ABSTRACT
Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah. 2017. Ideologies of The Jakarta Post’s News on Suryadharma Ali’s and Sutan Bhatoegana’s Corruption Case: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program on English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University This study employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) that examines the ideologies of The Jakarta Post (TJP) reporting corruption cases of Suryadharma Ali (SDA), the former religious affairs minister, and Sutan Bathoegana (SB), the former head of Commission VII on energy at the House of Representatives. The lexicogrammatical choices in the news text determine how TJP put itself in the middle of discourse flow especially about corruption of SDA and SB in order to attain critical understanding of the news analysis.
Since this study is CDA study, the employment of a linguistic tool ‘Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG)’ is applied to further find the language features as evidences while conducting the discourse analysis. Two research questions remain to start the analysis in this study. The first question is What social wrongs do The Jakarta Post texts reveal in Suryadharma Ali’s and Sutan Bhatoegana’s corruption case? and the second is What ideologies do The Jakarta Post texts reflect in Suryadharma Ali’s and Sutan Bhatoegana’s corruption case?
There are some theories that are used to answer the research question: critical discourse analysis, ideology, language and symbolic power, media discourse, Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK/Komisi Pemberantas Korupsi) and The Jakarta Post (TJP). Those theories are related to one another in order to frame the analysis of ideology and discursive practice in the news articles.
The analytical framework helps this research to analyze the data by using three-dimensional framing of Fairclough. In the textual analysis, SFG is intentionally used to describe the meanings of ideational (field), interpersonal (tenor) and textual (mode). The transitivity analysis of material, mental, verbal, relational and existential processes is employed in the ideational metafunction. The modality analysis is employed in the interpersonal metafunction, meanwhile conjunction and topic (thematic) analyses are in the textual metafunction. The findings of language features from textual analysis are used to interpret the discursive practice then the results are used to explain in the analysis of socio-cultural practice. The criticism is produced by employing five stages of Roy Bhaskar’s explanatory critique after these three dimensions of framing finish to be analyzed.
From the results of mode analysis, language strategies are then produced as discourse elements. The language strategies of journalists are indicated as discursive practice. They are focus on the actor’s defiance and scared of KPK detention, focus on actor’s trivial things to avoid the law enforcement, being strict to the law enforcement, focus on the contradiction, focus on the propaganda action and emphasize the KPK obedience to the law / legal process. The reproduction and the representation of corruption discourse are definitely found after these strategies show up on social practice analysis dealing with ideology.
and/or discriminated KPK within the claim of degrading KPK authority in the draft revision of the Commission Law no. 30/ 2002 controlling and supervising the systematical working of KPK itself but also to support KPK becoming more powerful in order to eradicate corruption.
IDEOLOGIES OF THE JAKARTA POST’S NEWS ON
CORRUPTION OF SURYADHARMA ALI AND SUTAN
BHATOEGANA: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree
in English Language Studies
by
Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah 136332028
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
IDEOLOGIES OF THE JAKARTA POST’S NEWS ON
CORRUPTION OF SURYADHARMA ALI AND SUTAN
BHATOEGANA: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree
in English Language Studies
by
Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah 136332028
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the middle of 2013, I decided to move to Yogyakarta and accidentally continued my study in English. Being enrolled as a student at Sanata Dharma University is Qodr, a gracious fate. I believe to Allah the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful that my decision to study English linguistics, though hard and difficult to do, can bring Barakah to many people especially me.
I express so much thank for my thesis advisor Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. His friendly and kind-hearted manners show his integrity not only to teach but also to educate me. Being helped, pushed, supported and motivated by him gives me a chance to do and to finish this CDA research. I also thank the thesis reviewers Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M. A and Dr. E. Sunarto, M. Hum. because their help does really improve my writing. I express so much thank to the lecturers in this department, Prof. Soepomo Poedjoseodarmo, M.A., FX. Mukarto, Ph.D., Dr. F. X. Siswadi, M.A., Dr. J. Bismoko, and Dr. Novita Dewi, M. S., M. A. (Hons).
I also express my gratitude to Dr. Alb. Budi Susanto, S. J., Dr. J. Haryatmoko, S.J., and Dr. G. Budi Subanar, S.J. They gave me many lecturers and discussions about philosophy, culture and social disciplines. Afterward these opportunities helped me to think beyond my knowledge in English education and language.
My gratefulness also goes to my classmates in KBI 2013 class A, B and C especially Bundo Maria Wulandari and Cik Vivi Muryanti also in Linguistics class, Mbak Mimi, Mbak Rina, Mas Ryan, Mas Tangguh, Joan, Nita, Adria, and Rieta. To KBI staff, Mbak Lely, Siwi, Mbak Marni, Elly and Pak Mul thank you for helping me during my academic time. Finally, I also thank those whom I cannot mention one by one. My prayers are directed to all of you. May the Almighty give you all goodness in health, wealth, family and life path. Amen!
