AN ANALYSIS ON MOTION EVENTS: CROSS LINGUISTIC STUDY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION VERSIONS OF HOLY QUR’AN CHAPTER 30

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AN ANALYSIS ON MOTION EVENTS: CROSS LINGUISTIC STUDY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION

VERSIONS OF HOLY QUR’AN CHAPTER 30

THESIS

by:

MISYKATUL QADRI 201110100311102

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

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AN ANALYSIS ON MOTION EVENTS: CROSS LINGUISTIC STUDY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION

THESIS

by:

MISYKATUL QADRI 201110100311102

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AN ANALYSIS ON MOTION EVENTS: CROSS LINGUISTIC STUDY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION

THESIS

This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education

by:

MISYKATUL QADRI 201110100311102

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MOTTO AND DEDICATION

MOTTO ارس ي رس ع لا عم نإ

“Sesungguhnya sesudah kesulitan itu ada kemudahan”. Verily, with every difficulty there is relief.

(Q.S. Alam Nasyrah:03)

“Work hard will not suffice without pray hard, just do your best and Allah will do the rest”

Misykatul Qadri

DEDICATION This thesis is especially dedicated to: My beloved Father Abdul Muthalib

My dearest Mother Nor jannah

My lovely Sister Nurul Waqiyah

My gorgeous Brother Misykatul Andi

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirrabbil‘alamin wassolatu wassalamu‘ala sayyidina

muhammadin wa’ala alihi wa sohbihi ajma’in. After going through a long and

challenging journey, the writer finally arrives at his most intended goal that is to finish this thesis successfully. Accordingly, it is a precise time for the writer to express his gratitude to all people who are engaged in this long and winding road. But most of all, firstly, the writer would like to deliver his best gratitude to Allah SWT for giving him guidance and blessing in order that the writer is able to finish this thesis in time. Moreover, praises are also offered to the beloved Prophet, Muhammad SAW as the best role model ever to all people around the world especially Muslims.

Secondly, the writer warmly gives his uncountable thanks and appreciation to his first advisor, Mr. Riski Lestiono, S.Pd., M.A who constantly guides, cares and supports the writer to finish this thesis as soon as possible. Then, the writer would like to convey his great gratitude to his kind second advisor, Mr. Hartono, Dr., M.Pd who has given his support, suggestion, advice, and helpful correction to construct an improvement during the writing process. Special thanks are also dedicated to the writer’s academic counsellor, Mrs. Santi Prastiyowati, S.Pd.,

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Thirdly, great, special, and huge gratitude are addressed to the writer’s adored family and relatives. For my coolest father Abdul Muthalib, my dearest and patient mother Nor jannah, my best sister Nurul Waqiyah and my smart brother Misykatul Andi, uncles, aunties, and lovely cousins, many thanks are presented for all their endless love, unlimited prayer, care, support, and everything. The writer will always do his best for making them proud and happy. Special prayer is delivered to my late grandmothers and grandfathers so that Allah SWT may bless them and give His best place in Jannah. Amin ya Rabbal ‘alamin.

Finally, so much thanks are also delivered to all of the writer’s friends; classmates, Co.trainers of P2KK, family of Jama’ah A.R Fachruddin, family of

LSO-Cendekia, Murobiies of Tarbiah Community, and many others for their unlimited supports and prayers. Those will be the writer’s greatest and

unforgettable experience for the rest of his life.

Malang, January 20, 2015 The Writer,

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1Conclusion ... 69 5.2Suggestions ... 71

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1: Linguistic Attention Maps...19

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 The Illustration of Verb with and without Motion... 13 Table 2.2 The Characteristics of Figure and Ground... 16 Table 3.1 The Classification of Holy Qur’an Translation Versions based on

Motion Events’ Framing... 40 Table 4.1 Verb-framed Language Typology found in English Translation

Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30... 52 Table 4.2 Satellite-framed Language Typology found in English Translation

Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30... 54 Table 4.3 Verb-framed Language Typology found in Indonesian Language

Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30... 56

Table 4.4 Satellite-framed Language Typology found in Indonesian language Translation Version of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30... 57

Table 4.5 Equipollently-framed Language Typology of Indonesian

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LIST OF APPENDICES

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REFERENCES

Aizul, Maula. 2011. “A Metaphor Translation of the Holy Qur’an: A Comparative Analytical Study.” Jakarta: UIN Sayrif Hidayatullah Jakarta: Unpublished Thesis.

