Borrowing Word And Its Procedure Of Literature Terminology In Teori Kesusastraan BookTranslated By Melani Budianta

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A Thesis

Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements

For The Strata One Degree

ANA NABILAH 1111026000014

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

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i

Letters Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2016.

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ii

MELANI BUDIANTA

A Thesis

Submitted to Adab and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements

For The Strata One Degree

Ana Nabilah NIM. 1111026000014

Approved by: Advisor

Danti Pudjianti, S.Pd., M.M., M.Hum NIP. 19731220 199903 2 004

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

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iii NIM : 1111026000014

Title : Borrowing Word and Its Procedure of Literature Terminology in Teori Kesusastraan Book Translated by Melani Budianta

This thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letter and Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on June 24th

, 2016. It has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, June 24th, 2016

Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd (Chair Person) _________ ________ 19640710 199303 1 006

2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum. (Secretary) _________ ________ 19781003 200112 2 002

3. Danti Pudjianti, S.Pd, M.M., M.Hum. (Advisor ) _________ ________ 19731220 199903 2 004

4. Dr. Frans Sayogie, S.H., M.H., M.Pd. (Examiner I) _________ ________ 19700310 200003 1 002

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of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or

written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been

accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other

institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in

the text.

Jakarta, April 2016

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v

First of all, all praise be to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe for his

help in completing this thesis. Then, peace and blessing be upon to our beloved

prophet Muhammad SAW and all his family, his companions and his followers.

The thesis is submitted in partial accomplishment of the requirement for

the strata 1 degree to The Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Letters

Department State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

In this occasion, the writer would like to convey the deepest thanks to:

1. Her beloved parents, Komarudin Adnawi, Lc and Nenden Mardiah for

their prayers, love and support during her study until finishing this thesis.

And also all families who have been support her to finish this thesis.

2. Her advisor, Mrs. Danti Pudjianti, S.Pd., M.M., M.Hum who has been

patient and giving her time, support and advice from the first until

finishing her thesis.

3. The Dean of the Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Prof. Dr. Syukron

Kamil, M.Hum.

4. The Head of English Letters Department, Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd.

5. The Secretary of English Letters Department, Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum.

6. All lectures at English Letters Department, who have taught the writer

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vi

all kinds, loves, supports, cares, even happy or sad always tobe the best

friends during her study.

9. All classmates, senior and junior in English Letters Department, who have

giving her support during her study.

10.All who has given her supports and helped the writer to finish her study

that cannot be mentioned all.

These all thanks are not enough to give appreciatons for all their contributions

on this thesis, May Allah SWT bless them. The writer also hopes this thesis will

be useful for all people.

Jakarta, April 2016

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[image:8.595.130.453.255.598.2]

vii

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viii

APPROVAL SHEET ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

DECLARATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... v

LIST OF TABLE ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENT ... viii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of The Study ... 1

B. Focus of The Study ... 4

C. Research Question ... 4

D. Significance of The Study ... 5

E. Research Methodology... 5

1. The Objective of The Research ... 5

2. The Method of Research ... 5

3. Data Analysis ... 6

4. Instrument of Research ... 6

5. Unit of Analysis ... 6

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION ... 2

A. Previous Research ... 2

B. Translation ... 11

1. Definition of Translation ... 11

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ix

2. Borrowing Factors ... 21

3. Types of Borrowing ... 23

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDING ... 25

A. Data Description ... 25

B. Data Analysis ... 27

1. Loanword and Its Translation Procedure ... 27

2. Loanblend and Its Translation Procedure ... 29

3. Loan Shift and Its Translation Procedure ... 39

CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGESTIONS………...44

A. Conclusion………..44

B. Suggestion ... 45

BIBLIOGRAPHY………47 APPENDICES………..49 1. A Glosarry Of Literary Terms... 48

2. The Routledge Dictionary Of Literary Terms ... 64

3. The Concise Oxford Dictionary Of Literary Terms ... 67

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1 A. Background of The Study

As a globalization era, language develops in specific department such

as business, politic, education, engineering, literature and many more. Because of that, every language has its own terminology. Kerap states, “ In

any modern communication, every language has obtained or taken one or more words from other languages”1

. In the other word, the Indonesian

language borrows word from English language or other language.

Language is an important aspect in human life, because language is a

communication tool between humans to deliver their ideas. Catford defines

that language as a type of human behavior and the ways of human being

interacts each other in social life.2 All people speak to communicate each

other through language, both written and oral.

Language can be spoken (oral) and also can be written (text). In the

written language, form aspect is text which is read and can be absorbed in

mind, and the meaning aspect means how the readers interpret the text of

what they read. Meaning aspect can be seen more broadly and usually called

as message in the Translation Theory. Translation Theories were born

1

Goris Kerap. Teori dan Seni Menerjemahkan, (Jakarta: Nusa Indah, 1980), p.24. 2

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because of a number of senior and academies have experiences in studying

translation and also because of many creations are translated now.

