BLDC Motor Control Using Simulink Matlab and PCI

(1)

International Review on

Modelling and Simulations

(IRE MOS)

Contents:

A Comparative Analysis of THD Simulation in an Asymmetric Cascaded Multilevel Inverter by J. L oranca, J. A guayo, A . Claudio, L . G. V ela, R. A . V argas, J. A rau, M. Rodríguez

1728

An Innovative Isolated Bidirectional Soft-Switched Battery Charger for Plug-In Hybrid E lectric Vehicle

by Seyyedmilad E brahimi, Farid Khazaeli, Farzad Tahami, Hashem Oraee

1739

Performance E valuation of Multicarrier SPWM Techniques

for Single Phase Seven Level Cascaded E mbedded Z-Source Inverter by T. Sengolrajan, B. Shanthi, S. P. Natarajan

1746

Adaptive Neural Network with Heuristic Learning Rule for Series Active Power F ilter by Behzad Ghazanfarpour, Mohd A mran Mohd Radzi, Norman Mariun

1753

Two Stage KY Converter Voltage Ripple Reduction and Load Regulation by Neuro F uzzy Controller

by K. Balaji, S. Karthik umar, K. Suresh Manic

1760

Mitigation of Harmonics in Matrix Converter System Using Anfis Controller by S. Chinnaiya, S. U. Prabha

1766

Islanding Detection Method without Non-Detection Zone

Based on Usage of Single Parameter (ISDE T) Calculated from Voltages by H. L aak sonen

1771

E ffects of Wind Turbine Power Curve in Wind Speed Prediction E rrors by Diogo L . Faria, Rui Castro

1780

Observations on Locational Marginal Price in a Double Auction Deregulated Power System by A runachalam S. A bdullah Khan M.

1787

Improvement of Power Quality in Distribution System Using F uzzy - Unit Vector Controller by T. Guna Sek ar, R. A nita

1794

E valuation of the Sympathetic Interaction between Three 150MVA Power Transformers During E nergizing the Third Transformer in Shahr-e-Kord 400/ 63kV Substation by Behzad Sedaghat, Hamed Mehrvarz, Mehdi Jalali Mashayek hi

1801

A Novel Performance Index for Placement of Distributed Generation in Distribution System by D. Sattianadan, M. Sudhak aran, S. V idyasagar, K. V ijayak umar

1809

(continued on inside back cover)

ISSN 1974-9821 Vol. 6 N. 6 December 2013

PART

A

REPRINT

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International Review on Modelling and Simulations

(IREMOS)

Editor-in-Chief:

Santolo Meo

Department of Electrical Engineering FEDERICO II University

21 Claudio - I80125 Naples, Italy santolo@unina.it

Editorial Board:

Marios Angelides (U.K.) Brunel University

M. El Hachemi Benbouzid (France) Univ. of Western Brittany- Electrical Engineering Department Debes Bhattacharyya (New Zealand) Univ. of Auckland – Department of Mechanical Engineering Stjepan Bogdan (Croatia) Univ. of Zagreb - Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing Cecati Carlo (Italy) Univ. of L'Aquila - Department of Electrical and Information Engineering Ibrahim Dincer (Canada) Univ. of Ontario Institute of Technology

Giuseppe Gentile (Italy) FEDERICO II Univ., Naples - Dept. of Electrical Engineering Wilhelm Hasselbring (Germany) Univ. of Kiel

Ivan Ivanov (Bulgaria) Technical Univ. of Sofia - Electrical Power Department

Jiin-Yuh Jang (Taiwan) National Cheng-Kung Univ. - Department of Mechanical Engineering Heuy-Dong Kim (Korea) Andong National Univ. - School of Mechanical Engineering

Marta Kurutz (Hungary) Technical Univ. of Budapest

Baoding Liu (China) Tsinghua Univ. - Department of Mathematical Sciences Pascal Lorenz (France) Univ. de Haute Alsace IUT de Colmar

Santolo Meo (Italy) FEDERICO II Univ., Naples - Dept. of Electrical Engineering Josua P. Meyer (South Africa) Univ. of Pretoria - Dept.of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering Bijan Mohammadi (France) Institut de Mathématiques et de Modélisation de Montpellier Pradipta Kumar Panigrahi (India) Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur - Mechanical Engineering Adrian Traian Pleşca (Romania) "Gh. Asachi" Technical University of Iasi