Ali, M Alsaleh et, al. 2012. “Some Linguistic Difficulties in Translating the Holy Quran from Arabic into English.” International Journal of Social Science and Humanity. Vol. 2 No.6; November 2012.

AlMurshidi, G. 2013. “The Expression and Conceptualization of Motion through Space and Manner of Motion in Arabic and English: A Comparative Analysis.” May 2013 Vol. 2, Working Papers in Literacy, Culture, and Language Education (WPLCLE). Bloomington: Indiana University.

Ashshiddiqi, Hasbi et, al. 1971. “Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahnya.” Jakarta: Yayasan Penyelenggara Penterjemah/Penafsir Al’Qur’an.

Andersson, Richard 2005.“Talmy’s Manner in Event Perception: An

Eye-Tracking Approach to Linguistic Relativity.” Lund University:

Unpublished Thesis.

Appel, R. & Musyken, P. 2005. “Language Contact and Bilingualism.” Amsterdam: University Press.

Ary, Donald et al. 2010. “Introduction to Research in Education (8th edition).” Canada: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Bishtawi S, Adel 2013. “Origin of “Semitic” Languages Part II.” AuthorHouse Publication.

Bassnett, S. 2002. “Translation Studies.” London: Routledge.

Creswell, John W. 2012. “Educational Research (4th edition).” Boston: Pearson Education, Inc.

Emerson, Samantha N. 2013. “The Effect of Motion and Modality in Word Learning in English.” Georgia State University: Unpublished Thesis. Fatani, Afnan 2006. “Translation and the Qur'an. In Leaman, Oliver. The Qur'an:

an encyclopaedia.” Pp. 657–669. Great Britain: Routeledge.

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Hatim, B., & Munday, J. 2004. “Translation: An Advanced Resource Book.” New York: Routledge.

Khashan A. Rafid, A. Al-Nasser. 2008. “The Collocation of Mubeen In The Holy Quran.” Journal of the College of Arts. No. 45; 2008. Basrah: University of Basrah.

Mack, Natasha et, al. 2005. “Qualitative Research Methods - A Data Collector's Field Guide.”North Carolina: Family Health International.

Min, Anchee. 2004. “Empress Orchid” Great Britain: Bloomsbury Publishing.

Munday, J. 2010. “Introducing Translation Studies; Theories and Applications (2nd edition).” New York: Routledge.

Mustonen, S. 2010. Translating Idioms: “A Case Study on Donna Tartt's The Secret History and its Finnish Translation.” Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä: Unpublished Thesis.

Malmkjaer, Kirsten 2005. “Linguistics and the Language of Translation.” Edinburg: Edinburg University Press Ltd.

Matsumoto, Y. 2003. “Typologies of lexicalization patterns and event integration: Clarifications and reformulations.” In S. Chiba, et al. (eds), Empirical and theoretical investigations into language: A Festschrift for Masaru Kajita, Kaitakush a, Tokyo, Pp. 403-418.

Nassimi, M. Daoud. 2008. “A Thematic Comparative Review of Some English Translations of the Qur’an.” Birmingham: University of Birmingham: Unpublished Thesis.

Shopen, Timothy 2007. “Language Typology and Syntactic Description (2nd edition).” New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sachs, April E. 2010. “Motion Events in Seri: Applying Talmy’s Typologies.” Grand Forks: University of North Dakota: Unpublished Thesis.