DEDICATION PAGE
inna ma‟al-„usri yusrā
Indeed, with hardship [will be] ease. fa idzā faragta fanshab‟
So when you have finished [your duties], then stand up [for worship]. [QS. Ash-Sharh: Verse 6-7]
innalloha ma‟ash-shobiriin
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ... i
ADVISOR APPROVAL PAGE ... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ... iii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY………..………..iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ………v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vi
DEDICATION PAGE... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF TABLES ... xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xii
ABSTRACT ... xiii
ABSTRAK ... xv
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Research Questions ... 12
1.3 Research Objectives ... 12
1.4 Research Benefits ... 15
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ... 18
2.1 Theoretical Review ... 18
2.1.1 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) ... 18
2.1.2 Ideology ... 26
2.1.3 Language and Symbolic Power ... 28
2.1.4 Media Discourse ... 31
2.1.5 Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) ... 32
2.1.6 Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) ... 35
2.2 Related Studies ... 39
2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 43
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ... 46
3. 1 Type of the Study ... 46
3.3 Data Analysis ... 50
3.4 Analytical Framework for CDA ... 52
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 55
4.1 Social Wrongs ... 56
4.2 Obstacles to Social Wrong Being Tackled ... 62
4.2.1 The Network of (Social) Practices ... 63
4.2.2 The Relationship of Semiosis to Other Social Elements ... 76
4.2.3 The Discourse or Semiosis ... 81
4.3 The Place of Social Wrong ... 92
4.4 Possible Ways Past the Obstacles ... 93
4.5 Critical Reflection ... 100
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 102
5.1 Conclusions ... 102
5.2 Suggestions ... 110
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 Suryadharma gets cold feet, skips KPK summons ... 97
APPENDIX 2 Suryadharma defies KPK summons, again ... 99
APPENDIX 3 Ex-minister aims to repeat Budi‘s success ... 101
APPENDIX 4 KPK detains Sutan Bhatoegana ... 103
APPENDIX 5 KPK locks up flamboyant Democratic Party cofounder ... 104
APPENDIX 6 Dems not surprised with Sutan‘s arrest ... 106
APPENDIX 7 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article ―Suryadharma gets cold feet, skips KPK summons‖ on February 5th, 2015 ... 107
APPENDIX 8 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article ―Suryadharma defies KPK summons, again‖ on February 11st, 2015 ... 111
APPENDIX 9 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article ― Ex-minister aims to repeat Budi‘s success‖ on February 24th, 2015... 114
APPENDIX 10 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article ―KPK detains Sutan Bhatoegana‖ published on February 2nd, 2015………... 117
APPENDIX 11 Three Dimensional Framework Analysis in the Article ―KPK locks up flamboyant Democratic Party cofounder‖ published on February 3rd, 2015... 118
ABSTRACT
Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah. 2016. Ideologies of The Jakarta Post’s News on Suryadharma Ali’s and Sutan Bhatoegana’s Corruption Case: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program on English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University
This study employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) that examines the ideologies of The Jakarta Post (TJP) reporting corruption cases of Suryadharma Ali (SDA), the former religious affairs minister, and Sutan Bathoegana (SB), the former head of Commission VII on energy at the House of Representatives. The lexicogrammatical choices in the news text determine how TJP put itself in the middle of discourse flow especially about corruption of SDA and SB in order to attain critical understanding of the news analysis.
Since this study is CDA study, the employment of a linguistic tool ‗Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG)‘ is applied to further find the language features as evidences while conducting the discourse analysis. Two research questions remain to start the analysis in this study. The first question is What social wrongs do The Jakarta Post texts reveal in Suryadharma Ali‟s and Sutan Bhatoegana‟s corruption case? and the second is What ideologies do The Jakarta Post texts reflect in Suryadharma Ali‟s and Sutan Bhatoegana‟s corruption case?
There are some theories that are used to answer the research question: critical discourse analysis, ideology, language and symbolic power, media discourse, Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK/Komisi Pemberantas Korupsi) and The Jakarta Post (TJP). Those theories are related to one another in order to frame the analysis of ideology and discursive practice in the news articles.
The analytical framework helps this research to analyze the data by using three-dimensional framing of Fairclough. In the textual analysis, SFG is intentionally used to describe the meanings of ideational (field), interpersonal (tenor) and textual (mode). The transitivity analysis of material, mental, verbal, relational and existential processes is employed in the ideational metafunction. The modality analysis is employed in the interpersonal metafunction, meanwhile conjunction and topic (thematic) analyses are in the textual metafunction. The findings of language features from textual analysis are used to interpret the discursive practice then the results are used to explain in the analysis of socio-cultural practice. The criticism is produced by employing five stages of Roy Bhaskar‘s explanatory critique after these three dimensions of framing finish to be analyzed.
From the results of mode analysis, language strategies are then produced as discourse elements. The language strategies of journalists are indicated as discursive practice. They are focus on the actor‟s defiance and scared of KPK detention, focus on actor‟s trivial things to avoid the law enforcement, being strict to the law enforcement, focus on the contradiction, focus on the propaganda action and emphasize the KPK obedience to the law / legal process. The reproduction and the representation of corruption discourse are definitely found after these strategies show up on social practice analysis dealing with ideology.
situation to KPK and charge denials of KPK. On the other hand, the ideologies from SB news articles are the powerful KPK and limitation of KPK‟s authority. The set of beliefs that TJP puts in corruption discourse will support mostly the readers especially the foreigner readers‘ point of view about Indonesia socio-political condition which influence the economy stability in the country. This study finally shows that TJP contributions can support not only the powerless, minor, marginalized and/or discriminated KPK within the claim of degrading KPK authority in the draft revision of the Commission Law no. 30/ 2002 controlling and supervising the systematical working of KPK itself but also to support KPK becoming more powerful in order to eradicate corruption.
ABSTRAK
Putri Adinihaqi Chusnul Chotimah. 2016. Ideologies of The Jakarta Post’s News on Suryadharma Ali’s and Sutan Bhatoegana’s Corruption Case: A Critical Discourse Analysis. Yogyakarta: Program Pascasarjana Kajian Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penelitian in menggunakan Analisa Wacana Kritis (AWK) yang meneliti tentang ideologi The Jakarta Post (TJP) dalam pemberitaan kasus korupsi Suryadharma Ali (SDA), mantan menteri agama dan Sutan Bathoegana (SB), mantan ketua komisi VII DPR. Pemilihan leksikogramatika dalam teks berita menentukan leberpihakan TJP dalam arus wacana terutaman mengenai korupsi SDA dan SB.
Dikarenakan penelitian ini adalah penelitian AWK, penggunaan alat bahasa yaitu Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG sebagai pisau bedahnya agar dapat mencari fitur bahasa sebagai bukti ketika menganalisa wacana yang ada. Dua perumusan masalah digunakan untuk memulai analisa penelitian ini. Pertanyaan pertama adalah Masalah sosial apa yang muncul dalam teks berita koran The Jakarta Post guna mengungkap kasus korupsi Suryadharma Ali dan Sutan Bhatoegana? dan kedua adalah Ideologi apa yang teks berita koran The Jakarta Post refleksikan dalam kasus korupsi Suryadharma Ali dan Sutan Bhatoegana?
Beberapa teori digunakan untuk dapat membantu menjawab perumusan masalah: analisa wacana kritis, ideologi, bahasa dan kekuatan simbolis, wacana media, Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG), Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) dan The Jakarta Post (TJP). Teori-teori ini berhubungan satu dengan yang lain guna membingkai analisa ideologi dalam artikel berita.