Ľubomír Šooš (Slovak Republic) Slovak Univ. of Technology - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Lazarus Tenek (Greece) Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki

Lixin Tian (China) Jiangsu Univ. - Department of Mathematics Yoshihiro Tomita (Japan) Kobe Univ. - Division of Mechanical Engineering George Tsatsaronis (Germany) Technische Univ. Berlin - Institute for Energy Engineering Ahmed F. Zobaa (U.K.) Brunel University - School of Engineering and Design

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International Review on Modelling and Simulations (I.RE.MO.S.), Vol. 6, N. 6

ISSN 1974-9821 December 2013

1899

BLDC Motor Control Using Simulink Matlab and PCI

Bambang Sujanarko

1

, Bambang Sri Kaloko

1

, Moh. Hasan

2

Abstract

– This paper presents the control of BLDC motor using Simulink Matlab and PCI as interfacing to hardware. The control based on six step method that have certain relations among rotor positions and winding currents. These relations convert to digital functions and simplify using K-Map. The result then implemented by basic digital elements on Simulink Matlab and used to trigger the inverter through PCI interfacing to produce six step waveform. Before feed to inverter, a PWM added to these signal as speed control of BLDC motor. Test experiment results show that the control can produce variable speed, voltage and current. Copyright © 2013 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Keywords

:

BLDC, Control, Karnaugh, Simulink, PCI, Six Step, PWM

Nomenclature

B Friction coefficient

Bx Fux density vector

D Duty cycle (Ton/T)

E,Ea, Eb,Ec Back-EMF in winding, in winding A, in

winding B, in winding C

HA, HB, HC Hall A, Hall B, Hall C

I, Ia,Ib, Ic Motor Current in winding, in winding A,

in winding B, in winding C

J Moment of inertia

L,La, Lb,Lc Self inductance in winding, in winding A,

in winding B, in winding C

Lx Length of the core

Np Number of active phases

Nspp Number of slots per pole per phase

Nt Number of turns per slot per phase

P Number of magnet poles

Qn,Q1,Q2,

Q3,D4, Q5, Q6

Inverter switch in n-th, in switch 1, switch 2, switch 3, switch 4, switch 5, switch 6

R,Ra,Rb,Rc Resistance in winding, in winding A, in

winding B, in winding C

Rx Outer radius of rotor (moment arm)

Te Electric Torque

TF Friction Torque

TJ Inertia Tourque

TL Load torque

Vs Voltage supply

Abbreviation

BLDC Brushless Direct Current

CCW Counter Clockwise

CW Clockwise

EMF Electric Motion Force

K-Map Karnaugh Map

PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

I.

Introduction

BLDC motors have many advantages over other types of motors. These advantages are high torque, low maintenance, high efficiency, long life operating, low noise, high density power and high reliability [1].

Due to their properties and the evolution of low-cost power semiconductor switches and permanent magnet materials, BLDC motors are widely used in automotive, robotics, industrial automation equipment, machine tools, medical, instrumentation and so on [1], [2].

In order to produce good performance, BLDC motor require particular control for specific system. Many designs and methods have been created for this purpose. Some of the controls use the Field Programmable Gate Array, Digital Signal Processor, Application Specific Integrated Circuit, and the most is using a microcontroller [3]-[7].

But these controls is not flexible, because it is not possible to change easily, such as exchange PWM frequency, current limitation, type of closed-loop control and others. To solve this problem, this research will be build BLDC motors control using computer, which based on Simulink Matlab and PCI 1711 L interfacing.

This control is expected to gain control system that easily modeled and modified, so that it can be used to obtain the optimal control system, only by changing the software.

This research is a continuation of previous research, which has resulted in digital circuits represent logic functions among the sensor signals to triggers of the inverter [8].

II.

BLDC Control Fundamental

II.1. Basic Structure

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Bambang Sujanarko, Bambang Sri Kaloko, Moh. Hasan

synchronization, A BLDC motor system usually consist of five main parts, power inverter (1), inverter drive (2), logic circuit (3), positions sensor (4) and BLDCmotor (5), as shown at Fig. 1 [1], [8].

C

A B

Q1 Q2 Q3

Q4 Q5 Q6 +V

GND Gate

Q1 Gate

Q2 Gate

Q3 Gate

Q4 Gate

Q5 Gate

Q6 Direction

Speed

(1) (2)

(3)

(4)

BLDC Motor

Copyright: bambang sujanarko

(5)

Fig. 1. Basic block diagram of BLDC motor

The basic principle of a BLDC motor is brief as follows. The position sensor (4), usually Hall sensor or Back EMF detection, will give sign of place mark the permanent magnet against the winding. These sign generally in the three bits data.

