A PP R O V E M E N T
A C R IT IC A L D ISC O U R SE A N A L Y S IS O N T H E JA K A R T A PO ST T E X T
A T h esis
S u b m itted to L e tte rs an d H u m an itie s F a cu lty in P a rtial A cc o m p lish m e n t o f th e R eq u ire m en ts fo r S 1 D e g re e
M u d h o far N o . 1 0 3 0 2 6 0 2 7 6 6 0
A p p ro v e d b y:
D r. F ra n s S a yo g ie, M .P d S u p erv iso r
E N G L ISH L E T T E R S D E PA R T M E N T L E T T E R S A N D H U M A N IT IE S FA C U L T Y
ST A T E IS L A M IC U N IV E R SIT Y SY A R IF H ID A Y A T U L L A H JA K A R T A
2009
D E C L A R A T IO N
I h e re b y d e c la re th at th is su b m issio n is m y o w n w o rk an d th a t, to th e b e st o f m y k n o w led g e an d b e lie f, it c o n ta in s n o m a terial p rev io u sly p u b lish ed o r w ritten b y an o th e r p e rso n n o r m ate rial w h ich to a su b sta n tial ex ten t h as b e en ac c e p te d fo r th e a w a rd o f an y o th er d e g re e o r d ip lo m a o f th e u n iv e rsity o r o th e r in stitu te o f h igh e r le arn in g , ex ce p t w h e re d u e ac k n o w led g m en t h as b ee n m a d e in th e te x t.
Ja k a rta , F eb ru a ry 2 0 0 9
M u d h o fa r
C H A PT E R III T H E R E SE A R C H R E S U L T A N D D A T A A N A L Y S IS
A . R e sea rch S u b jec t ... 3 7 B . T h e R e s ea rc h R esu lt ... 3 7 1 . C h in ese N e w Y ea r E u p h o ria an d P o litica l T rau m a ... 3 7 a. R e p resen ta tio n ... 3 9 b . R e la tio n ... 4 4 c. Id e n tity... 4 5 2 . F ittin g In ... 4 7 a. R e p resen ta tio n ... 4 9 b . R e la tio n ... 5 5 c. Id e n tity... 5 6 C . D a ta A n alysis ... 5 8 C H A PT E R IV C O N C L U SIO N A N D S U G G E S T IO N
A . C o n c lu sio n ... 6 1 B . S u g g estio n ... 6 2 R E FE R E N C E S... 6 3 A P PE N D IC E S
L IST O F T A B L E S
1. T ab le of the E lem ent of T ext R esearch… … … . . .7 2. T ab le of D efin ition of D iscourse… … … . . 18 3. T ab le of the C haracteristic of T ext R esearch… … … .22
L IST O F A PPE N D IC E S
1. C hinese N ew Y ear E up horia and Political T raum a ... 64 2. Fittin g In ... 70
C H A PT E R I
H a m a d , Konstruksi Realitas Politik dalam M edia M assa: Sebuah Studi Critical D iscourse Analysis
3
E riy a n to ,Analisis Wacana: PengantarAnalisis Teks M edia,(Y o g y a k a rta : L K iS , 2 0 0 3 ), p . 2 8 6 .
4
Op .Cit, p. 292-293.
5
Ibid, p. 3 0 6–3 0 7 .
Id en tity H o w jo u rn a list’s, p u b lic’s an d n e w s p artic ip an t’s id e n tity a re sh o w n a n d d esc rib e d in th e tex t.
C . T he C oncept of T ext and Inter-T extual
Teks M edia: Suatu Pengan tar Untuk Analisis Wacana, Analisis Semiotik, dan Analisis Framing,
“One of the causal effects of texts which have been of major concern for
critical discourse analysis is ideological affects … ideologies are
representations of aspects of the world which can be shown to contribute to establishing, maintaining and changing social relations of power, dom ination and exploitation”.27
In h is re c e n t w o rk o n te x tu al an a lysis, F airclo u g h w rite s o n id eo lo g y in te rm s w h ic h h av e so m e reso n a n ce w ith th is:
“A particular discourse includes assumptions about what there is, what is the case, what is possible, what is necessary, what will be the case, and so forth. In some instances, one might argue that such assumptions, and indeed
(it is just what ‘is’) which is universal (or, precisely, ‘global’) in terms of
E p iste m o lo gica lly, c ritic al p a ra d ig m see s th e re la tio n b e tw een th e re s ea rc h e r
E riy a n to ,Op. Cit.p p . 5 0 -5 1
b . Nilai, etika, pilihan moral
arise out of and are ideologically shaped by relation of power and
struggles over power”.36
3 6
3 8
R u th W o d a k a n d M ic h a e l M e y e r,M ethod of Critical Discourse Analysis, (L o n d o n : S a g e, 2 0 0 1 ). p . 6
A cc o rd in g to F a irc lo u g h , th e n a tu re o f th e p o w e r re la tio n s e n a c te d in m a ss-and culture; or a visitor just wanting to learn more about Zhejiang University.”