Slobin, D. I. 2004. “The Many Ways to Search for a Frog: Linguistic typology and the expression of motion events.” In S. Strömqvist & L. Verhoeven (Eds.). Relating events in narrative: Typological and Contextual Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

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Slobin, D. I. 2005b. “Linguistic Representations of Motion Events: What is Signifier and What is Signified?” In C. Maeder, O. Fischer, & W. Herlofsky (Eds.), Iconicity Inside out: Iconicity in Language and Literature. No. 4Pp. 307-322. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Slobin, D. I. 2005c. “Relating Events in Translation.” In D. Ravid: Perspectives

on Language and Language Development: Essays in honor of Ruth A. Berman. Pp. 115-129. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Sugema, Sony 2004. “Qur’anic Digital Version 3 (DGV3).” (Online). http://www.sonysugema.com/http://digital-quran-v3.blogspot.com.

Accessed on August 2014.

Thomason G. Sarah. 2001. “Language Contact.” Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd.

Talmy, L. 2007. “How Languages Represent Motion Events: Typologies and Universals.” Invited presentation, Department of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University.

Talmy, L. 2000. “Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Vol. I: Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Concept Structuring Systems.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Talmy, L. 2000. “Toward a Cognitive Semantics: Vol. II: Typology and Process

in Concept Structuring.” Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Toplu, Ayse B. 2011. “Linguistic Expression and Conceptual Representation of Motion Events in Turkish, English and French: an Experimental Study.” Eylül: Middle East of Technical University. Unpublished Thesis.

Verkerk, Annemarie. 2014. “The Evolutionary Dynamics of Motion Event Encoding.” Netherlands: Ipskamp Drukkers. Unpublished Thesis.

Wardhaugh, R. 2006. “An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (5th edition).” United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

William, Croft 2003. “Typology and Universals (2nd edition).” United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents some topics related to the background of the study, the statement of the problems, the purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation and definition of the key terms.

1.1 Background of the Study

Language is a complex phenomenon that is owned innately by the whole human beings in this world. It has long been proven throughout history that language is the best tool or media of transferring information among people in order to communicate and to build relationship in their daily and social lives. Wardhaugh (2006:1) states that language is what the members of a particular society speak. In other words, language is the main tool of communication process in interacting and expressing ideas among people.

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knowledge which always be shared across all linguistic boundaries (Mustonen, 2010:6). Therefore, Mustonen (2010:5) is felicitous to point out that translation is an awfully topical issue in today's multicultural and multilingual world.

In connection with this, it is worth noting that translation becomes progressively more essential in this globalization era. It is dreadfully interesting to have a closer study on it. In the translation studies, there are many problematic aspects that should be paid a special attention to. One of which is having a comprehensible understanding about the characteristics of the language being translated. However, it has long been known that every language has its own characters in which it will lead us to confusion in translating them. Therefore, to have a good ability in translating a language, it is an obligation to learn and understand the whole aspects of language clearly. Noticeably, there are a large number of translational aspects that are interesting to become a topic of investigation in conducting a research (Mustonen, 2010:5). Hence, this present study is limited only on investigating the use of motion event which is one of translational aspects in Indonesian and English languages.

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mentioned above, knowing the characteristics of language is an extremely essential thing in translation studies. Each language has its own ways in expressing any events; the same exact way is highly unlikely to be found in other languages. Another important point is that based on the writer’s personal

observation, it is shown that there are still very few researchers who study about motion events in Indonesian context.

In general, all languages across the world can be categorized into a certain typology. However, this study uses motion events’ framing as the foremost basis to categorize language typology. Recently, the interest in research of motion event keeps increasing in continuation. There have been many previous studies done by many linguists across the world about motion events such as: Talmy 2000, 2001; Matsumoto 2003; Slobin 2004, 2005, 2006; Sachs 2010; Fortis 2010; Toplu 2011; Furman 2012; and many others. However, the revised typology of motion of events proposed by Slobin (2006) is used in this present study since he has conducted many researches which have been published in journals and articles related to motion events. Therefore, the writer surely believes that Slobin’s Typology is more accurate and is the best choice to be taken into account for this present study.