Translation is a very useful job in our life, not only for getting the

information, but also for understanding each other. Today, translation

becomes one thing that cannot be avoided. Translation is transferring someone’s mind concept from one language to the other language. In the

translation process, there is always a shift, so the translation text can change

message and meaning sense the writer of source text. That happened because

language that is used by people is always dynamic, based on the times and

place. So language will always develop based on period and place.

Translation from one language to another language is not an easy

work. In translation, delivering message is an important thing. Besides it is

important, translation is a difficult job. The difficulties of understanding and

getting the message from the media of other language is often happened. So

that, good quality translation is needed to produce translation text which can

be understood and the message can be delivered to the readers without

increasing the message of source text.

Quality of translation is needed for understanding the message of

target text. Good translation can be only produced by a translator who has

high qualification, because translation process involves two language, they

are source language (SL) and target language (TL). So, to produce good

translation, a translator should understand cultures of countries for giving an

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Translating science books from foreign language to Indonesian is the

important way, because it will get two benefits. First, translation will help us

to get knowledge information easily. Second, translation is a process for

Indonesian language become knowledge aspects.

Borrowing becomes an important part in linguistics study , because

we communicate with different language and culture, so that many people use

foreign language in their communication to make their communication easily

and understanding each other. There are so many borrowing words from

English that used in Indonesian, not only word but also phrase.

Borrowing is the process of borrowing word from foreign languages.3

Borrowing happened when a language add one word or morpheme from other

language into that word. That also often happened in communication, that is

when speaker communicate with other people in different language.

Pronunciation of Borrowing word often changes because that is for matching

the phonological aspect of that borrowed language.

In translation, Borrowing is translation technique from source language into target language. For example, in English word “ambition”

means “a strong hope“, but after borrowed tobe “ambisi” in Indonesian, it

means a desire to have a power and has a negative meaning.

3

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Although Indonesian language has many equivalent words, some

translators prefer to use borrowing words because of several reasons.such as

the translators do not realize that the borrowing words have Indonesian

equivalent words, in order to make the target readers understand the message

easily.

Consequently, this study will analyze the comprehension of

borrowing words of literature terminology from Theory of Literature book by

Rene Wellek and Austin Werren which translated in Teori Kesusastraan book

by Melani Budianta.

B. Focus of The Study

Based on the background of the study above, this research focus in

types of borrowing word of literature terminology in Teori Kesusastraan

book. Besides, this research also is to know the translation procedures that

contains borrowing words in that literature terminology.

C. Research Question

Based on the background and focus of the study above, the writer will

propose the following questions:

1. What types of borrowing words of literature terminology used in Teori

Kesusastraan book with Hocket theory?

2. How are the translation procedures of borrowing words of literature

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D. Significance of The Study

The writer believes that this study is very useful to give knowledge

information in translation, especially in translation procedures that study

about borrowing word. In the other hand, this research is very useful to

support and contribute the students that want to understand the meaning and

the original words. The research is expected to give a deeper understanding to

get the real meaning of the borrowing word occurring in Teori Kesusastraan

book.

E. Research Methodology

1. The Objective of The Research

Based on research question, the objectives of the research from

this research are:

a. Describing types of borrowing words in literature terminology.

b. Describing the translation procedures of borrowing word from the

selected data.

2. The Method of Research

This research uses qualitative method by analyzing and

describing types of borrowing words and their translation procedures

that used in literature terminology. Beside that, the writer also

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3. Data Analysis

The writer uses the technique of descriptive analysis by using

the following steps:

a. Collecting the borrowing words which are collected from Teori

Kesusastraan book.

b. Classifying the selected data into types of borrowing.

c. Analyzing the borrowing types based on Chraless F. Hocket

theory.

d. Analyzing the borrowing word into translation procedures based

on Peter Newmark theory.

e. Writing a report of study.

4. Instrument of Research

This research uses the data card as main instrument to get

qualitative data when analyzing words in Teori Kesusastraan book.

Then, the data are tabulated in the focus of data description, then

analyzed them in the data analysis.

5. Unit of Analysis

The writer chooses and takes unit of analysis in this research is

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published by A Harvest Book, Harcourt, Brace & World, INC, New

York, London. And its translation is Teori Kesusastraan that

published by PT. Gramedia, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Comparison Book in SL and TL

ENGLISH INDONESIA

Name Theory of Literature Teori Kesusastraan

Author Rene Wellek & Austin Warren

Melani Budianta

Publisher A Harvest Book, Harcourt, Brace &

World, INC

PT Gramedia

Year of published 1977 1989

[image:17.595.136.517.223.605.2]

Number of Pages 201 276

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8 CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

There are many researchers doing the research that focused on

borrowing words. They are: Borrowing Word Translation in Digital Camera

Magazine Published in Indonesia for March 2014 Edition by Achmad Yusuf

(2015), An Analysis of English Borrowing Word in Indonesian Computer

Terminology by Hervan Prianggi Rezardy (2013), The Analysis of English

Borrowing Word in Warta Ekonomi Magazine by Shara El Azizah Bazar

(2012), and Morphophonological Changes of Borrowed Words from English

to Lubukusu dialect of Western Kenya by Watera Muambu Evans (2014).

