e n ga n ya n g lain n ya , tersim p a n d i p eran g k a t ke ra s k o m p u ter d an
d igu n a k a n p eran g k a t lu n a k u n tu k m e m a n ip u lasin y a (H arto n o , 2 0 0 2 :7 1 1 ).
Istila h b asis d ata p a d a u m u m n ya ju ga m e n yiratkan s eran g k a ia n s ifat ya n g
terk ait; b erb a gi d ata, in te gra si d ata, in te grita s d a ta, ke a m a n a n d ata ,
a b stra k si d ata , d a n in d e pe n d en si d ata (S im a r m a ta, 2 0 0 7 : 6 ).
2.7.2 P en g ertian D B M S
S iste m m a n aje m e n b a sis d ata (D B M S ) a d ala h su atu p eran g k at
lu n a k k o m p le k s ya n g m e n ga tu r p er m in ta a n da n pen y im p a n a n d ata k e d an
d ari d is k. S iste m m a n aje m e n b asis d ata (D B M S ) a d a la h p era n g k a t lu na k
ya n g d is ajikan o leh p e nju al b a sis d ata . P ro d u k p era n gk a t lu n a k se p erti
M icro so ft A cc e ss, O ra cle, M icro s oft S Q L S erver, S yb a se, D B 2 ,
IN G R E S , d an M yS Q L a d a la h se m u a D B M S . (S im a rm a ta, 2 0 0 7 :1 4 )
2.8 P eran gk at L u n ak ya n g D ig u n a k an
2.8.1 P H P
P H P P erta m a ka li dite m u k a n ta h u n 1 9 9 5 o le h s e o ran g S o ftw are
D e ve lo p er b ern a m a R a sm u s L erd ro f (D w iartara : 3 ). P H P (P erso n al
H o m e P a ge ) h a d ir se ba g ai u s a h a m e n d in a m isa sik a n h ala m a n w e b site .
H al in ilah ya n g m e m b e d a k a n P H P d en ga n H T M L . H T M L m eru p a k an
h aru s d ila k u k a n p erta m a ka li n ya a d ala h, m e m b u k a file -n ya terle b ih
d ah u lu, k e m u d ian m e n a m b a h k a n isi k e d ala m file ters e b u t (D w iartara : 4 ).
S e m e n tara , jika m e n g g u n a k a n P H P , h an ya p erlu m eru b ah b a gian ya n g
d ituju saja.
2.8.2 M yS Q L
B e rb ic ara m e n ge n ai m ysq l, tida k le p as d ari b erb ic a ra m e n ge n ai
sq l (structured query language) ya k n i b a h a sa y a n g b erisi p erin ta h -p erin ta h u n tu k m e m a n i-pu lasi d ata b a se, m u lai dari m e la k u ka n -p erin ta h
sele c t u n tu k m e n a m p ilka n isi d ata b as e, m e n ginsert ata u m e n a m b a h k a n isi ke d ala m database, m e ndelete atau m e n gh a p u s isi database d a n m e n gedit database(D w iartara : 6 9 ).
M y S Q L b era w al d ari pro ye k ya n g d im u lai o le h k ed u a o ra n g
developer, ya k n i M ic h ae l W id e n iu s d a n D a vid A x m ark d i ta h u n 1 9 9 4. P ro ye k in i d id as ari ka re n a in gin m e m b u at s u atu siste m d ata b a se ya n g
m u ra h, m e sk ip u n k e tik a itu a d a database ya n g powerfull ya k n i o ra c le , n a m u n d ata b ase in i b ersifat k o m e rsil ya n g h arg a n y a su p er m a h al, d a n
b e gitu m e n gu a s ai p asar.
2.8.3 X A M P P
S e su ai d e n ga n p e njela san p a d a su b b a b 2.3, b a h w a a plik a si w e b
a d alah X A M P P . X A M P P a w aln ya d ik e m b a n gk a n d a ri seb u a h tim p ro ye k
ya n g b ern a m a A p a ch e F rie n d s. X A M P P in i m e ru p a k a n se b u a h software ya n g m e n d u k u n g b a n ya k siste m o p era si d a n m e ru p a ka n k o m p ilasi d ari
b eb era p a p ro gra m . F u n g si d ari X A M P P a d ala h s e b a gai server ya n g
b erd iri s en diri (localhost) ya n g terd iri ata s p ro gr a m A p a c he, m y S Q L , P H P , d a n P erl.
