AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON TWITTER WEB PAGES.

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Muhammad Awaluddin Kamil, 2014

An Analysis Of English-Indonesian Translation Procedures On Twitter Web Pages Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION

PROCEDURES ON TWITTER WEB PAGES

(A Case Study)

A Research Paper

Submitted as a Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of

Bachelor’s Degree in English Education Study Program

By

MUHAMMAD AWALUDDIN KAMIL

(0905970)

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND FINE ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

MUHAMMAD AWALUDDIN KAMIL (0905970)

AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON TWITTER WEB PAGES

(A Case Study)

Approved by: First Supervisor

Prof. Fuad Abdul Hamied, M.A., Ph.D. NIP. 195008211974121001

Second Supervisor

Sri Harto, S.Pd., M.Pd. NIP. 197205012006041004

Head of Department of English Education Faculty of Language and Fine Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

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STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION

I hereby certify that this research paper entitled An Analysis Of English-Indonesian Translation Procedures On Twitter Web Pages (A Case Study) is fully my own work, except where due references and ideas that I have properly acknowledged in the paper. I also affirm that this research paper contains no material which has been accepted for the awards or any other degree or diploma in any institutions.

Bandung, January 2014

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ABSTRACT

This research paper intends to find out the translation procedures used in translating

the Twitter Web pages as well as finds out readers’ responses towards the quality of

the translation. A qualitative case study is employed to gain the results of the study (Baxter and Jack, 2008; McMillan and Schumacher, 2003, cited in Syamsudin and Damayanti, 2007). The data are gained from the analysis of translation procedures using translation procedures theories proposed by Newmark (1988), Larson (1984), Vinay and Darbelnet (1973), and Catford (1965) and interview to five English students majoring in Translating to get what pages which are mostly visited by them and the opinions on the translation quality supporting the translation procedures theories. This study finds out that there are 170 phrases from the 22 selected Twitter Web pages with the most frequently used translation procedure is Literal (42.4%), Couplets and Triples (37.6%), Naturalization (8.8%), Transference (5.9%), Shift (3.5%), Cultural Equivalent (1.2%), and Redection (0.6%). All participants from the interview also express that most translation products are acceptable and able to maintain the intended meaning (Lewis, 1985; Massoud, 1988; Nida, 1964). Finally, from the results of the research, it is expected to conduct more comprehensive analysis to all pages of the Twitter Website as well as to other longer sentences in other Websites.

Keywords: Translation, Translation Procedures, Twitter, Translation Quality

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu prosedur penerjemahan yang digunakan dalam penerjemahan halaman Web Twitter dan juga mencari tahu respon pembaca terhadap kualitas penerjemahan dalam halaman Web Twitter. Sebuah studi kasus kualitatif digunakan untuk mendapatkan hasil penelitian (Baxter and Jack, 2008; McMillan and Schumacher, 2003, cited in Syamsudin and Damayanti, 2007). Data diperoleh dari analisis prosedur penerjemahan dengan menggunakan teori perosedur penerjemahan yang dikemukakan oleh Newmark (1988), Larson (1984), Vinay and Darbelnet (1973), dan Catford (1965), dan kualitas terjemahan yang didukung oleh prosedur penejemahan dan wawancara terhadap lima mahasiswa Bahasa Inggris jurusan penerjemahan. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ada 170 frasa dari 22 halaman Web Twitter terpilih yang didapat dari tanggapan narasumber wawancara. Seluruh partisipan dalam studi ini juga menyatakan bahwa hampir seluruh hasil terjemahan dapat dimengerti dan dapat menunjukkan arti yang sebenarnya (Lewis, 1985; Massoud, 1988; Nida, 1964). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diharapkan untuk melakukan analisis yang lebih komprehensif terhadap halaman Web Twitter maupun kalimat-kalimat yang lebih panjang yang terdapat pada halaman Web yang lain.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the introduction of the research. It provides the

background of the study, statements of the problem, aims of the study,

significance of the study, clarification of the key terms, and the organization of the

paper.