The first research is entitled Borrowing Word Translation in Digital

Camera Magazine Published in Indonesia for March 2014 Edition by

Achmad Yusuf (2015). The study focused on borrowing word, and categorize

it into kind of borrowing word. He used the theory of borrowing word from

Charles F. Hocket to analyze and classify the borrowing word, then he used

the theory of procedure of translation from Imam Malik. He found nineteen

borrowing words in Digital Camera Indonesia magazine that translated from

Digital Camera World, then he categorize the borrowing word into three

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words with theory of procedure of translation from Imam Malik into four

types. They are: Adoption, adaptation, translation and creation.4

The second research is entitled An Analysis of English Borrowing

Word in Indonesian Computer Terminology by Hervan Prianggi Rezardy

(2013). This research focused on the way in which the autour finds kinds of

semantic change that may happen and word formation process that uses in

computer terminology. He uses the qualitative descriptive method to collect

the data in accordance to the relevant theory in this research. He takes twenty

borrowing words from English in Indonesian computer terminology. The

process that presented in this research is semantic change such as extension,

narrowing, and same in meaning. Then, the process of word-formation is such

as compounds, acronyms, back-formation, abbreviations, word from names,

blends and prefixes-suffixes.5

The third research is The Analysis of English Borrowing Word in

Warta Ekonomi Magazine by Shara El Azizah Bazar (2012). It is focused on

the types of borrowing words that are utilized and kinds of semantic change

that happened to the borrowed-words. In this research, the writer used the

qualitative method and descriptive analysis technique, are utilized in

analyzing the compiled data. From the two research questions, the result of

the analysis shows that there are two types of borrowing, namely Loanblend

4

Achmad Yusuf, Borrowing Word Translation in Digital Camera Magazine Published in Indonesia for March 2014 Edition, (Jakarta: UIN Syahid, 2015).

5

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and Loanword. From this research, the dominance of the borrowed-words is

Loanblend with 80% and Loanword with 20%, then there are some changes

of meaning occur to the data, some are specialization and few of

generalization.6

The last is entitled Morphophonological Changes of Borrowed Words

from English to Lubukusu dialect of Western Kenya by Watera Muambu

Evans (2014). The study adopted the theory Natural Generative Phonology

(NGP) which was propaganted by Hopper as the theoretical framework. The

study is identified and described the morphophonological change that the

loanwords from English go through to fit into Lubukusu speech system and

established morphophonological rules that account for the changes. The

loanwords were recorded on a magnetic tape during articulation for the sake

of analysis to get a clear picture of their morphophonological structure. There

were lot of consonantal changes like consonant insertion, consonant delition

and consonant substitution among others. And also vowel changes such as

vowel delition, vowel substitution, and vowel insertion. 7

From the previous research above, the writer did not find the research

that focused on literature term. So she chooses to do her research about that.

6

Shara El Azizah Bazar, The Analysis of English Borrowing Word in Warta Ekonomi Magazine, (Jakarta: UIN Syahid, 2012).

7

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B. Translation

1. Definition of Translation

According to Newmark, “Translation is rendering the meaning

of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.”8 _{Based on Oxford dictionary, translation is “the process of}

changing something that is written or spoken into another language.”9

Nida dan Taber explain in their book that translation is to

produce comparison of target language from source language

message, the first one is in meaning term and the second one is in

style term.

Translating consist in reproducing in the receptor language

the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in

term of meaning and secondly in terms of style.10

Nida and Taber statement above show that a translator

transfers message from source language into target language, in order

to make people have the same impression when read target language

and source language text.

And according to J.C Catford, “Translation is the replacement

of textual material in one language, by equivalent textual material in

8

Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988), p.5. 9

A S Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, (Oxford University Press, 2000)

10

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another language.”11

It means translators look for the equivalent word

from source language into target language by knowing the culture

both source and target texts to get the equivalent word.

Based on the definition above, we can make conclusion of

translation definition. First, finding the equivalent word between

source and target language. Second, transferring message from source

language into target language.