2.8.4 M icrosoft O ffice F ront P age 2003
F ro n tP a ge is also a W eb site m a n a ge m e n t to ol.
1 . A d d , re n a m e, d elete, or m o ve aro u n d files (w ith o u t d o in g it in
M icro so ft W in d o w s E x p lo rer)
2 . F ix p ro b le m s b y u sin g sp ecial re p o rts, like the b ro k e n h yp erlin ks
rep o rt
3 . P u b lish a W e b site
T h e im p o rta n t th in g to re m e m b e r is th at th ese m a n a ge m e n t fe atu re s are
n o t a va ilab le w h e n o p e nin g a n d w o rkin g o n sin gle H T M L files. T h e y are
a va ilab le o n ly w h e n yo u o p e n a n d w o rk o n a F ro n tP a ge W e b site.
(m icro so ft.co m )
2.9 E xtrem e P ro gram m in g
M eto d o lo gi X P m eru p a k a n sala h satu c o nto h m eto d o lo gi
p en ge m b a n ga n ce p at ata u b iasa d ise b u t A G IL E d ala m p en ge m b a n ga n
(lightweight), efisie n, b er-resik o re n d a h , fle k sib el, d a n d ise b u t se b a gai c a ra ya n g m e n ye n a n g k a n d ala m m e n ge m b a n g k a n a p lika si (M a h e n d ra ,
2 0 0 7 :3 1 0 ). S a s aran X P a d alah tim ya n g d ib en tu k b eru k u ra n a n tara k ecil
sa m p a i m e d iu m , tid a k p erlu m e n g g u n a k a n tim y a n g b es ar. X p s a n ga t
m e n ge d e p a n k a n k o m u n ik asi d e n ga n u s er d a la m p ere n c a n a a n p ro gra m ,
se h in g g a s as aran ya n g d ituju d a p at d ip ro s e s se c a ra b erta h a p d a n te p at
sa s ara n .
A d a e m p a t nilai (value) u ta m a ya n g s a n ga t m e n d a s ar d a n m e njad i ciri u ta m a d ala m m eto d olo gi X P (H u n t, 2 0 0 6 :7 0 ), ya itu :
2.9.1 K om un ik asi (c om m u n ic atio n)
K o m u n ik a si m e nja d i h al ya n g sa n ga t p e n tin g u n tu k m e n c a p ai
k e b e n aran d ala m se b u a h ilm u k o m p u ter (H u n t, 2 0 0 6 :7 1 ). M in im m y a
k o m u n ik a si a ka n m e n im b u lk a n p er m as ala h a n dala m p ro s es p e m b a n gu n a n
ata u p en ge m b a n ga n se b u a h software. P a d a m eto d o lo gi X P , k o m u n ik a si in i sa n ga t d iu ta m a k a n d ala m s etiap fase n ya (f ase -fase X P a k a n d ib a h as pa d a
p o in t 3 .4 ), se p erti p a d a p ere n c a na a n k o m u n ik a si sa n gat d ija ga d e n ga n
p en g g u n a a h li (expert customer) d ari p era n g k a t lu n a k ya n g s e dan g d ik e m b a n g k a n gu n a m e n e n tu k a n h al ya n g te p at y an g m e n ja di k e b u tu ha n
2.9.2 K esed erh a naan (sim plicity)
X p m e n c o b a u n tu k m e n c a ri so lu si palin g se d erh a na da n p ra k tis.
P erb e d a an m e to d e ini d en ga n m e to d o lo gi p en ge m b a n ga n siste m
k o n ve n sio n al lain n ya terle ta k p ad a p ro se s d e sain d a n coding ya n g terfo ku s p ad a k e b utu h a n sa a t ini d arip a da k e b u tu h a n b e so k, s e m in gg u la gi ata u
se b u la n la gi. L e b ih b aik m e la k u ka n h al ya n g se d erha n a d an
m e n ge m b a n g k a n n ya be so k jika d ip erlu k a n (H u n t, 2 0 0 6 :7 2 ).