Kerangka analitis membantu peneliti menganalisa data menggunakan tiga dimensi bingkai milik Fairclough. Dalam analisis teks, SFG sengaja digunakan untuk menjelaskan makna ideational (field), interpersonal (tenor) dan textual (mode). Analisis transitivity dari material, mental, verbal, relational dan existential process digunakan dalam ideational metafunction. Analisis modality digunakan dalam interpersonal metafunction, sedangkan kata hubung (conjunction) dan topic (thematic) analysis digunakan dalam textual metafunction. Di dalam analisis proses, penemuan fitur bahasa dari analisis tekstual digunakan untuk menafsirkan praktek wacana dan kemudian hasilnya digunakan untuk menjelaskan analisis praktek sosial. Kritik dihasilkan kemudian dengan menggunakan lima tahap explanatory critique milik Roy Bhaskar setelah analisa tiga dimensi pembingkaian berita milik Fairclough.
Dari hasil analisis tekstual metafungsi, strategi bahasa diproduksi sebagai element wacana. Strategi bahasa jurnalis diindikasikan sebagai praktek wacana, yaitu: fokus terhadap penyangkalan dan ketakutan aktor akan penjara KPK, fokus terhadap hal sepele untuk menghindari penegakan hukum, tegas pada proses penegakan hukum, fokus terhadap kontradiksi, fokus terhadap propaganda dan menekankan pada kepatuhan KPK terhadap hukum. Reproduksi dan representasi dari wacana korupsi ditemukan setelah strategi tersebut muncul dalam analisis praktek sosial yang berhubungan dengan ideologi.
pemberitaan SB adalah KPK institusi yang kuat dan pembatasan kewenangan KPK. Keyakinan yang TJP masukkan dalan wacana korupsi akan menciptakan sudut pandang pembaca khususnya pembaca asing mengenai kondisi sosial politik di Indonesia yang dapat mempengaruhi stabilitas ekonomi dan demokrasi di negara ini. Penelitian ini akirnya dapat menunjukkan bahwa kontribusi TJP dapat mendukung tidak hanya ketidakberdayaan KPK dalam kaitannya mengenai kasus pelemahan KPK dalam draft revisi UU KPK no.30/2002 mengontrol dan mengawasi sistematika kerja KPK tetapi juga mendukung KPK supaya lebih kuat dalam mencegah dan memberantas korupsi.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
This introductory part presents the research background, research questions, research objectives and research benefits. Research background represents why the study of the topic is worth to study. Research questions are specified to explain what matters this study has to answer. The purposes of this study are clarified in the research objectives. Research benefits are complementary to define so that the readers can relate their ideas with the benefits presented here.
1.1 Background of the Study
The issue of corruption especially for the political purpose in Indonesia continues to make daily headlines in many Indonesian media and generates much heated debate and fierce discussion. The answers are still searched for the questions of corruption whether it has been roots in traditional pre-colonial societies, the Dutch colonial era, the Japanese occupation (1942-1945) or the subsequent independent Indonesian governments.
tactics in communication, the politician who act as a professional have been successfully persuade or argue the media and its reader depend on, what Bourdieu (1991) says, the accumulation of capitals he acquires and the historical experience of nation. The politician step in a discourse successfully contributes to the object (political practice). It can make slight dividing-line between political consciousness and unconsciousness, also, only the agent of change can make a breakthrough about many political actions or practices that by using a critical analysis; the existence of discursive practice in the discourse involving domination, inequality and power imbalance (van Dijk, 1997).
about power imbalance in governmental structure. In this matter, the chronological events must be on the logical and systematical way so that redlines around the corruption discourse is found. For the simplification, an article has an interrelationship with other articles to gather specific information, in this case, Suryadharma‘s corruption case.
The term authority is often applied for domination in political power, perceived as a legitimate business. On the other hand, power can be also seen as injustice manner for domination (Joseph, 2006) and the exercise of imbalance power is still accepted as a deadly virus to humans as social beings. Criminals who commit crimes and the status is still a witness or suspect under corruption investigation, are possible to break the rules because of his political power and capitals accumulation he has. He also can speak any ―tongue-twister‖ because his ability on using the artful language used so that the quality of messages might influence public attitude.
investigations in order to get arrest sooner the corruptor. Media as public representation, especially TJP in reporting corruption cases, also plays a role in supporting KPK by giving the transparencies of information to the public so that its news can make the reader believes the ideologies behind its text article.
Indirect communication is successfully delivered from the sayer to the receiver if the participant, known as Media, also successfully processes the message/idea and informs it exactly. In order to be able to report and to interpret the utterances of corruptor as a political actor while speaking to the public, journalists as a participant in the communication contexts play a part to contribute to certain belief so the reader or audience can assume and assure about the corruption, the existent of crime phenomenon.
conclusion, TJP as the newspaper media has its own authorization in reproduce the experiences and react fairly the representation of world into a piece of newspaper text based on the interpretation of existence, whether it is something or someone.
The second problem is how vocabulary choices and well-ordered sentences in building up sequences of discourse are intended to design and to produce corruption news articles. Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) concerns to how meanings are made in different contexts. Halliday (2004) defines three metafunctional languages of the grammatical system used by the speaker/writer to rely on human experience. First is ideational metafunction which function of the grammar is ‗language as reflection‘. Starting from his
function focuses on ‗language as action‘ how the language used in a text cannot be abused or misused by the language users because it presents the representation of the world. Second is interpersonal metafunction which function is ‗language as exchange‘. There is a transaction between speaker
play roles in determining the authority of the text instead of free from its producer (writer and utterer).
Between actor and participant, there must be a relevant participant who can take part in the discourse to be criticized, intend to be delivered to audiences or readers. They act as the recipient of politics information (van Dijk 1993: 13). This statement points clearly to the students of linguistics in playing the role as the agent of change to sound the independent judgment about ideological critic in
what the journalists reveal about the political corruption. It proposes producing an autonomous text – objectivity – based on the important ―real-life experience‖ meaning. Bourdieu (2010: 170) terms this condition as epoche (French) or epoch (English). It means that a language analyst must take a distance to make trajectory of interpretation buildings by using structural analysis, instead of bracketing the text.
linguistic features of mode, field and tenor indicated as multi-dimensional semiotic space are applied to analyze Suryadharma Ali and Sutan Bathoegana the ex-ministers corruption news article of TJP. By employing SFG, the researcher wishes the systemic structural analysis behind the text can be found objectively. Because of the readers‘ authority in receiving information; various assumptions between ‗agree‘ and ‗disagree‘ ‒ probably be just neutral ‒ can appear and reproduce the text they have already read. Since it is impossible for CDA researcher to criticize objectively the ideology found in the text, the analysis of CDA must be sit-in certain subjectivity to prove the truth, revealing ideology.