1.1 Background of The Study

The globalization era affects every aspect in people’s life. It affects not only

in economic aspect, but also in communication aspect. As a result, communication

has become one of the essential elements in globalization and language plays a

vital role in communication. In order to communicate with others effectively,

people nowadays have to master particular languages. Different country has

different languages. However, this rich variation of language creates language

barriers among countries which do not speak the same languages. Therefore, most

countries take English as a global language to bridge people to communicate with

others. Unfortunately, there are still countries or communities which cannot use

and understand English well, thus, to overcome the language and cultural barriers,

translation has become an important activity to fill the barriers towards language

differences.

According to Colina (2003, p. 12), a translated text belongs to two

superimposed communicative contexts; the communicative context of the TT and

the communicative context of the ST and culture. Furthermore, the aim of

translation process is to transfer messages from source language to target language

clearly, accurately, and naturally (Allatief, 2012, p. 2). Larson (1984, p. 3) states

that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into

the receptor language. In a similar perspective, Catford (1965, cited in Gibova,

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language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).” In

addition, Nida (qtd. in Zakhir, 2008, p. 3, cited in Gibova, 2012) pointed out that

translation consists of “reproducing in the receptor language the natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms of

style.” Consequently, the language difference issue becomes one of the challenges

for translators to make a good translation in order to achieve the intended

meaning.

Many English texts are translated into Bahasa Indonesia in the form of

novels (Harry Potter, The Alchemist, etc), books (Course book, Recipe book, etc),

magazines (Rolling Stones, Harpers Bazaar, etc), and even news articles on the

internet so that the translators need to retain the exact message. As a result,

translation makes people easily get any information without confusion. To create

a good translation, translators have to use appropriate procedures in translating the

source texts to target texts to create suitable and meaningful messages. It is also

supported by the study conducted by Gibova (2012, p. 27) who states that “when

analyzing translations of any sort, be it literary or non-literary texts, there are

certain categories that allow us to examine how the target text (TT) functions in

relation to the source text (ST).” In addition, different genre of text has different

treatment or procedures depending on the functions such as referential or

informative, expressive, and operative (Reiss, 1976; Nord, 1977, cited in Colina,

2003, p. 14).

Language can be used to perform several functions, for example, to inform,

to teach, to sympathize, and so on. Various typologies are available in the

linguistics and translation studies literature (Bühler, 1934: Jakobson, 1960: Reiss,

1976: Nord, 1977 as cited in Colina, 2003, p. 13). Thus, before translating a

particular text, translators should find out what kind of text that is going to be

translated. In accordance with the present study, it draws an interest in conducting

research dealing with the analysis of English-Indonesian translation procedures on

Twitter Web pages. The reason of choosing Twitter Web pages as the subject of

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it has been translated into several languages, including Bahasa Indonesia.

Furthermore, Twitter has become an indispensable communication tool for

business, non-profits, celebrities, and people all around the world and it serves

billions of messages a week around the globe and the site is now available for 17

languages (and people tweet in more language than that) (O’Reilly and Milstein,

2012).

As mentioned earlier, this translated Web page is helpful for those who

cannot use English well. However, a good translation must be conducted to guide

people to use it appropriately. Since Twitter has various pages, the research will

be limited only in translated sentences and phrases on the Web pages. Therefore,

this research will analyze the translation procedures and quality of sentences and

phrases in the Twitter Web pages.

1.2 Research Questions

From the background of the study, the research is aimed at answering the

following questions:

1. What are translation procedures used in Indonesian version of Twitter Web

pages?

2. How is the quality of Indonesian version of Twitter Web pages?

1.3 Aims of the Study

Based on the problems stated above, this study is conducted to:

1. Investigate the translation procedures used in Indonesian translated version of

Twitter Web pages, and

2. Investigate the translation quality of the Indonesian translated version of

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1.4 Scope of the Study

This research focuses only on finding out the types of translation procedures

used in Indonesian translated version of Twitter Web pages based on the theories

from Newmark (1988, p. 81-93), Larson (1984), Vinay and Darbelnet (1973),

Theoretically, the findings of the study can enrich and provide reference in

analyzing translation procedures, especially Web pages, in this case is the Twitter

Web pages. Furthermore, this study is expected to give additional information to

the readers about translation procedures used in Indonesian translated version of

the Twitter Web pages. Also, it is expected to be the guidance for other translators

or students to use appropriate and suitable translation procedures in translating

non-literary text.