2. Translation Process

The process of translation can be describe as in figure below:12

A (Source) B (Receptor)

Analysis Restructuring

X Transfer Y

A System of translation above consist of a more elaborate

procedure comprising three stages: (I) analysis, in which the surface structure is analyzed in terms of (a) the grammatical relationship and

(b) the meanings of the words and combinations of the words, (2) transfer, in which the analyzed material is transferred in the mind of

11

J.C. Catford, Op. cit, p. 20 12

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the translator from language A to language B, and (3) restructuring, in which the transferred material is restructured in order to make the

final message fully acceptable in the receptor language.13

1) Analyzing

When analyzing a text, the first time we should do is

reading all the text that will be translated, in order to know what the

writer will deliver to the reader and also to identify the difficult

word and the terms.

Nida and Taber explain in their book that there are three

major steps in analysis.14

“There are three major steps in analysis: (I) Determining the meaningful relationships between the words and combinations of words, (2) the referential meaning of the words and special combinations of words, (3) the connotative meaning i.e how the user of the language react, whether positively or negatively to the words and combinations of them.”

So the first time we should analyze is the meaning of its

grammatical, because the sentence with the same construction

grammar will have the same meaning or different meaning, or

maybe the sentence with different grammatical has the same

meaning. Such as in the phrase the God of peace, it is not speaking

about a peaceful God, but God who causes or produces peace.15

13

Ibid, p. 33. 14

ibid, p. 34. 15

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The conclusion is that the construction Noun + of + Noun can “mean” many different things, depending on what nouns are

involved and what meanings we assign to them. In the other words,

this construction means not one relation, but many.

2) Transferring

After having completed the processes of analysis, which

involve both grammatical and semantic aspects of the text, it is then

essential that the result of the analysis be transferred from language

A to language B, that is from the source language to the receptor

language. There have personal problems in transferring message.16

a) Too much knowledge of the subject matter

The translator who has too much topic knowledge

when translating text is will not get good translation.

Sometimes the translator forgets to the readers, so the

translator translate the SL text based on the translator’s

knowledge that maybe the readers do not understand.

b) Taking Translationese for granted

This form of language is often accepted, especially by

educated nationals, as the only possible medium for

communicating materials which have first been expressed in a

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foreign language, so that the readers who do not understand the

source language will be difficult to understand because in TL

text is used many SL terms.

c) Insecurity about one’s own language

In the first place, some national writers feel obliged to

imitate the forms of other languages which they regard as

having more prestige. They borrow not only words, idioms,

and stylistic devices, but also grammatical forms. In the second

place, insecurity in a national about his own language, so the

words, idioms, and stylistic devices, but also grammatical

forms forced to be written as target language text.

d) A desire to preserve the mystery of language

Some persons, both national and foreign, genuinely

fear that if the Scriptures are made fully clear, something of the

mystery of religion will be lost. So that the translator keep to

use source language terms in order to keep and save mystery of

the words.

e) Wrong theological presupposition

There is preference to say that the religion “A” is more

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can emphasize the basic principle that contextual consistency

is more important than verbal consistency, and that in order to

preserve the content it is necessary to make certain changes in

form.

f) Ignorance of the nature of translation

The average person naively thinks that language is words, so the translators only replacing word in language “A”

with a word in language “B”. That is wrong perception. The

expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate

that the individual sentence in turn is not enough. The focus

should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total

discourse. In this transferring, the translator decide to choose

which ideology the translator will use (foreignization or

domestication), which method or what technique the

translators will use from three aspects (accuracy, naturalness or

readibility).

3) Restructuring

In structuring the message after having transferred it from

the source language to the receptor language, it is essential that one

consider the problems from three perspective, they are:17 (1)The

varieties of language or of styles which may be desirable, (2) The

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essential components and characteristics of these various styles,

and (3) The techniques which may be employed in producing the

type of style desired.

The translators should produce translation with the same as

the SL text, so the readers will feel like reading the SL text. It

shows that the TL text has a good translation that is easy to

understand for the readers.

3. Translation Procedure

Translation procedures are used for sentences and the

smaller units of language. Peter Newmark explains in his book that

there are fifteen translation procedures, they are:18

a. Transference : Transference (emprunt, loanword, transcription) is the process of transferring a SL word to a TL

text as a translation procedure, the word then becomes

loanword.

Example : radio = radio

b. Naturalization : It adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL.

Example : symbol = simbol

Energy = energi

calendar = kalender

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serious = serius

crisis = krisis

c. Cultural Equivalent : It means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate"

Example : baseball =kasti

April Fools = April Mop

d. Functional Equivalent : It requires the use of a culture-neutralword.

Example : punt =rakit

spatula = (alat) sudip

e. Descriptive Equivalent : In this procedure the meaning of the

CBT is explained in several words.

Example : Bajaj = a three-wheeled traditional vehicle

which usually located in Jakarta, Indonesia.

f. Componential Analysis : It means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an

obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their

common and then their differing sense components."

Example : Once in a blue moon = sangat jarang, hampir tidak

pernah

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Example : happy = glad = pleased = delighted

good = splendid = fine = excellent

h. Through-translation : It is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of

compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation.