In analyzing the clauses of a news article in TJP, Halliday‘s transitivity is used as a fundamental and powerful semantic concept. It generally refers to the representational meaning of the clause to show how language users encode in a language their mental picture of reality (assumptions) and how they account for their experience of the world around them (presupposit ions). Since transitivity is dealt with the transmission of ideas, it is considered to fall within the realm of the ideational function (field values) of language.
a number of witnesses and experts [to convince the panel of judges at the court].
The inclination modulation would is used to express the writer‘s intention to state the earlier doing-and-happening legal move of corruption suspect while the verb present refers to present tense.
The textual metafunction (mode values) relates to the construction of the text. It means that an enabling or facilitating function construe experience and enact interpersonal relations so the sequence of discourse, the discursive flow, cohesion, and continuity enable to be built up along the context, above the text. The division between semiotic and social activities, between linguistic and semiotic (in language context) activities, the rhetoric, dialogic or monologic turn, written or spoken turn, and channel whether phonic or graphic can be facilitated through mode. In the constraint of meaning, Halliday defines the Theme functions to point the departure for the message. It is the element the speaker selects for ‗grounding‘ what he is going on to say. For example, the using of Unmarked Theme in the clause: and that he committed none of the offenses... The underlined is Unmarked because it has a function as the subject, nominalized clause as Head. On the other hand, in the clause: and that he committed none of the offenses the KPK has accused him of. The underlined is Marked and it
indicates that this nominalized clause is Complementizer and has a function as the Head, while ‗the KPK‘ is the independent subject but categorized in Rheme.
Newspaper articles also provide abundant examples of the ideological significance. This paper intentionally makes overt The Jakarta news writers‘ concept in constructing and evaluating a report related to political participants and actors in a news text. Due to the process of assuming corruption scandal, there must be part(s) of event that needs(s) to be deleted or added in order to make a logical and a chronological story.
A problem appears when the journalists are commonly non-native English speakers in which their English ability must be in the same degree of natives‘ English competence to make a good arranged of English news text. Although their mental lexicons are different with the English natives, their ideas and structures of writing hereby are built in the realm of English language. It can make sense that the journalists can influence the English readers to (dis)agree about the corruption scandals or cases. Van Dijk (1997) states that basic frameworks of social cognition should be able shared by members of social groups and three kinds of unconscious human elements of cognition in order to cover news writers‘ ideologies can be met. His three-previous-terms are a symbol, representation, and language. They are best indicators in constitute and organize an ideological scheme that represents self-definition of a group. In addition, Fairclough (1998) optimizes that the lexis and rhetoric on the language used of news article do not only represent symbol but also power to dominate others. For simplification, the text has a mean to construct a language which is intended for hegemonic control.
the previous studies. Here two researchers who are interested in analyzing the discourse analysis of Media by using SFG as the fundamental of structural analysis to conduct a CDA study as the approach to use. The first is Matu and Lubbe (2007). They examine the application of two approaches from discourse analysis, that is, the ideological square from CDA which analyzes consistency and relevancy of Kenya print media‘s idea; and transitivity of Halliday. The component of SFG in the representational clause analysis of political parties in the 1997 elections intend to show how political groups in the sense of us vs them and the representational processes of transitivity can construct ideological discourse.
The second is Akinwotu (2014). He compares only the discursive strategies in the media interviews of participants in the January 2012 crisis on the removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria. The framework of CDA examines a total of ten media interviews of government spokespersons and protesters on the rationality of government‘s action. His research shows that the government spokespersons deploy blackmail containing opinion and defensive rhetoric, while protesters utterances are characterized as a threat to government by using combat and condemnatory rhetoric. Manipulative persuasion strategies of solidarity and framing are significantly used by those parties.
Mardikantoro (2014) analyzes the attitudinal study of how Kompas, Koran Tempo, Republika, Jawa Pos and Suara Merdeka have their own point of view
in reporting the corruption cases, especially in the editorial. The ideologies are found within Fairclough‘s Framing. Firstly Koran Tempo in the two editorials shows its disagreement about misleading two suspects into custody. They are Indar Atmanto, an ex-Indosat director who sentenced as the accused in the corruption case instead of a witness informing the corruption case; and of Brigjen Heru Sukrisno, who lately give back the corruption document of military ‗Fokker F-50‘ project he had examined. Secondly, Koran Tempo, Kompas, Republika, Jawa Pos and Suara Merdeka show their support to some
corruption cases which involving Nazarrudin, Wiendu Nuryanti, Fathonah and Gayus Tambunan.
From the elaboration of the background of this study in the previous paragraphs, this paper intends to observe the written form of language use in news articles of corruption cases in The Jakarta Post (TJP) with Systemic Functional Grammar. The analysis of Halliday‘s SFG, i.e. the clause as message (textual metafunction), the clause as exchange (interpersonal metafunction) and the clause as representation (experiential metafunction) in the newspaper TJP generally attracting public attention of corruption cases done by ministries; are still in the line with the goal of CDA: finding out the ideology of news text that relates to the power, control, inequality, hegemony and oppression in language system by considering the situational context behind it (van Dijk, 1993 and Wodak, 1995).
1.2 Research Questions
This study intends to answer the following questions:
1. What social wrongs do The Jakarta Post texts reveal in Suryadharma Ali‘s and Sutan Bhatoegana‘s corruption case?
2. What ideologies do The Jakarta Post texts reflect in Suryadharma Ali‘s and Sutan Bhatoegana‘s corruption case?
1.3 Research Objectives
Since KPK posits as the oppressive subject compared to the Representatives, the problem considers being depoliticization of democracy. Several trials to limit anti-corruption movements emerge in macro-political behavior. Representatives‘ policy about the draft of Commission Law no. 30/2002 considers being the gap between power stakeholders, for instance, KPK and National Police in enforcing the law. The indication to find out the depoliticization of democracy, social context is needed rather than the text itself to get broad perspective on the social order (p. 139). The feasibility to understand the effect of TJP ideologies can reflect the representation of social cognition about corruption.