The signs then entered in a logic circuit (3) to convert into 6 trigger signals for each switch of inverter (1), which usually composed from power device like MOSFETs or 6 IGBTs. In the logic circuit, the trigger signals also regulate to desire direction and speed of rotation. The result depend on direction signal and the setting of speed. Before enter to the inverter, the trigger signals entered to the driver circuit (2). In this circuit, the signals will be matching to the specification of the switch devices.

Finally, by condition of switch of inverter, an example, the power flow from +V to switch (Q1), winding (C), winding (A), switch (Q5) and Ground.

And then position sensor detect sign of place mark the permanent magnet against the winding again in the different condition, and the process will be return to logic circuit.

II.2. Six Step Commutation

As seen in Fig. 1, BLDC motors using a three phase power inverter that commute sequentially every 60 degrees. These commutations produce six different in one cycle as shown in Fig. 2.

This figure show the waveforms of Back-EMFs (Ea,

Eb, Ec), current (Ia, Ib, Ic) and Hall position sensors (Hall A, Hall B and Hall C) [1]-[8]. Back-EMFs in this figure is the trapezoidal type. Other type of Back-EMFs is Sinusoidal [1]-[7].

Because there are six pattern of commutation, so it called six step commutation. The first commutation occurs in 30o until 90o, the 2th in 90o until 150o, the 3th in 150o until 210o, the 4th in 210o until 270o, the 5th in 270o until 330o and the 6th in 330o until 30o.

Ea

Eb

Ec Ia

Ib

Ic

Hall A

Hall C Hall B

330o 0o

30o ₉₀o 150o210o ₂₇₀o ₃₀o

1 cycle

wt

Fig. 2. Back-EMFs, current and Hall position sensors waveform of BLDC motor

If the presence of currents in the winding, Hall sensor detection and direction of rotation is converted to a digital logic 1 and 0, then the relationship of these variables can be expressed by Table I [8]. From this table, if the direction is CW rotation, there are six possible of Hall position and in the switch condition of inverter (Q1 to Q6). If the direction is CCW, the possible also in six too.

An example, using Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and line 1 of Table I, if direction is CW that means the digital logic in the Table I is 1, and the Halls (HA, HB and HC) detect value 1 0 1, so the logic circuit produce signal triggers 1 0 0 0 1 0 for Q1 until Q6.

This triggers cause Q1 and Q5 switch on as shown in Fig. 1, and produce current from +V though Q1, the winding C in the positive polarity, the winding B in the negative polarity, and finally though Q5 to flow to GND. Waveform of this example shown in the first commutation that occurs in angle 330o until 30o.

TABLEI

RELATIONSHIP AMONG DIRECTION,THE POSITION

OF HALL SENSOR AND SWITCHING IN THE INVERTER

Dir HC HB HA Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6

CW

1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

CCW

0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

(5)

1901

II.3. Logic Simplification with Karnaugh Maps

If Table I convert to digital logic function, Eq. (1) is the general form of this correlation. In this function Qnis

inverter switch n-th, where n is 1 until 6. Eq. (2) up to Eq. (7) show the functions in the single form:





n C B A

Q  f Dir,H ,H ,H (1)

1 C B A C B A

C B A C B A

Q DirH H H Dir H H H

Dir H H H DirH H H

  

  (2)

2 C B A C B A

C B A C B A

Q Dir H H H Dir H H H

DirH H H DirH H H

  

  (3)

3 C B A C B A

C B A C B A

Q DirH H H DirH H H

Dir H H H Dir H H H

  

  (4)

4 C B A C B A

C B A C B A

Q DirH H H Dir H H H

Dir H H H DirH H H

  

  (5)

5 C B A C B A

C B A C B A

Q DirH H H DirH H H

Dir H H H Dir H H H

  

  (6)

6 C B A C B A

C B A C B A

Q Dir H H H Dir H H H

DirH H H DirH H H

  

  (7)

This digital logic function can simplify. One method for simplification is K-Map. The result of this simplification is digital logic function in Eq. (8) up to Eq. (13) [8]. Implementating these function using basic digital logic gate can produce digital circuit in Fig. 3:

1 B A B A

Q Dir H H DirH H (8)

2 C B C B

3 C A C A

Q DirH H Dir H H (10)

4 B A B A

5 C B C B

6 C A C A

III. BLDC Modelling

III.1. Electric Modelling

Trigger signals (Q1 to Q6) cause the current to the winding and generate electric phenomenon. It can be analyzed by BLDC motor modeling.