v e rsity % 2 0 d isc o u rse .d o c.A c c e sse d o n F e b ru a r y 2 5 , 2 0 0 9 .
C H A PT E R III
behind closed doors, are now free once again to celebrate it publicly.” (First
paragraph)
T h e tex t a lso d e sc rib e s a b o u t th e d ifferen c e eth n ic C h in e se co n d itio n
“It is true that now many of the cultural rights of the ethnic
Chinese have been restored. In actuality, however, the government is still far from going all the way in recognizing the human rights of our ethnic
Chinese population. Many of their political rights are still limited,
and as human rights are universal, to grant some cultural rights and to
deny others is simply wrong.”
“There is euphoria now as we celebrate Chinese New Year; but the
actual struggle for equality before the law is only begun and it may
be some time before real equality can be achieved. Ethnic Chinese
youth need to get involved in politics and join in the reform
a. R epresentation
a.1. R epresentation in clause
T h e d isco u rse o f d isc rim in a tio n to e th n ic C h in ese c an b e see n fro m h o w eth n ic C h in ese is sh o w e d (rep re se n te d ) b y th e jo u rn a list.
“Many ethnic Chinese have tried to deny their identity in various ways due to this political pressure that, at times, associated their " " C h in esen ess" " with
C o m m u n ism , b etra ya l, d islo ya lty, in su la rism, with their a n cestra l
co u n try and various other u n d esira b le a ttrib u tes that added to the political
pressure and stigma weighted against them.”(Fifth paragraph)
“Ethnic Chinese are p a ssen g ers in this ship we call Indonesia, and what is
T h e sen te n c e ab o v e o n ly d escrib e s th e co n d itio n o f th e e th n ic C h in ese c u ltu ral rig h ts w h ic h h av e b e en resto re d w ith o u t m en tio n in g an d h id in g th e su b je ct (th e a c to r) o f th e ev en t. H ere , th e jo u rn a list o n ly d e sc rib es th a t th ere are m a n y o f th e cu ltu ra l righ ts o f th e e th n ic C h ine se h a v e b e en re sto red a n d d o e s n o t m en tio n th e
ac to r w h o h a v e re sto re d it.
C h in ese N e w Y e a r c lo se ly a n d fe lt n o fre e. B u t it h as ch an ge d n o w
“It is true that now many of the cultural rights of the ethnic
Chinese have been restored. In actuality, however, the government is still far from going all the way in recognizing the human rights of our ethnic
Chinese population. Many of their political rights are still limited,
and as human rights are universal, to grant some cultural rights and to
sid e m a n y o f c u ltu ra l rig h ts o f C h in ese a re resto re d b u t an o th e r sid e th e re is lim ita tio n
“This is the second year in which Chinese New Year has been celebrated as a
national holiday. There is a kind of euphoria about marking
Chinese New Year, but the rights of ethnic Chinese -- like other human
rights conditions in this country -- are still far from perfect due to
violations by power-holders who do not respect law and human rights.” (12th
paragraph) DPR and the governm ent show no political will to abolish them. Although the government has annulled the Indonesian Citizenship Certificate required
solely by ethnic Chinese (SBKRI), in practice it is still often
T h e te x t d e sc rib es ab o u t th e ca u sal s en ten c e w h ich talk s ab o u t th e tre a tm en t
“There is euphoria now as we celebrate Chinese New Year; but the
actual struggle for equality before the law is only begun and it may
be some time before real equality can be achieved.” (16th paragraph)
give the government an excuse to forget about the recognition of other
rights. Human rights are som ething that cannot be abolished or limited in
any way. For 30 years under the New Order regime, the political
rights of ethnic Chinese citizens were violated and completely ignored -- a fact that, to the present day, causes unease and trepidation among Chinese communities throughout Indonesia.