The third objective is to seek the exploration of language metafunctions of ideational. Halliday (2004) in ideational function defines the transitivity approach (TA) deals with how the experiential metafunction of meaning is realized. Halliday argues that TA in the clause as representation has aims to put the experience of the world in the form of language. In this function, the language user has many choices in relying his experience of the world, in here the events of a corruption scandal, on the form of systemic language.
The fourth objective is to explain why the language users in clarifying the text whether animate e.g. corruptor, delegate and/or inanimate e.g. corruption cases, allegation uses certain vocabularies and patterns to express their ideas based on their real-world experience. Halliday (2004) calls it as the interpersonal function of metalanguage. The journalists receive the info from speakers‘ message, and as the language user, they write the message into a well-structured news article, especially the use of certain modal and tense. Stitcher and Wodak (2000) define that the concept of meaning in which ‗part of a complex process of discourse formation‘ are produced and reproduced in a dialectical process of negotiation. The written articles in here are observed to find the processes of news writers‘ choice of certain linguistic features which consist of linear organization of words in a clause as an exchange.
first. The speaker enables to choose the Theme as his or her point of departure to guide the addressee in developing an interpretation of the message. The thematic message which is observed as Marked also the Unmarked ones may help the researcher to gather information about what is the prominent message, enables herself as the addressee to process the message.
1.4 Research Benefits
This study has both theoretical and practical benefits. Theoretically, this study gives the contribution to the development of Critical Discourse Analysis of corruption, especially in Indonesia. The discourse taken from newspaper media The Jakarta Post (TJP) are analyzed in the angle of mode, field, and tenor
values. The findings of this metafunctional language can present how vocabulary choices, build-up sentences, and word meanings are part of the discursive practice that might carry certain ideologies as the representation of Indonesian reality in promoting anti-corruption movement. The limited analysis of reported and quoted speeches of corruptor written by TJP can be beneficial for the next researchers that the evidence of language strategies (presupposition) of the suspect, e.g. frequent denial and innocent expression of corruptors indicate media‘s alignment framing the texts.
The journalists, however, has the legitimation to report the case, to quote the utterances and to produce texts; and the researcher also can play role as the addressee of information has an opportunity to criticize agree/disagree. The main tool to analyze the written texts is the metafunction analysis, and the research on CDA based on SFG that news text has its own alignments to oppose or to support (anti) corruption, is applicable to be used in text analysis. Titscher and Wodak (2000) explicitly agree that Fairclough‘s CDA is related to the grammatical construction of Michael Halliday‘s Systemic Functional linguistics that language is dealt with social interaction, and the dialectical process, the cultural and historical acts of meaning making are essential to provide as data text. By observing the linguistic structure and applying the SFG approach, the relation between text and the social circumstances will be relatable in accordance with each other.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter consists of three divisions. The first is literature review which displays the theories underlying this research that identified as the main tools to answer the research questions. The second is the related studies that focus on previous studies which are in the same interest and area with this research. The third is the theoretical framework of how the theories are elaborated to answer the research questions.
2.1 Theoretical Review
This part shows the theories that are used to clarify the research topic. Those are Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Ideology, Language and Symbolic Power, Media Discourse and Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG).
2.1.1 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
‗a field of both ideological processes and linguistic processes, and ... there is a determinate relation between these two kinds of process‘. In other words, DA assumes as a language in action; while CDA aims to make it more visible and transparent. The purpose of CDA is to analyze structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power, and control as manifested in language.
Therefore to analyze the power structure, the task of critical linguistics and discourse analysis show the role of language and discourse in the development of maintenance and reproduction of that system (van Dijk, 1997). Malrieu (1999: 96-97) defines a main of two Discourse Analysis theoretical tricks from French which involved many linguists and social scientists in distinguishing between text and discourse. The text is studied by means of linguistic theories while discourse is described by ideology theory. The analysis of DA goes directly from linguistic features to interpretations. Meaning is the object of ideology theory, but Semantics is idealism in linguistic study. In conclusion, CDA focuses on relations between the structure of language strategies (interpretation) and of social practices (explanation) so they can be constituted in the semiotic dimension (orders of discourse).
Every language has an ideology in its structures or events that concluded in present condition. Ideology issues figure in the wider framework of theories and analysis of power, i.e. hegemony concept. Ideology locates at various levels in various ways. The key is a property of structures and a property of events. In searching for the ideology, Fairclough (1997) determines an analytic-three- dimensional framework for conceiving of and analyzing discourse that both in structures which constitute the outcome of past events and in events which the conditions for current events reproduce and transform.
The first dimension is discourse-as-text. It means that the linguistic features and organization of concrete instances of discourse as like vocabulary choices and patterns, grammar, cohesion, and text structure should be analyzed systematically. For example, the use of passive verb forms in news article “the title of religion minister had been entrusted to him” can result the effect of
concealing the agent of political processes. In this sentence, the subject is deleted intentionally pointing out the president.
Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). The choice of words as a headline can determine the politician‘s careless behavior towards an anti-corruption movement that he is apathy, showing ‗none of my (Suryadharma) businesses‘.
The third dimension is discourse-as-social-practice. It means that discourse is a feature in the ideological effects and hegemonic processes. Hegemony concerns power that is achieved through constructing alliances and integrating classes and groups through consent so that the articulation and rearticulation of orders of discourse are correspondingly one stake in the hegemonic struggle. The way in which corruption discourse is being represented, respoken, or rewritten by TJP journalist sheds light on the emergence of new orders of discourse, struggles over normativity, attempts at control, and resistance against regimes of power. For example, the effects of news title and the article can produce various significances. In the perspective of politic, an accused ministry is using his political power as the Islamic party head to symbolize that he may not do corruption. A capital symbol which he holds on can give an effect of power relation and contribute to social struggle that to arrest the corruptor need bigger effort and support from many related people. In conclusion, this framing analysis can determine the reframing of the researcher to talk about going back and re-interpreting the meaning of news story text in TJP about corruption discourse.
done, Fairclough in Woodak (2001) presents the methodology of Bhaskar‘s explanatory critique. It can be formulated in five ‗procedural orders‘, called as ‗stages‘ then further elaborated as ‗steps‘.
The first stage is a social wrong, in its semiotic aspects. In this stage, the selection of research topic ‗Indonesia Corruption‘ considers being the construction of research object. Depoliticization of the recent political situation is the major problem here. Democracy seems failed and doesn‘t work to be public‘s medium in speaking loudly the aspiration. Related to social wrong, the discourse signifies the semiotic features of what corruption meaning is. The social wrong is referred to the problems which powerless group of people is confronted with and debated, otherwise, it is actually the object of semiotic itself (p.125).