Fig. 3. Digital circuit of relationship among direction, Hall sensor signals and trigger of switches

This modeling can be developed as a three phase synchronous machine, but since rotor is mounted with a permanent magnet, some dynamic characteristics are different [9]. Fig. 4 show BLDC model, where the winding will be represented using inductance (L), resistance (R) and Back EMF (E).

Fig. 4. BLDC motor model

If the circuit is balance, the circuit of BLDC motor model has Eq. (14). This mathematical model using assumption that the magnet has high sensitivity and current induced of rotor can be neglected. It is also assumed that the stator resistances at all the windings are equal (R=Ra=Rb=Rc). Therefore the rotor reluctance does

not change with angle. Eq. (15) show the consequence of this assumption. Finally, the voltage equation become (16):

0 0

a a

b b

c c

a ba ca a a

ba b ca b b

ca ba c c c

V R I

L L L I E

d

L L L I E

dt

L L L I E

      _  _        _ _     

             _ _{    }            

(6)

a b c

ab bc ac

L L L L

L L L M

  

   (15)

0 0

a a

b b

c c

a a

b b

c c

V R I

L M I E

d

L M I E

dt

L M I E

      _  _        _ _     

      

     

 _  __{   }       

     

(16)

III.2. Torque and Speed Modelling

Fig. 5 shows a cutaway view of a BLDC.motor. This motor is a three-phase, 4-pole, 12-slot, full-pitch, surface mounted permanent magnet, trapezoidal Back EMF BLDC.

Fig. 5. Cutaway of BLDC motor

To drive the maximum torque/ampere motor, it is desired that the line current pulses be overlapped by the line-neutral Back EMF voltages of the particular phase.

This allows a maximum torque output by the fundamental physical principle of torque generation, i.e., Torque = Total Force × Moment Arm, where the force is produced by the interaction of the ﬂux produced by the rotor magnets and the current in the stator coil sides.

From the Lorentz force equation is (17) [1]:





1coil side _L t x

Force 



N IB dl (17)

In the running condition, two phases are excited with DC current in the same direction, and a radially magnetized magnet in the certain polarity was appeared overlap at two adjacent slots.

The flux magnetic in these part then force rotor to rotate. The total force is the sum of the forces of all of the active poles.

In a BLDC with radially magnetized magnets and full-pitched windings, the number of stator slots = (number of phases)×(number of poles). There are two phases simultaneously active with square wave excitation and in the magnet distance approximately equal to the pole arc, the electric torque (Te) is given as (18) [1].

The most accurate static torque for a specific machine geometry is determined by using a ﬁnite element software package that uses numerical methods:

e p t spp r x x

T  N N N P I B L R (18)

This torque is equal to the peak or maximum torque, which can also be calculated by the load torque, torque due to inertia, the torque required to overcome the friction, the windage loss which is contributed by the resistance offered by the air in the air gap ant others. Eq. (19) shows the relation of these factors with k caused unknown factors [10].

In the dynamic model or if current supply of BLDC cause motor rotates in angular velocity, this torque also can be represented using equation (20) [9]. In this equation k is a constant.

Equation (19) can be modified using angular velocityas shown in





e L J F

T  T  T  T k (19)

a a b b c c e

E I E I E I

T k



 

 (20)

e L

d

T T J B k

dt

 _

  _   _

  (21)

III.3. Speed Regulating Using PWM

Subtitute Eq. (18) to (20) and using assumption the current and Back EMF in three windings are in balance and using consideration that E is proportional to supply voltage, the angular speed of BLDC motor can can be arranged into (22). If V produce from voltage supply (Vs)

using PWM method [11], [12] as illustrated in Fig. 6, the voltage (V) can calculate using (23). Finally, if (23) substituted to (22), angular velocity become (24):

3

p t spp r

EI

k kE kV

N N N P I B L R

   (22)

s

V DV (23)

s

kDV

 (24)

PWM circuit build using compare a triangle wave and variable DC signal and then implemented to trigger signal by using AND digital logic [8].

Fig. 6. PWM signal

(7)

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1905 BLDC motor on duty cycle variation of PWM and frequency.