Example : Normal School = Sekolah Normal

The Bongolian Box = Kotak Bongolia

i. Shifts or transpositions : It involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural,

(ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not

exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word,

change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth.

Example : Cats are carnivores = kucing adalah hewan

karnivora.

j. Modulation : It occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with

the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may

appear dissimilar in terms of perspective.

Example : He broke his leg. ( Dia mematahkan kakinya.)

k. Recognized translation : It occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation

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Example : UK (United Kingdom) = Britania Raya

EU (European Union) = Uni Eropa

l. Compensation : It occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part.

Example : A pair of scissors = sebuah gunting

m. Paraphrase : In this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than

that of descriptive equivalent.

Example : the signal was red. (When the light was red, trains

could not go.)

n. Couplets : It occurs when the translator combines two different procedures.

Example : China's foreign ministry denied any knowledge of

G-mail being blocked. (Kementerian Luar Negeri Cina

membantah pihaknya mengetahui G-mail diblokir.)

o. Notes : Notes are additional information in a translation. Example : Stonhenge is the place to go for tourist and

druids. NB : The Druids were priests who carried out religious

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C. Borrowing

1. Definition of Borrowing

According to J. Heath in the book Concise Encyclopedia of

Sociolinguistics, “Borrowing is a form that has spread from one

linguistics variety (the source) into another variety (the target or

replica). In this sense it is nearly synonymous with loanword but a

borrowing is an often really stem (smaller than a word) and may be a phrase (larger than a word)”.19

Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman said that borrowing occurs

when one language adds to its own lexicon.this happened when

speakers of different language interact with another.20

From definition above, we can summarize borrowing is taking

word from other language to make easy for saying something by words

without creates words before.

2. Borrowing Factors

There are some factors why one language borrows word from

other language, those will be explained below:

a. Social, Economy and Political Factors

19

Rajend Mesthrie, Consise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics, -in J. Heath, Borrowing, (Amsterdam–New York –Oxford-Shannon-Singapure-Tokyo: Elsevier Science Ltd, 2001), p. 432.

20

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Language always changes for a lot of reason, based on place

and period. Language always response to social, economic and

political pressure. It can be caused by invasions, colonization and

migration.21

b. Need and Prestige Factors

Language borrows word from other language caused by

need and prestige. When speakers of a language acquire new item

or concept from abroad, they need a new term to go along

acquisition.22

The summarizing reasons for borrowing that have been

opposites by researches in recent years:23

a. As result of the cultural dominance of the donor language.

b. To be associated with speakers of the dominant language.

c. To fill lexical gaps in a recessive language well along in the

process of shift.

d. To facilitate understanding with younger speakers who are no

longer familiar with original forms of the recessive language.

e. For affect or convenience.

21

Janet Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. (London & Newyork: Longman, 1992), p. 22

22

Lyle Campbell. Historical Linguistics:An Introduction (Edinburg University Press 1999), p. 59

23

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3. Types of Borrowing

Charless F. Hocket explained the borrower is being confronted

with some new object or practice for which he needs words. Under

these conditions it does not always happen that the borrower imports

bodily the words already used by the donor; in fact, three rather

distinct things may happen, giving rise respectively to loanwords,

loanblends and loanshift.24

a. Loanword

The loanword is the process of morphological importation

involving no morphological replacement but with or without

substitution phoneme. These importations do not imply

grammatical change. In can be included the borrower adopted the

pronunciation and spelling from original word.

Example: hamburger <hamburger>.

b. Loanblend

The loanblend is the combination of morphological

substitution and importation, but the structure fits the model. The

loandblend process is combination of foreign and native word. It

24

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has similarly a loanblend is a new idiom develops in borrowing

process.

Example: klub <club>.

c. Loanshift

The loanshift is another process that occurs in adapting

native words to the new meanings.

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25 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In Teori Kesusastraan book found a lot of words that are borrowed in

literature term, Then the writer just selects eleven words from sixteenth

chapter which are going to be analyzed as corpus data. The analysis of that

words is in order to know types the word is loanword, loanblend or loanshift

type.