Practically, the finding of the study will provide reference to the

professional translators or students in choosing the appropriate translation

procedures in translating Web pages and certain genre of the text. Therefore, they

can transfer the message from source language to the target language clearly,

accurately, and naturally.

1.6 Clarification of Related Terms

 Twitter - A real-time information network that connects people to the latest stories, ideas, opinions and news about what they find interesting. Simply

find the accounts people find most compelling and follow the conversations.

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 Internet - International computer network connecting other networks and computers from companies, universities, etc.(Oxford Dictionary, 2008)

 Website – Place connected to the internet, where a company, organization, etc puts information that can be found on the World Wide Web. (Oxford

Dictionary, 2008)

 User – Person or thing that uses something. (Oxford Dictionary, 2008)

1.7 Organization of the Paper

This paper of study is organized into five chapters as follows:

Chapter I: INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides background, statements of the problems, aims of the study,

scope of the study, research method, significance of the study, and organization of

the paper.

Chapter II: LITERATURE RIVIEW

This chapter discusses the theoretical foundation related to the basic framework of

the study. This chapter discusses the definition of translation, translation theories

and Twitter as the object of the study.

Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the methodology of study and description of research

procedures used in order to answer the research questions stated in Chapter I. This

chapter consists of research questions, aims of the study, research design, the data

collection, and finally the data analysis.

Chapter IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the result of the study including the analysis of the data

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Chapter V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter contains the conclusion of the research resulted in further suggestions

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the methodology of the research and the description

of research procedures used in order to answer the research questions stated in

Chapter I. This chapter consists of the research questions, aims of the study,

research design, the data collection, and finally the data analysis.

1.1 Research Design and Method

Related to the aims and the characteristics of the study, this research used a

qualitative case study design. According to Baxter and Jack (2008), qualitative

case study provides tools for researchers to study complex phenomena within their

context. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to understand a social

phenomenon and individual perspective being analyzed, in this case is the selected

Twitter Web pages (McMillan and Schumacher, 2003, cited in Syamsudin and

Damayanti, 2007). Furthermore, this study also attempted to find out why certain

translation procedures were used to create good or even irrelevant translations in

order to know the quality of the translation of the selected Twitter Web pages

based on the characteristics of good translation proposed by several experts as

stated in Chapter II. Thus, in relation to this study, the qualitative case study

design was considered appropriate since this research specifically analyzed the

translation procedures used in Indonesian translated version of Twitter Web pages

and its translation quality.

1.2 Research Procedures

There are two sections elaborated in this part. The first section refers to the

elaboration of the data collection techniques of the study. The second part

addresses the explanation of the step to analyze the data gained during the

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1.2.1 Data Collection Techniques

As a case study research, creating a deep exploration and understanding

towards the study was needed to do. Thus, two data collection techniques were

used in this study, namely interview and the translated version of the Twitter Web

pages.

1.2.1.1 Interview

The source used in this research to gain the data was the words and phrases

on the selected Twitter Web pages and identify the quality of the translation. In

consequence, to identify the sample of the words or phrases on the Twitter Web

pages, the research employed purposive sampling as the method for selecting the

participants for the interview. The participants of the interview were chosen based on researcher‟s judgement that the information from the participants would provide the spesific data needed in the study (Fraenkel, Wallen & Hyun, 2012, p.

100). Specifically, this study used the typical sample. In other words, the selected

participants were considered or judged typical or representative of that which is

being studied (Fraenkel, Wallen, & Hyun, p. 436). Thus, five English students

majoring in Translating whom also Twitter users were chosen to be the

respondents of the study for the interview.

In selecting the participants of the interview, two considerations were taken

into account. First, the final score of translation practice course of each participant is “A” indicating that the participants possessed sufficient knowledge specifically in relation to translation, its practice, and the characteristics of good translation

which are significant in this research. The second consideration was that each

participant had reached more than 1000 tweets showing that they are frequent and

active users of Twitter. After selecting the respondents, informed consent was

given to each participant to willingly take part in the current study.