T h e te x t tells th a t th e d iscrim in atio n an d a bo lish m en t o r lim ita tio n o f C h in ese’s h u m a n righ ts is go v ern m en t m ista k e . T h ro u gh th e
C h in ese’s h u m an rig h ts, esp ec ia lly N e w O rd e r re g im e w h ic h is c le a rly p o litic al righ ts
“It is true that now many of the cultural rights of the ethnic
Chinese have been restored. In actuality, however, the government is still far from going all the way in recognizing the human rights of our ethnic
Chinese population. Many of their political rights are still limited,
and as human rights are universal, to grant some cultural rights and to
deny others is simply wrong.” (Third paragrap h)
T h e tex t ab o v e sh o w s th a t th e n e w s is re la ted to e th n ic C h in e se w h o g et lim ita tio n in p o litica l rig h ts.
“Acknowledging the cultural rights of the Chinese does not
give the governm ent an excuse to forget about the recognition of other
rights. Human rights are som ething that cannot be abolished or limited in
any way. For 30 years under the New Order regime, the political
rights of ethnic Chinese citizens were violated and completely ignored -- a fact that, to the present day, causes unease and trepidation among
B a sed o n th e te x t, th e p u b lics are p o sitio n e d a s if th ere is d istan ce b e tw e en
“It is true that now many of the cultural rights of the ethnic
Chinese have been restored. In actuality, however, the government is still far from going all the way in recognizing the human rights of our ethnic
Chinese population. Many of their political rights are still limited,
and as human rights are universal, to grant some cultural rights and to
“Acknowledging the cultural rights of the Chinese does not
give the
governm ent an excuse to forget about the recognition of other rights. Human rights are som ething that cannot be abolished or limited in any way. For 30
years under the New O rder regime, the political rights of ethnic
Chinese citizens were violated and completely ignored -- a fact that,
to the present day, causes unease and trepidation among Chinese
communities throughout Indonesia.”(Fourth paragraph)
“This is the second year in which Chinese New Year has been celebrated as a
national holiday. There is a kind of euphoria about marking
Chinese New Year, but the rights of ethnic Chinese -- like other human
rights conditions in this country -- are still far from perfect due to
violations by power-holders who do not respect law and human rights.” (1 2th
pa ra g ra p h )
T h e tw o o f tex ts a b o v e also d e sc rib e th e jo u rn a list w h o id en tifie s h im se lf a s
eth n ic C h in ese w h o is still d iscrim in a ted in fie ld o f h u m a n righ ts esp e c ia lly in th e p o litic al righ ts.
2. Fittin g In
“Some have never been to participate in general election because they do not have identification card (KTP) required to register.”(2 9thp a rag rap h .)
“I never had a birth certificate,” says Yin Fang, a native of Bangka province. “(The government) make it so difficult for me to process any paper work. I’ve
been married for 30 years and I don’t even have a marriage certificate.”( 3 0th
T h e te x t is im p lic itly is tea sin g th e go v e rn m e n t, w h y till n o w , th e issued by BJ. Habibie during his presidency in 1999 abolished all other
“… …President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono publicy acknowledged the m any
unfortunate “misconceptions” against ethnic Chinese citizens as a
result of m istakes made by past administrations. He prom ised changes would
be m ade for the better.” (36th paragraph)
“….Chinese-Indonesians were the sca p eg o a ts, part of an ugly
historical legacy that dates back to colonial times when they in the precarious position
of middlemen between the Dutch overloads and the local population,
could always find themselves victim s to the anger of one side or the
other.” (5thparagraph)
“….they could quickly be reduced to seco n d -cla ss citizen s simply due to their
ethnic origin (the word pribum i, meaning indigenous, was hurriedly painted
on many storefronts to “exempt”them for looting).” (6th paragraph)
“….approa ch to leadership that had m a rg in a lized Chinese-Indonesians and
them an o u tca stcommunity rather than a minority.” (27th paragraph)
“Many find that their citizenship status still remains in lim b o although they
have lived all their lives in the country.” (28th paragraph)
a.2. R epresentation in the com b in ation of clau se
“In a nation made up of diverse ethnic groups, Chinese-Indonesians stand out
for their historical and cultural contributions as well as for the persecution
they have endured. B u t 10 years after the bloody riots in
sen ten c e b e fo re w h ich ex p la in s im p lic itly th at C h in ese -In d o n esia go t Besar, West Jakarta, and asks a couple of questions that continue to haunt him. “What did we do wrong? Why does it keep on happening?”(first Paragraph)
of the many in the area th a t was vandalized and looted during the May riots.”