In the next step of analysis, the writer analyzed the translation

procedures of each word. The SL and TL are arranged to ease comparison

between them in considering the translation process to translate some

borrowing words. The writer uses some dictionaries to support the analysis to

find the meaning of each word, those dictionaries are:

1) M. H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms, (Cornell University:

Earl Mc Peek, 1999)

2) Chris Baldick, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms,

(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001)

3) Peter Childs and Roger Fowler, The Routledge Dictionary of

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4) Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita K. Rustapa and Hani’ah, Kamus Istilah

Sastra, (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 2007)

Here are the data descriptions of the eleven selected words which

can be seen at the table below:

Classification of Borrowing Word No Borrowing

Types

SL Page TL Page Translation

Procedure

1 Loanword Motif 207 Motif 276 Transference

2 Loanblend Epic 205 Epik 282 Naturalization

Allusion 208 Alusi 287 Naturalization

Metonymic 210 Metonimia 291 Naturalization

Metaphoric 210 Metafora 291 Naturalization

Theme 211 Tema 292 Naturalization

Irony 213 Ironi 294 Naturalization

Soliloqui 215 Solilokui 297 Naturalization 3 Loanshift dramatic

monologue

212 Monolog dramatik

293 Shift / transpotition

Drama 201 Drama 276 Transference

[image:36.595.114.551.261.634.2]

Plot 203 Plot 280 Transference

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B. Data Analysis

From the data description above, the writer is going to explain eleven

words. The analysis will be explained about Source Language (SL) and Target

Language (TL). The analysis uses Charles F. Hocket theory of borrowing.

And to get meaning of borrowing words from SL to TL is used the dictionary.

And the data also classifies to the types of borrowing word and applied to the

translation procedure. The selected data can be analyzed as follows:

1. Loanword and Its Translation Procedure

Based on English Literary Terms of A Glossary of Literary

Terms, the meaning of motif is conspicuous element, such as a type

of incident, device, reference, or formula, which occurs frequently

in works of literature. For example: In all the famed fairytales, the

motif of a „handsome prince‟ falling in love with a „damsel in

distress‟ and the two being bothered by a wicked step-mother/evil SL : Motif (Theory of Literature)

“The Russian formalist, and German form analysts like

Dibelius, give the term “motif”.

TL : Motif (Teori Kesusastraan)

“Kaum formalis Rusia dan para peneliti bentuk dari Jerman

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witch/ beast and finally conquering all and living „happily ever

after‟ is a common motif.25

In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, motif

means Gagasan dan sifat lakuan yang berulang dalam karya

sastra, baik berupa peran, citra yang berulang, ataupun pola

pemakaian kata. Such as: Pengembaraan Panji, tokoh nenek

Kabayan, Ibu tiri, anak bungsu, anak durhaka, and many more.”26

The translator translated the word motif into motif, based on

the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same

meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that term.

This term typed into loanword. Motif is used in target

language text because it does not have the matching word and it

has existed in Indonesian dictionary, so it is better to use the SL word “Motif” .

The translator used “transference” translation procedure

that takes form and meaning of the SL word which is absorbed

totally. The word “Motif” is used in TL text because that word is

familiar in literary area, so it will make the reader of TL text will

be more easier to understand.

25

M. H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms, (Cornell University: Earl Mc Peek, 1999), p. 169

26

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2. Loanblend and Its Translation Procedure a.

Terms, the meaning of epic is a long verse narrative on a serious

subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a

heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of

a tribe, a nation, or (in the instance of John Milton's Paradise

Lost) the human race.27

In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, epic

means prosa atau puisi kisahan panjang tentang perbuatan

kesatria dan pahlawan, berisi cerita kepahlawanan, berisi cerita

kepahlawanan yang menggabungkan mitos, legende, cerita rakyat,

dan sejarah.”28

The translator translated the word epic into epik, based on

27

M. H. Abrams, Op. cit. P. 76 28

Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita Restapa, Haniah, Op. cit.p. 218 SL : Epic (Theory of Literature)

“The epic poet uses first person”

TL : Epik (Teori Kesusastraan)

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This term typed into loanblend, with adding suffix “K”, so

the SL word “Epic” must be “Epik” in TL. The English word that

has suffix -c it must be change into suffix –k to be Indonesian

word, but the meaning is the same.

The translator is maintaining the meaning and spelling with “naturalization” procedure. The translator takes meaning of foreign

word than the word is absorbed with the process of writing and

spelling based on Indonesian rules.

b.

Terms, the meaning of allusion is a passing reference, without

explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or

event, or to another literary work or passage.29

29

M. H. Abrams, Op. cit.p. 9

SL : Allusion (Theory of Literature)

“Biblical allusion as a form of characterizing economy”

TL : Alusi (Teori Kesusastraan)

“Menunjukkan bagaimana alusi Bibel dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai suatu cara ekonomis untuk

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In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra,

allusion means acuan tidak langsung ke suatu objek (tokoh atau

peristiwa) dalam sastra, sejarah, atau seni lain, yang bisa berkisar

dari yang universal sampai ke yang samar dan sekejap.30

The translator translated the word allusion into alusi, based

on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the same

This term typed into loanblend. The synonym of allusion is alusi in Indonesian with changing suffix of the SL “ion” to be “si”

in Indonesian. Literal translation is not the right method because

that word has a long definition.