An in-depth interview was solely employed to obtain the data in this study.

Interview is the most common source for qualitative data alongside with

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in the form of informal conversational interview. The interviewees were asked in

the natural course of things. The primary intent of the informal interview is to find

out what the interviewees think and how the views of one individual compare

with those of another (Fraenkel, Wallen & Hyun, 2012, p. 451). The interview was conducted two times. The first interview was aimed at discovering the user‟s most visited and accessed pages on Twitter Web pages Twitter Website and the

second interview was aimed at figuring out their responses towards the translation

quality, whether it was an acceptable translation or not an acceptable translation.

The interview was conducted in English. In the first interview, each

interviewee was asked two questions about which Twitter Web Pages they usually

visited and accessed. Furthermore, in the second interview, the interviewees were

given the transcript of the selected pages taken from the first interview both in

English language (SL) and Indonesian Language (TL). As mentioned earlier, the

second interview was intended to find out the interviewees‟ response and opinion

about the quality of Indonesian translated version of Twitter Web pages. The

questions and answers were written down on the research note. Furthermore, the

conclusion was drawn from the transcription.

1.2.1.2 Twitter Web pages

As the main concern of the research, the main data were collected from the

Twitter Web pages in the form of words and phrases that were figured out during

the interview section. In other words, the words and phrases in the Indonesian

translated version were taken from the participants‟ frequently visited and

accessed Twitter Web pages. It was found out that there were 22 Web pages

consisting of 170 words and phrases gained from the interview that will be further

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1.2.2 Data Analysis Techniques

To analyze the data, several steps were taken in order to conduct the analysis:

1. Searching the relevant theory from textbook, thesis, journal, internet sources

to support the study.

2. Reading and comparing Twitter Web pages based on the result of interview in

both English and Indonesian language.

3. Juxtaposing the English and Indonesian version of Twitter Website page in

both English (Source language) and Indonesian (Target language) version as

provided in Table 3.1.

Table 3. 1 The Juxtaposition of English-Indonesian

No English Version Indonesian Version

1 I'm followed by someone new. Saya diikuti oleh orang baru.

2 Do not inform me before showing media that may be sensitive.

Jangan beri tahu saya sebelum menampilkan media yang mungkin sensitif.

3 Mark media I tweet as containing material that may be sensitive.

Tandai media yang saya tweet mengandung materi yang mungkin sensitif.

4 News about Twitter on partner products and other third party services.

Berita mengenai Twitter pada produk mitra dan layanan pihak ketiga lainnya.

5 Who to follow. Untuk diikuti.

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4. Identifying the data based on each translation procedure theories by Newmark

(1988); and Vinay and Dalbernet (1973) as provided in Table 3.2

Table 3. 2 Translation Procedures Used in both Language.

No. English Version Indonesian Version Translation Procedure

1

How do I use Twitter? Bagaimana saya

menggunakan Twitter?

Couplets (literal and transference)

2

How do I update my settings?

Bagaimana saya memperbarui pengaturan

saya?

Literal

5. Classifying and listing the text based on its translation in both English and

Indonesian language. According to Stake (2010), researcher could classify

each datum according to a categorical scheme (Stake, 2010, p. 89) as provided

in Table 3.3.

Table 3. 3 Examples of Literal Translation Procedures

Source Language Target Language

1 Policies and violations Kebijakan dan pelanggaran

2 Safety and security Keselamatan dan keamanan

3 Invite friends Ajak teman

4 Follow Ikuti

5 Suggestions for people you probably know in the real world

Usulan untuk orang yang mungkin anda kenal di dunia nyata

6 Me Saya

7 Connect Hubungkan

8 Search Cari

9 Discover Temukan

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6. Analyzing and calculating the percentage for each procedures by this formula:

P = x 100%

P= Precentage

F= Frequency of translation procedure

N= Total number of samples

7. Discussing the data based on each translation procedure theories by Newmark

(1988); and Vinay and Dalbernet (1973) (further discussion is elaborated in

Chapter IV).