After conducting many researches related to motion events, Slobin (2006) arrives at a conclusion that all languages across the world can be categorized into tripartite typology of language, they are: Verb-framed language, Satellite-framed language and Equipollently-framed languages (serial-verb-constructions). In

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is no information about manner in a verb and the path is expressed by the main verb in a clause like; enter (to go in), exit (to go out), ascend (to go up), etc. In satellite-framed languages path is expressed by an element associated with the verb like; go in/out/up, get down, fall of, fall into etc.) and very much attention is taken to the use of manner verb like; walk, crawl, jump, etc. And in Equipollently-framed languages, the use of a verb in one clause or sentence is allowed for more than one or even two verbs successively.

Consider the following examples which are quoted from the Verkerk’s (2014:1) study. He takes two headlines reporting the crossing of the Niagara Falls by tightrope walker Nik Wallenda, one in English and one in French:

1. Nik Wallenda becomes the first person to walk on a tightrope across Niagara Falls.

2. Le funambule Nik Wallenda traverse les chutes du Niagara sur un fil.

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Slobin (2006:4) takes an example in the use of Equipollently-framed language from Mandarin Chinese, as follows:

1. fei1 chu1 lai2 yi1 zhi1 mao1tou2ying1

fly exit come one only owl only one owl exit fly come.

(serial-verb-constructions).

Although Equipollently-framed language typology is totally not allowed in English because the use of more than one verb in one sentence successively ruins the grammatical rule, it is commonly used for some other languages like Mandarin Chinese, Indonesian language etc. For a deeper understanding, see how Indonesian language freely translates those headlines in some versions as follows:

1. Nik Wallenda menjadi orang pertama yang berjalan di atas tali melewati air terjun Niagara.

- Nik Wallenda becomes the first person to walk on a tightrope pass Niagara Falls. (satellite-framed)-manner is emerged explicitely.

2. Nik Wallenda menyebrangi air terjun Niagara menggunakan tali.

- Nik Wallenda crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope. (verb-framed)-no information about manner.

3. Nik Wallenda adalah orang pertama yang berjalan melewati air terjun Niagara dengan menggunakan tali.

- Nik Wallenda becomes first person to walk *pass Niagara Falls on a tightrope. (equipollently-framed)-there are two verbs go together.

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not the classification is applicable both for Indonesian and English by analyzing the use of motion events in the English and Indonesian translation versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.

In relation to this present study, there are some previous studies that are chosen as considerations and references about motion events. The first is Sachs (2010) who conducted a study on the analysis of the motion events of Seri (a language of the Mexican state of Sonora) using Talmy’s (2000) theory of motion events typology based on publicly available texts. Sachs found out that Seri language had a split system of conflation in the motion-actuating typology, with Path, Figure, and Manner verbs that were used in a different typology of motion events and the use of path verbs seemed to be the most characteristic. As a result, in the further investigation, it revealed that Seri appeared to be verb-framed.

The second is Slobin (2004) who has done a sublimely interesting study about motion events. The main focus of his study was on finding out the differences among languages in cross linguistic on rhetorical styles-“that is, the ways in which events are analyzed and described in discourse” (Slobin, 2004:5)

and typological issues-based on motion events’ framing using a narrative picture’s story entitled “Frog, where are you?” as the object of analysis. From his study,

Slobin found out that there were three major components of motion events such as; manner of motion, path, and ground elements (landmarks) that would make languages differ in ways of describing motion events and rhetorical styles.

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based on motion events’ framing between English and Indonesian language

translation versions of the Holy Quran as an object analysis that makes this study different, unique and challenging.