The procedure of translation is “naturalization” that

changing the form. The SL word allusion has equivalence word in

Indonesian, that is alusi. The word has been familiar in literature

term that will make the reader will be clearly understand of the

text. It is Indonesian rule by reducing where the word with suffix “ion” in English.

30

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c.

Based on English Literary Terms of The Concise Oxford

Dictionary of Literary Terms, the meaning of is Figure of speech

that replaces the name of one thing with the name of something

else closely associeted with it.31

metonymic means jenis sinekdok yang berupa penggantian nama

objek atau gagasan dengan kata lain yang ada gagasannya.32

The translator translated the word metonymic into

metonimia, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it

has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to

translate that term.

31

Chris Baldick, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 154

32

Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita Restapa, Haniah, Op. cit. p. 130 SL : Metonymic (Theory of Literature) “Maybe viewed as metonymic, metaphoric,

expressions of character”

TL : Metonimia (Teori Kesusastraan)

“Dapat dianggap berfungsi sebagai metonimia, atau

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This term typed into loanblend, because suffix of the SL

word is changed into metonimia in Indonesian. Indonesian has

been already used this word that commonly used in literary term.

The procedure that used is “naturalization” procedure, it

has equivalence in Indonesian. So the translator is only takes

meaning of the English word which is absorbed and both writing

and spelling is changed based on the Indonesian rules. The TL

word metonimia is experience changing spell from the original

word metonymic.

d.

Terms, the meaning of metaphor is a departure from the literal

(that is, the standard) use of language which serves as a condensed

or elliptical simile, in that it involves an implicit comparison

between two disparate things.33

33

M. H. Abrams, Op. cit.p. 155

SL : Metaphoric (Theory of Literature) “Maybe viewed as metonymic, metaphoric,

expressions of character”.

TL : Metafora (Teori Kesusastraan)

“Dapat dianggap berfungsi sebagai metonimia, atau

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metaphor means majas yang mengandung perbandingan yang tersirat yang menyamakan hal yang satu dengan hal yang lain.”34

The translator translated the word metaphoric into

metafora, based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it

has the same meaning. The translator has done correctly to

translate that term.

This term typed into loanblend. The SL word “Metaphoric”

is changed into TL word as “Metafora” where the letter ”ph”

becomes “f” in Indonesian and the suffix is also changed into “a”

becomes Metafora in Indonesian.

Loan element that process of writing and pronouncing are

adjusted with Indonesian language principle. It is used “naturalization” translation procedure. If the SL word

“Metaphoric” is translated literally, it will have long definition that

will make the reader confused with the text. So that is why the

translator chooses to use “Metafora” as TL text, because word “Metafora” has been familiar in literary area and it will make the

reader easier to understand the text clearly.

34

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e.

Terms, the meaning of theme is sometimes used interchangeably

with "motif," but the term is more usefully applied to a general

concept or doctrine, whether implicit or asserted, which an

imaginative work is designed to incorporate and make persuasive

to the reader.35

In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, theme

means gagasan, ide, pikiran utama, atau pokok pembicaraan di

dalam karya satra yang dapat dirumuskan dalam kalimat

pernyataan.36

The translator translated the word theme into tema, based

35

M. H. Abrams, Op. cit.p. 169 36

Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita Rustapa, Haniah, Opcit. p. 204 SL : Theme (Theory of Literature)

“In the Canterburg Tales, suc grouping of themes (e.g.

marriage).”

TL : Tema (Teori Kesusastraan)

“Dalam Canterburg Tales, pengelompokkan tema-

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This term typed into loanblend, because this word is

adopted from English term theme, where the suffix “e” was changed into “a” tobe tema in Indonesian. If the SL word “theme”

is translated literally, it will have long definition that will make the

reader confused with the text.

The translation found the right procedure, that is “naturalization” procedure that experiencing blending form into

tema. The meaning of SL to TL has the same meaning. This

translation is useful for understanding the translation text of

literary term because of similarity of meaning text.

f.

Based on English Literary Terms of The Routledge

Dictionary of Literary Terms, the meaning of irony is a mode of

SL : Irony (Theory of Literature)

“This characters are puppet he has manufactured is

doubtless a species of this literary irony”.

TL : Ironi (Teori Kesusastraan)

“Tokoh-tokohnya adalah boneka yang diciptakannya,

bukan manusia hidup. Kecenderungan ini termasuk

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discourse for conveying meanings different from, and usually

opposite to, the professed or ostensible ones.37

In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, irony

means majas yang berisi pernyataan yang mengandung

pertentangan antara yang dikatakan dan kenyataan yang ada,

ketidaksesuaian antara harapan dan kenyataan yang dihadapi.38

The translator translated the word irony into ironi, based on

This term typed into loanblend, it is included as loanblend

type of borrowing word. It has experienced blending form of the

original word because the suffix –y in the original word is turned to

the suffix –i into target word.