(third paragraph)
predom inantly ethnic Chinese comm ercial center of Glodok in Jakarta, Surakarta and
other cities in Java and Sumatra, followed the shooting of four university students
during a protest against the Soeharto regime.”
T h e te x t sh o w s th at th e p ro te st a g a in st th e S o e h a rto re g im e is th e ca u sal fa c to r
fo llo w e d
th e sh o o tin g o f fo u r u n iv e rsity stu d en ts. B y p la cin g th e v io len c e o r the issue of ethnicity, even in a joking way, sim ple serves to bring lurking hostility and stereotypes to the fore. Part of the reticence can be
attributed to Indonesia’s fickle and painful history, for acknowledging one’s
ethnicity has been dangerous for Chinese-Indonesians.”
Others, h o w ever, feel the failure to look at the issues head-on, and confront
the discrimination that Chinese-Indonesians face, means the issues will never Hian, Tan Eng Hoa, Oey Tiang Tjoe, Oey Tjong Hauw and Drs. Yap Tjwan
Bing even th o u g h they helped draw up the Constitution. Others,
“Many find that their citizenship status still remains in limbo a lth o u g h they
have lived all their lives in the country. Som e have never been
able to participate in a general election b eca u se they don’t have the
k n o w a b o u t In d o n esian p ro b le m . It a lso in d ica te s th at th e in te rn a tio n a l m e d ia h av e
b ig g e r a tten tio n to th e p ro b le m th an lo ca l m e d ia .
“Things are better, and I think we can continue to improve, because we are
still behind Singapore and Malaysia but we are going in the right direction,
there is recognition of us,” says businessman Johnny
Andrean, who rebounded from losing dozens of his hairdressing
salons in the riots to establish the successful chain of J.CO donut
stores.”(ninth paragrap h)
“That’s for the better and will help create a feeling of nationalism. It helps us
feel that we belong. We were born in Indonesia … what’s important is that we
are all the same. When that feeling [of acceptance] arises, then it will be good
for Indonesia.”(tenth paragraph)
office. But even he says that und erlying distinctions remain, most of
the time unspoken. H e uses the analogy of Indonesia’s badm inton
stars, many of whom are ethnic Chinese.”
“When they win, they’re Indonesian,” he says with a smile. “But when they
lose, people will say,‘Ah, he’s Chinese after all.” (twelveth paragrap h)
“I never had a birth certificate,” says Yin Fang, a native of Bangka province. “[The governm ent] makes it so difficult for me to process any paperwork. I’ve
been married for 30 years and I don’t even have a marriage certificate.” (28th
th e tex t sh o w s th at e th n ic C h in e ss still ge t th e d iscrim in a tio n b y n o t h av in g a
of the many in the area that was vandalized and looted during the M ay
riots. He had experienced upheaval before; during a wave of anti-Chinese
sentiment in the early 1960s, 11-year-old Lim and his family fled their home
in Jakarta to take refuge with a friend in Cirebon, West Java.” (Second
paragraph)
P ra c tic a lly, in th e n e w s te x t w h ich is ex p la in ed c le arly, th e re are: eth n ic
E th n ic C h in ese a re d esc rib ed a s th e o n ly v ic tim w h o go t d isc rim in a tio n an d as
(WNI). To do this, a copious set of requirements had to be met and, often, a
large sum of money paid to ensure its processing.” (27th paragraph)
“Many find that their citizenship status still remains in limbo although
they have lived all their lives in the country. Som e have never
been able to participate in a general election because they don’t
(WNI). To do this, a copious set of requirements had to be met and, often, a
“Many find that their citizenship status still remains in limbo although they
have lived all their lives in the country. Som e have never been
able to participate in a general election because they don’t have the identification card (KTP) required to register.”(2 8th p ara grap h )
B a sed o n th e tex t ab o v e , th e jo u rn a lists id en tify th e m se lv e s as
“Things are better, and I think we can continue to improve, because we are
still behind Singapore and Malaysia but we are going in the right direction,
there is recognition of us,” says businessman Johnny
Andrean, who rebounded from losing dozens of his hairdressing
salons in the riots to establish the successful chain of J.CO donut
stores.”(Eighth paragrap h)
“That’s for the better and will help create a feeling of nationalism. It helps us
feel that we belong. We were born in Indonesia … what’s important is that we
are all the same. When that feeling [of acceptance] arises, then it will be good
for Indonesia.”(Ninth paragraph)
“I never had a birth certificate,” says Yin Fang, a native of Bangka province. “[The governm ent] makes it so difficult for me to process any paperwork. I’ve
been married for 30 years and I don’t even have a marriage certificate.” (29th
R E FE R E N C E S
B ook
A rik u n to , S u h a rsim i. Prosedur Penelitian; Suatu Pendekatan Praktek (E d isi R ev isi
V I). Ja k a rta : P T R in e k a C ip ta , 2 0 0 6 .