This stage focuses on what is problematic and calls for change, and need socio-cultural context to define who is being oppressed by whom. The researcher has several emancipatory objectives to support the oppressed ones instead of KPK (Corruption Eradication Commission/KPK) since the future plan to reform KPK regulation is on processing. This matter has become sudden controversy within anti-corruption campaigns until now because it can reduce KPK‘s authority. The researcher suggests that the social order needs the problem
to be overcome so it contributes to sustaining particular relations of power and domination in the matter of anti-corruption.
(fields, institutions, organizations). Since the social life is structured and organized, the term of obstacles appears afterward can make the social wrong (problem) being resistant to find an easy resolution. There are three obstacles to be identified so that this study can make a bridge to past them.
The first obstacle is the network of (social and discursive) practices constituting a social order. When corruption is being the way of life, for instance, the existence of KPK becomes the scariest enemy to many corruptors especially those in the state agencies. When the data comes from news text of Suryadharma Ali‘s and Sutan Bathoegana‘s cases, the corruption practices are framed into ideological perspectives. The practices relate each other including not only the corruptors but also other agents. They constitute both governments (the House of Representative members, the ministries, etc) and non-governments (the politicians in parties, the private stakeholders, etc). Bold names below are the example of doer agents that probably involving in a case:
Due to his powerful position in control of the energy ministry Sutan also allegedly instructed Rudi to rig the bidding for a lucrative multimillion-dollar oil project held by a local unit of US energy giant Chevron, in which Edhie “Ibas” Baskoro, the youngest son of former president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, was also implicated (41, X, E)
‗Due to his powerful position in control of the energy ministry‘ can be
identified into nepotism while collusion is ‗instructed Rudi to rig the
eradicating corruption. By understanding the network of practice, the researcher can identify that, first, ‗corruption‘ is eventually framed into media‘s domination to influence readers and, second, KPK needs support to eradicate corruption.
The second obstacle is the relationship of semiosis to other (social) elements within the particular practice(s) concerned. This part has an aim in bridging between the network of social practices and semiosis. The way how ‗corruption‘ is structuring the social life and how it produces the people identities operating the particular practice can indicate that ‗corruption‘ term is restructured by TJP as media in representing political discourse. In this part of analysis, the researcher should focus to highlight again the social wrong of depoliticization which crippling the power and the function of KPK. The importance to revoke the draft bill of the criminal code and the criminal procedural code must be explained clearly in this part.
The third obstacle is the discourse/semiosis itself. Semiosis plays a crucial role in imposing, extending and legitimizing especially the term ‗corruption‘ (p.130). The ways of using language in particular interaction between structure and action influence the researcher about The Jakarta Post (TJP) newspaper articles which has been read and analyzed. The researcher
the depoliticization really happens to degrade KPK‘s authority and the language power of TJP help to influence the emergence of revoking the revision of criminal code and of criminal procedural code.
The third stage is the place of social wrong. By raising the question, the anticipation answer can show that social order should not be changed for specific political purposes degrading KPK‘s authority. Dealing with TJP‘s ideologies, the effect can conclude TJP‘s alignment whether supporting, neutral or unsupporting. It is a way of linking ‗is‘ to ‗ought‘. It means that the way what social life is should be changed. However, particular interest does not represent the public interest. If a social order inherently produces major social wrongs/ problems that are a reason for the researcher thinking perhaps it should be changed. The questions of ideological discourse in TJP news article arise in this stage of analysis in order to sustain power and domination. In this study, unequal relations of power in the texts are ideologically controlled by TJP in order to generate strong public support for KPK against corruptors.
otherwise as mediated by social practices. Hence, KPK as the one which legitimized by the president and House of Representatives is considered to be an annoyed figure for those commit to corruption offense. This practice can show how the relationship between the dominated and the dominating in the interaction is a failure (resistance) in the social order. The ‗sounds‘ from law experts, Indonesia Corruption Watch, and other neutral institution can be used for the alternative.
The last stage is a critical reflection. This stage provides an analysis to turn how effective it as critique reflexively does or contribute to social emancipation. The tackling problems are met then attempts for eradicating corruption in Indonesia can be sustained and extended. The researcher can make a contribution to other social researchers who are accessible to findings of this study so KPK must exist.
2.1.2 Ideology
ideologies can represent the critique of readers‘ point of view to the news, i.e. in this study is the researcher.
As meaning in the service of power, the ideologies are examined by providing linguistic evidence. They emerge practically in a certain discourse and figure as implicit assumptions in texts (Fairclough, 1995: 14). Their effects to produce or reproduce relations of power and of domination are mediated by language. The whole sets of linguistic resources and practices should be verbally expressed, formulated and reproduced in interaction and communication processes among or between a group of inside and outside members who are able to share the same ideological concept. In this study, the deeper language analysis can help to find detailed understanding of ideologies produced and distributed by TJP.
Truth or falsehood is various but important to exist as the ideology. The fundamental concept of ideologies as being ‗false‘, ‗misguided‘, ‗wrong‘ or ‗illusionary‘ should be left. Ideologies are not ‗false‘ or ‗true‘ in any interesting sense, and even less when falsity is typically attributed to the ideas of ideological ‗Others‘. The evaluation of ‗false‘ regarding ideologies refers to what psychologists can name an ‗attribution error‘. Ideologies are to be ‗true‘ by those who share them. It is what van Dijk (2004) dubbed as Knowledge.
between the producer and the receiver of language. The findings in this study posit the researcher as the one doing a Subjective point of view and argue them to be the social formations that will make it real and true.
2.1.3 Language and Symbolic Power
Indonesia citizens‘ eyes are now open wide to delegate their interest and power in trusting the politicians to represent them in the political arena (game) since Soeharto‘s regime of New Orde had been fallen down. In analyzing political representation, the term of habitus and disposition are used as a reflection of Bourdieu‘s approach in the sense of a structured social condition (1991: 203-219). The existence of individuals social condition especially newspaper writer is reflected in the habitus which is a set of dispositions causes agents, newspaper media to act and react the reality of corruption practice in certain ways. Dispositions generate political practices, perceptions, and attitudes which are regular without being consciously coordinated or governed by any ‗rule‘. The virtue of invested power in political disposition, for instance, consider as the features of habitus. They are incalculated, structured, durable, generative and transposable by political professionals (party, leader, and other appearance). They take control and monopolize the production of perception and expression of a given population especially news reader.