(a) Tigger signals using PWM from logic circuit

(b) Tigger signals using PWM from driver circuit

Figs. 14. PWM signals [12]

Duty cycle variation can make by fill DC box of control with number 0 to 5, which denote duty cycle in 0 to 100%, while the frequency of PWM can be varied using time determination of sawtooth generator of simulink control model.

This testing use BLDC motor that have nominal power 500 W, rotation speed 500 rpm and 48 V power supply voltage. But in this testing the power supply used in 12 V.

Fig. 15 shows speed responds in this testing on duty cycle variation, while Figs. 16 and 17 show voltage and current responds.

Fig. 15. Speed responds on duty cycle

Fig. 16. Voltage responds on duty cycle

Fig. 17. Current responds on duty cycle

Fig. 18. Speed responds on frequency

Fig. 19. Voltage responds on frequency

Fig. 20. Current responds on frequency

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variable considered in ideal condition. But voltage responds is linear as defined in (23). Non linear correlation also happen on current responds. The non linear function occurred if duty cycle in the duty cycle above of 70%.

These phenomena can be explained using (21), where there is dependency on mechanical properties among speed, load, friction, inertia and electric torque.

Usually BLDC motor use PWM frequency above 6 kHz [10], but since the PCI only has the ability to transfer data at 10 kHz, so in this research the highest PWM frequency is 800 Hz. This frequency obtained from trial and error, wherein the frequency able to give a good shape of PWM. The highest PWM frequency has been used in the duty cycle variation as discussed previously. In the following sections present BLDC motor responds in the PWM frequency variation at 60% duty cycle, particularly to obtain the speed responds, voltage and current of motor.

Figs. 18 and 19 show speed responds and voltage responds of PWM frequency variations. The responds indicate that there is no influence of the PWM frequency to the motor speed and voltage. While for the current responds as shown in Fig. 20, there are non linear correlations, like occurred on the variation of duty cycle.

VII. Conclusion

This research has successfully made BLDC motor control using Matlab Simulink, and the interface to the actual hardware using PCI. Control models constructed using simulink element, and this model also can be used as a real control through the RTW facilities used. The experiment results show that the control can be used to control the BLDCmotor, and can generate an appropriate responds within the electrical and mechanical models.

The results of this research are very useful for BLDC motor control modeling and the real testing, easily, quickly and efficiently. It can be helped to generated a better of BLDC motor control.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by research grant - Riset Unggulan Universitas Jember dana BOPTN, Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.

References

[1] Ali Emadi, Handbook of Automotive Power Electronics and Motor Drives (Taylor & Francis Group, CRC Press, 2005). [2] Padmaraja Yedamale, Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor

Fundamentals (Microchip Technology Inc., 2003)

[3] Sathyan, A. ; Milivojevic, N. ; Young-Joo Lee ; Krishnamurthy, M. ; Emadi, A., An FPGA-Based Novel Digital PWM Control Scheme for BLDC Motor Drives, Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Vol.: 56 , Issue: 8, 2009, pp.: 3040 - 3049. [4] Matsui, N. ; Ohashi, H., DSP-Based Adaptive Control of A

Brushless Motor, Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on,Volume: 28 , Issue: 2, 1992 , Page(s): 448 – 454.

[5] Semiconductor Components Industries, MC33035 NCV33035 Brushless DC Motor Controller- Publication Order (On Semiconductor, 2006).

[6] Atmel Corporation, AVR498: Sensorless control of BLDC Motors using ATtiny261/461/861-Application Note (Atmel Corporation, 2009).

[7] Stan D’Souza, AN957 Sensored BLDC Motor Control Using dsPIC30F2010-Application Notes (Microchip Technology, 2004).

[8] Bambang Sujanarko, Brushless Direct Current (Bldc) Motor Controller Using Digital Logic For Electric Vehicle, National Conference ReTII ke-7 Tahun 2012, STTNAS Yogyakarta, 2012. [9] Caner, M., Gerada, C., Asher, G., Permanent magnet motor

design optimisation for sensorless control, (2013) International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), 8 (1), pp. 172-181. [10] Padmaraja Yedamale, AN885 Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor

Fundamentals, Application Notes (Microchip Technology, 2003). [11] Mirzaei, H., Pahlavani, M.A., Naderi, P., Comparison of direct torque control of BLDC motor with minimum torque ripple in four and six-switch inverters, (2013) International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), 8 (3), pp. 971-980.