Some linguistics studies have been done by many researchers using Holy Qur’an as the object of analysis because Holy Qur’an contains many figurative

languages and other unique aspects of language which is roughly interesting to analyze. Maula (2011) analyzed two types of metaphor—lexicalized and non-lexicalized—using ten examples, the context of verses and the techniques used in translating metaphor based on four selected English translation versions of metaphor in the Holy Qur’an. Finally, Maula found out that the translators used

different techniques in the same type of metaphors.

Last but not least, based on the writer’s personal observation, it comes to a conclusion that there are still very few researches conducted on the use of motion events in Indonesian and English translation versions of Holy Qur’an. Therefore, the writer believes that Holy Qur’an becomes the most suitable choice of being the object of analysis in this study.

1.2 Statement of the Problems

Based on the explanation above, there will be specific problems that are formulated in this study, as follows:

1. How are motion events formulated (according to Slobin’s typology of motion events) based on the English and Indonesian translation versions of

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2. Under which language typologies do both English and Indonesian languages (according to Slobin’s typology of motion events) fall into based

on the translation versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30?

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to answer the questions above satisfactorily. Therefore, the writer would like:

1. To investigate the formula of motion events (according to Slobin’s typology of motion events) that are used in both English and Indonesian translation versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.

2. To find out the typology of both English and Indonesian languages (according to Slobin’s typology of motion events) based on the translation

versions of Holy Qur’an Chapter 30.

1.4 Significance of the Study

It is expected that this study will be meaningfully able to give some contributions or significances for readers or learners, lectures, and other researchers:

1. For the readers and the learners.

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2. For the lectures of linguistics and translation studies

It is expected to become additional information and is able to increase lecturers’ knowledge that would be useful in teaching translation studies

and linguistics particularly about motion events’ framing language. 3. For the next researchers

It is expected to help the next researchers use this study as an additional reference in linguistic study and is able to attract their attention very much in order to conduct further researches on the use of motion events’ framing in many other languages.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

The scope in this study is on investigating the formula of motion events and finding out the language typology in both English and Indonesian languages (according to Slobin’s typology of motion events). The limitation of this study is

on the object that is the Holy Qur’an Chapter 30. 1.6 Definition of the Key Terms

To make the readers understand the terms used in this study easily, the writer would like to present several definitions of the key terms as follows:

1. Motion events is a “semantic domain that is important in all languages, and it is one that exhibits distinctive types of lexicalization patterns cross-linguistically” which focuses on the change of location—in Talmy’s terms, path (Slobin, 2003:4).

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3. Manner is “the way in which the action can be carried out” (Verkerk, 2014:44).

4. Figure is the entity (a person or object) that moves (Verkerk 2014:41), “whose site, path or orientation is concieved as a variable the particular

value of which is the relevant issue” (Talmy, 2000:184).

5. Ground is a “reference entity, one that has a stationary setting relative to a reference frame, with respect to which Figure’s site, path or orientation is

characterized” (Talmy, 2000:184).

6. Language typology is roughly equal with ‘taxonomy’ or ‘classification’, “a classification of the phenomenon under study into types,”which “refers to a classification of structural types across languages” (Croft, 2003:1).

7. Verb-framed language is a language typology which prefers “embedding

the PATH element into the main verb” such as the French verbs entrer (to

go in) or sortir (to go out). “The MANNER element is expressed by a gerund or an adverbial in the language” (Toplu, 2011:9).

8. Satellite-framed language is a language typology which prefers

“integrating the MANNER component into the main verbs,” like; crawl,

stagger or limp in the English verbs. “The PATH component is lexicalized

with a satellite construction, such as a particle or an affix like crawl in, jump out, roll down, etc. (Toplu, 2011:12).

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10. Translation is a way of rendering a source language (SL) text into the target language (TL) to assure that the main message of the two will be approximately similar (Bassnett, 2002:12).

AN ANALYSIS ON MOTION EVENTS: CROSS LINGUISTIC STUDY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION VERSIONS OF HOLY QUR’AN CHAPTER 30