When individuals act, they always do practices and perceptions/assumptions, works and appreciations in specific social contexts or settings or fields. As a structured space of positions, the distribution of four kinds of resources of capital is the struggles site in which individuals seek to maintain their status quo
or play the game. The first is economic capital. It deals with money and other valuable materials. The second is social capital which deals with the career positions and society networking. The third is a cultural capital. It relates to the ownership of knowledge even educational intelligence. The fourth is symbolic capital how the accumulation of capitals determines someone to win the political competition or game.
In the relation with capitals, symbolic power remains as the practice defining reality. In the production of news, the ability to define reality is a fundamental form of power. Bourdieu states that this kind of power is invisible and can be exercised only with the complicity of those who do not want to know that they are subject to it or even that they themselves exercise it (1991: 164). The effect of symbolic power is to influence the actions of others and indeed to create events, by means of the production and transmission of symbolic forms which especially include ideology. The Jakarta Post (TJP) as the news media is a central player of knowledge-production and meaning-exchange of what happen about corruption in Indonesia. TJP‘s work is actually the exercise of symbolic power itself. Using symbolism make people see and believe about social reality (p. 170). This paper at least shows that TJP owns the power to name, to define, to endorse and to persuade through news matters. What are cited, written, distributed and produced in the news are its responsibility of marketization so that Indonesia‘s socio-political realities can influence more investors to invest in Indonesia.
without saying because it comes without saying means that silent subject remains
implicit and unformulated/ unstructured principle. It is simply identified as intertextuality that a reflection of perfectly closed world correlates with the arbitrariness of misrecognition. Intertextuality arises competition for legitimacy and conflict between true or false of certain groups (Bourdieu, 1995: 168). This paper intentionally focuses on criticizing how TJP as legitimized subject has its own disposition to narrate the information, characters, and stories involved in news articles so that the exercise of symbolic power is simply expressed within relationships in the arena (news matters). In this corruption discourse analysis of Suryadharma Ali (SDA) and Sutan Bhatoegana (SB), TJP outspokenly supports KPK in various ways. Even though TJP itself is not a relevant participant to solve the case, at least TJP has a legitimation to be a central player to influence public ideas and opinions.
As the media that represent the reality of Indonesia‘s economy and socio-politics, they have capability and authority to produce logical, acceptable and valid information to legitimate that their news is not influenced by any professionals whose specific aims to control the reader‘s assumptions. It is needed that a narration (narrative discourse analysis) to be inserted as the intertextuality to embed and to strengthen the ideology which is believed as the production of meaning and conception a society.
language refers to a lower-intermediate level between two participants (speaker-receiver and writer-reader) in relation to its object. In conclusion, the linguistic process in a communication has not been merely about understanding but also comprehending one to another.
2.1.4 Media Discourse
Discourse is oriented towards an absent reader, listener or viewer as the recipients of certain spoken or written language. Through media, these recipients often cannot make instantaneous responses to the producer of the discourse. The interaction which exists in a discourse is indirect. Even the new media technology cannot build an instant, direct communication between them. Media discourse tends to be a public, manufacture, on record, a form of interaction (O‘Keeffee, 2011: 441). This kind of discourse is claimed as the most influential way to inform the message receiver.
The values of media control the way in which news is presented by the language strategies (discursive practice). Critical linguistics ‒ a type of discourse analysis ‒ tends to be appropriately used in this research because this approach includes the detailed intention to the language used of media to influence its readers. Based upon the systemic linguistic theory of Halliday, Fairclough (1995: 25-58) defines critical analysis of media discourse in the relation of vocabulary choices. It potentially contains significant ideological meaning and reveals problematic events to preconstructed ideological frames for representing media political relations.
social subject and its news stories evoke the individual personality. Hence, its readers reconstruct the orders of narration in news texts. The narrations in the news impose events. If the readers then re-impose the chronological order in events in the discourse, they make it as a default strategy to influence them. Afterward Duszak in Bell (1998: 100) states that by using readers‘ knowledge of news schemata, this is a powerful drive to retell chronological events. In conclusion, it is a corruption discourse which is mediated by TJP to twist reality whereas the realities do not.
2.1.5 Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG)
When people speak or write, they produce text – a process of making meaning in certain context. Between a writer and the reader i.e., language is the medium that makes sense for them to engage and interpret the text. The language itself refers to the communication system lies behind the text and consists of sounds, words, and grammar used by people to understand each other.
There are three metafunctions represented for making certain meanings: ideational (field), interpersonal (tenor) and textual (mode). The ideational function is the basic metafunctions in SFG that concerns to the processes, participants, and circumstances found in the clause. Halliday (2004) defines the function include the speaker or writer in how to conduct language in his experience of the real world and also in his cognition, reactions and perceptions come from internal language. Through Transitivity Analysis, there are three classification elements in this metafunction: Participants, Processes, and Circumstances. Being located in, and unfolding through time, the process is realized by a verb marked for ‗present‘ tense, contrasting with ‗past‘ and ‗future‘. Participants are involved in the process of meaning which one of them represents the expression and the other meaning. These participants are the Token and Value in the relationship of signification. Circumstance is commonly marked as an attendant, associated with the process.
Table 2.1 SFG Analysis of Verbal Process
Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) investigators
asked Me Question
Participant Process Participant Participant
Sayer ‗past‘ Receiver Verbiage
Nominal Group Verbal
Group
Nom. G. Nom. G. The interpersonal function is one of the metafunction that means to explore in how the speaker expresses his ideas to make a relationship with the addressee. This function means to observe the interaction between them for establishing, changing and maintaining relations. The modality system is seen as a theory to observe the interpersonal function. The speaker‘s judgments are the representation of modality system that aims at construing region of uncertainty that lies between yes and no (Halliday, 2004). For example, in a dependent clause ―that he could not find any irregularities in projects to provide housing for haj pilgrims‖ indicates the modality could is the degree of high-assurance and the negative not is the opposed polarity. It is the proposition uttered by Suryadharma, the religion affair minister, that his authority or presence is null and void.
but I am unaware of the matter,‖ Suryadharma told reporters. But indicates cohesion mark as a conjunction that something (being accused as corruptor) needs a relation meaning in order to explain the interpretation of the text. This conjunction expands to express the contrastive or oppositional relationship between the first clause Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) investigators asked me a question and the second clause I am unaware of the matter. It
concludes that this quoted statement has explicit meaning and give effect to the reader that the verbal process Suryadharma told reporters is the valid argument to provoke being agreed that Suryadharma is the accused of a corruption scandal.