[12] Bambang Sujanarko, Desain Kontrol PWM Pengatur Kecepatan Motor BLDC Untuk Mobil Listrik, National Conference Semantik Tahun 2013, UDINUS Semarang, 2013.

[13] The MathWorks, Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc., 2013).

[14] Loeb, M.L. ; Rindos, A.J. ; Holland, W.G. ; Woolet, S.P., Gigabit Ethernet PCI adapter performance, Network, IEEE, Vol. 15, Issue: 2, 2001, pp. 42 – 47.

[15] Advantech, PCI-1711/L Entry-level 100 kS/s, 12-bit, 16-ch PCI Multifunction Card (Advantech).

Authors’ information

1_{Jurusan Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Jember.} 2

Jurusan Matematika, Fakultas MIPA, Universitas Jember.

Bambang Sujanarko received the B.Sc from

Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta Indonesia, Master from Universitas Jember, Indonesia and Doctor fron Institut Teknologi Sepeluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia. He is senior lecture of Departement Electrical, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Jember. His research interests included power electronics and renewable energy systems, hybrid power systems, artificial intelligent, electric vehicle and instrumentation.

Bambang Sri Kaloko received the B.Sc and

Master from Institur Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia and Doctor fron Institut Teknologi Sepeluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya, Indonesia. He is lecture of Departement Electrical, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Jember. His research interests included power analysis, battery system, renewable energy systems, artificial intelligent and electric vehicle.

Moh. Hasan received the B.Sc form

Universitas Jember, Master from The University of Western Australia, Perth Australia and Doctor fron Wageningen University, Wageningen Holland. He is senior lecture of Departement Math, Math and Science Faculty, Universitas Jember. Now, he is rector of University of Jember. His research interests included modelling of nature phenomena.

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International Review on Modelling and Simulations

(IREMOS)

(continued from outside front cover)

An Adaptive Hysteresis Band Current Controller Based DSTATCOM for E nhancement of Power Quality with Various Load

by J. Ramesh, T. A ruldoss A lbert V ictoire

1814

A Multi-Objective Contingency Constrained Optimal Power F low Based on Composite Security Index Using Genetic Algorithm and Newton Method

by R. Sunitha, R. Sreerama Kumar, A braham T. Mathew

1821

Voltage Constrained Maximum Loadability Analysisin Power System Using F ACTS by A . A nbarasan, M. Y. Sanavullah, S. Ramesh

1831

Non-Iterative Optimization Algorithm Based D-STATCOM for Power Quality E nhancement by S. Premalatha, Subhransu Sek har Dash, J. A run V enk atesh, N. K. Rayaguru

1837

PV Supported DVR and D-STATCOM for Mitigating Power Quality Issues by S. Premalatha, Subhransu Sek har Dash, D. Sunitha, R. Mohanasundaram

1849

Open and Short Circuit Diagnosis of a VSI F ed Three Phase Induction Motor Drive Using F uzzy Logic Technique

by K. Mohanraj, S. Paramasivam, Subhranshu Sek har Dash, A . F. Zobaa

1858

A Comparative Study of IP, F uzzy Logic and Sliding Mode Controllers in a Speed Vector Control of Induction Motor

by A . Bennassar, A . A bbou, M. A k herraz, M. Barara

1865

PI and F uzzy Hysteresis Current Controlled Inverter for PMSM Based E Vs Drives by F. Grouz, L . Sbita

1872

Use of the Short Time F ourier Transform for Induction Motor Broken Bars Detection by Fethi A . A imer, A hmed H. Boudinar, A zeddine Bendiabdellah

1879

Diagnosis of Stator Winding Short Circuit F ault in Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Machine by K. Deepa, P. V anaja Ranjan, S. Deepa

1884

Improved Genetic Algorithm Identification of the Squirrel-Cage Induction Machine Parameters by Mohamed Moutchou, Hassan Mahmoudi

1891

BLDC Motor Control Using Simulink Matlab and PCI by Bambang Sujanark o, Bambang Sri Kalok o, Moh. Hasan

1899

Analysis of DC Bus F ault and Line F aults on Voltage Source Inverter F ed Induction Motor by K. Mohanraj, S. Paramasivam, Subhransu Sek har Dash, S. Ramprasad

1907

A Novel Approach for an E nhanced High F requency Single Stage Matrix Converter for Induction Heating Application

by P. Umasank ar, S. Senthilk umar

1914

(continued on Part B)

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