8. Judging and discussing the translation quality based on some theories as

discussed chapter two by separating it into two groups (the qualified and the

not qualified). This step is supported by the readers‟ opinion about the quality

of the translation version.

9. Drawing conclusions.

1.3 Sample of the Data Analysis

In this part, one sample of the data analysis is put forward as shown in Table

3.4 to show how the data will be discussed in Chapter IV.

Table 3. 4 Example of English-Indonesian Translation of Twitter Web pages

Source Language Target Language

1 Mobile Ponsel

2 Search Cari

3 Country Negara

Table 3.4 shows the examples of literal translation in the Twitter Web

pages. As indicated in the table above, the texts were translated literally, because

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happens in word to word, group to group, clause to clause, and sentence to

sentence (Newmark, 1988). In addition, literal translation transfers SL grammar

and word order, as well as the primary meaning of all the SL words, and it is

effective only for brief simple neutral sentences (Newmark, 1988: 69).

As indicated in the examples above, the translator translated literally the words „mobile‟ into „ponsel’, ‘search’ was translated into „cari‟, and „country’ was translated into „negara‟. Those words were translated literally, because they had equivalent meanings in the receptor language. Furthermore, the meanings of

the words were clear and accurate, and understandable in the receptor language.

Thus, it can be noticed that this translation fulfilled the Skopos theory in which it

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter is intended to draw the conclusions and suggestions from the

elaboration of findings and discussions in Chapter IV in reference to the research

questions proposed in Chapter I.

5.1 Conclusions

This research paper intends to find out the translation procedures used in

translating the Twitter Web pages as well as finds out readers’ responses towards

the quality of the translation. This research, then, focuses on the investigation of

the translation procedures which are used in the Indonesian version of the Twitter

Web pages and find out its translation quality. This case study research has found

out how the translation procedures were used in translating the selected Twitter

Web pages along with the identification of the quality of the translation. This

research was aimed at investigating the translation procedures which were used in

the Indonesian version of Twitter Web pages and finding out its translation

quality. Therefore, after analyzing the collected data the present study draws

several conclusions related to the research questions and the aims of the study.

First, from the analysis of the translation procedures, the translated version

of the Twitter Web pages mostly employed the literal translation procedures to

deliver the meaning of each page. These translation procedures are proven to be

relevant since the words that are used in the Twitter Web pages are simple

consisting of only two or three words. In addition, the literal translation

procedures are assumed a good choice to retain the quality of the translation as

well as the whole intention of the Source Language (SL).

Then, the second most frequently used is couplets. This type of translation

procedure is commonly used if there are two or more than two types of procedures

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translate the texts based on the aims or purposes of the intended readers and to

convey the message of the SL as closely as possible to the Target Language (TL)

(Nida, 1964; Vermeer, 1978; Pym, 2007; Munday, 2009). The use of other

translation procedures is also mainly aimed at preserving the meaning of SL to the

TL. The good characteristics of the translation products are also achieved since

the clarity and naturalness of the TL are maintained despite several improper

translations.

Nevertheless, the inappropriate translations to some words such as “e-mail”

and “discoverability” should also be considered since there are already suitable

translations for “e-mail” which is “Surat Elektronik” and it has been extensively

used in several media. Additionally, as found out in Chapter IV, the word

“discoverability” should use the expansion translation procedure to get the exact

meaning and to create new relevant vocabulary which suits the TL (Indonesian).

From the interview, besides gaining what Twitter Web pages that are

In relation to the present study, several suggestions are also proposed to the

betterment of future research. The suggestions are elaborated in the following:

1. The future research is expected to explore more appropriate and more equal

choice of words in terms of the translation products such as Websites or Web

pages on the Internet depending on the purpose of the translation as well as

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2. Related to the characteristics of good translation, the translators should create

and choose natural and clear translation to achieve the goals to attain the real

message of the text.

3. It is also suggested for the future research to conduct more comprehensive

analysis to all pages of Twitter Website as well as to other longer sentences in

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AN ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-INDONESIAN TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ON TWITTER WEB PAGES.