A sseg af, D ja fa r H . Jurnalistik Masa Kini: Pengantar ke Praktek Kewartawanan, Ja k a rta : G h a lia In d o n esia , 1 9 8 3 .
B u n g is, B u rh a n . Pornom edia: Konstruksi Sosial Teknologi Telematika dan Perayaan Seks di M edia Massa. B o go r: K e n c an a , 2 0 0 3 .
C o o k , G u y.Discourse. O x fo rd : O x fo rd U n iv ersity P re ss, 1 9 8 9 .
C o m p a ct O x fo rd D ic tio n ary, Thesaurus and Wordpower Guide. N e w Y o rk : O x fo rd U n iv ersity P ress, , 2 0 0 1 .
E riya n to .Analisis Wacana: Pengantar Anlasis Teks Media. Y o g yak a rta: L K iS , 2 0 0 3 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Analisis Fram ing: Konstruksi, Ideologi dan Politik Media.
Y o g ya k arta: L K iS , 2 0 0 2 .
H a m ad , Ib n u .Konstruksi Realitas Polotik dalam M edia Massa: Sebuah Studi Critical Discourse Analysis terhadap Berita-berita Politik.Ja k a rta : G ra n it, 2 0 0 4 .
T im P e n yu su n K a m u s P u sat B a h a sa . Kamus Bahasa Indonesia. Ja k a rta : L o ck e, T e rry. Continuum Research M ethod Critical Discourse Analysis. L o n d o n
-N e w Y o rk : C o n tin u u m In te rn a tio n a l P u b lish in g G ro u p , 2 0 0 4 .
S o b u r, A le x . Analisis Teks M edia: Suatu Pengantar Untuk Analisis Wacana, Analisis Semiotik, dan Analisis Fram ing. B a n d u n g : P T . R e m a ja R o sd ak a rya , 2 0 0 4 . S to k es, Ja n e .How To Do Media and Cultural Studies. Y o g ya k a rta : B en tan g , 2 0 0 3 . S u d ib yo , A gu s, e t al. Kabar-kabar Kebencian. J ak arta: In stitu te S tu d y A ru s
In fo rm asi, 2 0 0 1.
T ed jo w o ro , H . Imajinasi dan Imajinasi, Suatu Telaah Filsafat Postmodern.
Y o g ya k arta: K a n isiu s, 2 0 0 1 ,
W o d ak , R u th an d M ic h ael M e ye r. M ethod of Critical Discourse Analysis. L o n d o n : S ag e , 2 0 0 1 .
T hesis
F a ch riz a l, S u rya . Wacana Sekularisme, Pluralisme, dan Liberalisme (SPL)
Pada P emberitaan LKBN Antara dan Koran Tempo Mengenai Hukum
Cambuk di Aceh dan Fatwa MUI Tentang SPL dan Ahmadiyah,
Skripsi. Ja k a rta : In stitu t Ilm u S o sial d an Ilm u P o litik , 2 0 0 6 .
S an to sa, P riyo n o . Jurnalisme Sastra MBM Tempo sebagai Praktik Estetik dan Politik
Bahasa M edia pada Pemberitaan Kasus Dugaan Korupsi yang
M elibatkan Pejabat Negara Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu, skripsi. J ak arta: In stitu t
Ilm u S o sial d an Ilm u P o litik , 2 0 0 6 .
Hidayat, Dedy N. “Paradigma dan Perkembangan Penelitian Komunikasi,”
“M edia Group M ethods and the Discourse Analysis of Norman Fairclough and Teun