The limitations of applying SFG in this critical discourse analysis appear upon the text and productive practices. The text which has been interpreted by the researcher must be linked with reference in case of the interpretative practices of audiences (readers). The audience reception is the discursive practice that must be linked with sociocultural practice to produce a critique by using intertextual analysis – the constitution of texts in terms of discourses and genres. In other words, the linguistic analysis of media texts needs other texts to transform and embed.
2.1.6 Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK)
system also the state legitimacy especially in investment and economic growth. The other negative effects of corruption can deepen the extent of poverty and decrease the resources available for human development goals. Wan Abdullah (2008) defines that the rooted corruption can devastate the entire economic, political and social fabric of a country. Also, she said if corruption breeds corruption, a failure to combat it effectively will lead to an era of entrenched corruption.
There are two kinds of corruption. First, grand corruption is a way of life that used by the recent Indonesia political leaders and senior civil servants, and usually involves large international bribes and hidden overseas bank accounts. Second, petty corruption is a fact of life practiced by junior civil servants who demand bribes to perform favors (Pope in Wan Abdullah, 2008: 44). Mardikantoro (2014: 2) summarizes the World Justice Project findings that the spread of corruption in Indonesia is significantly around 0.46 and places it in the 47th out of 65 countries with the highest cases of corruption. According to Indonesia International Transparency (KPK strategic plan 2015-2019: 1), on the other hand, perceptional index of Indonesia corruption falls in the score 36 which means increased 2 points (19 ranks) in 2015. Comparing with ASEAN countries e.g. Singapore, the index can conclude that the eradicating corruption movement in Indonesia shows more positive results than the previous years.
enacted on 27 December 2002. The main strategic aim of KPK is conducting effectivity and efficiency eradicating corruption (prevention and action) which indicated one to ten by Law Enforcement Index and Successful Eradicating Corruption Scale.
Within tons of corruption case, KPK has six major working targets. According to revision of strategic plan of KPK year 2011-2015 (retrieved on www.kpk.go.id on August 19th, 2016), the focus are: first, handling in the area of grand corruption and reinforcing law enforcer agency, second, rehabilitating strategic sector relevant to national interest, third, building a foundation for National Integrity System (SIN/Sistem Integrity Nasional), fourth, reinforcing integrated political system and society, fifth, preparing fraud control concept, and sixth, building the institutional commission. Hardjapamekas (2006: 170-171) states this legitimation produce institution‘s five major duties.
By order of the former President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, the House of Representatives has a responsible duty to elect the leaders of the KPK. On December 23rd, 2003, the first leadership of the KPK is selected. They are Taufiequrachman Ruki as chief chairman, Erry Riyana Hardjapamekas, Sjahruddin Rasul, Tumpak Panggabean and Amien Sunaryadi.
On February 21st, 2015, under the legitimation of President Joko Widodo, three new leaders remain to substitute Abraham Samad, Bambang Widjojanto, and Busyro Muqoddas, the former commissioners committing to corruption. They are Taufiequrahman Ruki, Johan Budi Sapto Pribowo, and Indriyanto Seno Aji. This recruitment has an aim to help other still-active commissioners, Zulkarnaen and Adnan Pandu Praja so that the KPK authority remains. This new form of KPK leadership then plans to end in December 2015. This obviousness brings a wreck into the body of KPK in the future because with the endorsement from the Representatives House the next leaders are chosen to serve the political parties interests (retrieved on June 11st 2016, from thejakartapost.com).
The five commissioners of the KPK have the joint duty to ensure that the KPK and its staff will fulfill the public‘s expectations in the fight against corruption. Appropriate resources, institutional structures, and procedures are required to crack down a number of corruption cases. On the other hand, KPK aggressiveness working is supported by limited manpower and financial resource. Interestingly since former KPK leaders deal with corruption offenses, the national police force to issue towards the work of the KPK to eradicate corruption. An attempt to worsen the condition and to weaken the KPK authority exists when the KPK declares a candidate for the Indonesian Police chief, Com. Gen. Budi Gunawan, a corruption suspect. Finally, these restrictions cannot freeze KPK performance to eradicate corruption because the immediate supports then arise from Indonesian public.
2.2 Related Studies
In this part, there are some related studies provided to give a brief discussion on the CDA of corruption in the social practice evaluation. These studies help the researcher to find the discursive strategies and the ideologies of newspaper so that the criticism emerges. There are five related studies describe in this part.
disagreement over corruption news that the Judge decision is totally unfair. The several facts in the Court are not provable and mean to the offense the corruption investigator as the defendant.
Kompas, Republika, Koran Tempo, Jawa Pos, and Suara Merdeka, on the
other hand, have attitudes and views indicating agreement to support corruption news in newspapers. The support refers to attempts to eradicate corruption that can be manifested in the arrest of a suspect in corruption, the court, and the verdict on a suspect in corruption. The research concludes the framing interpretation about newspaper attitudes through two points of views, pro, and contra to corruption cases.
The second previous study was conducted by Saputri and Suratnoaji (2015) that focuses on two national newspapers, Seputar Indonesia (SINDO) and Jawa Post (JP). The discursive strategies are found to probe for ideological goals
behind the text constructions about the former ruling Democrat Party leader, Anas Urbaningrum (AU), corruption case before the 2014 general election. Van Dijk‘s socio-cognitive approach is employed for a critical perspective on discourse analysis (CDA). The rhetoric of SINDO texts is more defensive, very systematic and consistent in reporting AU a suspect in corruption and money laundering cases. The discursive strategies refer to disagreements of the Anas political rivals‘ accusation, exaggerating internal conflict between Anas and his political rivals, attacking others‘ contra opinion and defending AU position through its news texts.
pools results influence the Democrat Party popularity and electability that dropped significantly because of corruption issue. Another JP discursive strategy refers to the KPK proposition about AU case law enforcement. In conclusion, this research clearly define the political scenario discourse is mediated through the SINDO texts while the JP texts emphasize the judgment for corruptors based on the corruption laws.