The data analysis used “naturalization” as its procedure, the

sentence meaning does not change far away because word irony has

ironi as TL translation that clearly have the same meaning. So the

translation is easier to understand.

37

Peter Chlids and Roger Fowler, The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms,(Routledge: London and New York, 2006), p. 123

38

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g.

Terms, the meaning of soliloquy is the act of talking to oneself,

whether silently or aloud. In drama it denotes the convention by

which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts

aloud.39

solilokui as same as senandika, that is percakapan seorang diri

yang dilakukan oleh seorang tokoh dalam cerita rekaan atau

drama yang berfungsi mengungkapkan perasaan, pikiran, konflik

batinnya yang paling dalam.40

The translator translated the word soliloquy into solilokui,

based on the dictionary both English and Indonesian, it has the

same meaning. The translator has done correctly to translate that

term.

This term typed into loanblend. The word solilokui was

borrowed the English word of soliloquy. It has experienced

39

M. H. Abrams, Op. cit.p. 289 40

Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita Rustapa, Haniah, Opcit. p. 185 SL : Soliloquy (Theory of Literature)

“the shakespearean soliloquy is one ancestor.” TL : Solilokui (Teori Kesusastraan)

“Nenek moyangnya adalah solilokui dalam drama

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blending form of the original word because the letter “q” was

changed into “k” in TL and the suffix –y in the original word is

turned to the suffix –i into target word.

The translation procedure that used is “naturalization”

procedure to translate the word because that word has the

equivalence. This translation is acceptable because that makes the

reader is easier to understand the text.

3. Loan Shift and Its Translation Procedure

a.

Terms, the meaning of dramatic monologue is a lengthy speech by SL : Dramatic Monologue (Theory of Literature)

“Poe‟s first person narratives are sometimes,

ostensibly, dramatic monolgues (“Amontillado”)

TL : Monolog Dramatik (Teori Kesusastraan)

“Naratif orang pertama dalam karya Poe, kadang-

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a single person, a speech delivered when a character is either

alone or isolated on the stage.41

dramatic monologue means puisi panjang yang mengungkapkan

posisi jika lirik menghadapi situasi kritis.42

The translator translated the word dramatic monologue into

monolog dramatik, based on the dictionary both English and

Indonesian, it has the same meaning. The translator has done

correctly to translate that term.

This term typed into loanshift that experienced shifts in TL

form. If this word does not separate, the translation is never

existed. Indonesia has this phrase of literary term as its own

language.

The translation procedure that used is “shift or

transpotition”. Because there is the change required when a

specific SL structure does not exist in the TL and Indonesia has

this phrase as its own language.

41

M. H. Abrams, Opcit. P. 70 42

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b.

Terms, the meaning of drama is the form of composition designed

for performance in the theater, in which actors take the roles of the

characters, perform the indicated action, and utter the written

dialogue.43

In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, drama

means ragam sastra dalam bentuk dialog yang dimaksudkan untuk

dipertunjukkan di atas pentas.44

The translator translated the word drama into drama, based

This term typed into loanshift. Indonesia has the

equivalence word, that is cerita or kisah. In the Translation book

43

Abdul Rozak Zaidan, Anita Rustapa, Haniah, Opcit. p. 60 SL : Drama (Theory of Literature)

“The modern descendant of the epic with drama, one

of the two great forms”

TL : Drama (Teori Kesusastraan)

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Teori Kesusastraan, cerita or kisah from TL word does not use in

order to reduce misunderstanding between text and the reader.

totally. The word “drama” is used in TL text because that word is

be more easier to understand.

c.

Terms, the meaning of plot is constituted by its events and actions, SL : Plot (Theory of Literature)

“This word of Kosmos of a novelist – this pattern or

structure or organism which includes plot,

characters, setting, world view, tone ”

TL : Plot (Teori Kesusastraan)

“Dunia atau Kosmos seorang novelis – pola atau

struktur atau organisme yang meliputi plot, tokoh,

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as these are rendered and ordered toward achieving particular

artistic and emotional effects.45

In Indonesian literary terms of Kamus Istilah Sastra, plot

means tahapan-tahapan peristiwa yang dihadirkan oleh para

pelaku dalam suatu cerita, sehingga membentuk rangkaian cerita

yang menarik.46

The translator translated the word plot into plot, based on

This term typed into loanshift because Indonesian language

has the synonym of the word and it is better to use alur for enrich

the Indonesian words. The translation is still plot, however, it can

be translated into alur and this translation better and it does defend

the meaning of SL.

totally. The word “plot” is used in TL text because that word is

be easier to understand.

45

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44 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the data of literature terminology in previous

chapter, the writer analyzed and found the types of borrowing words such

as loan word, loan blend and loan shift based on Charless F. Hocket theory

and the translation procedures based on Peter Newmark theory.

The conclusions of this research are: first, There are one from

eleven words that is included as loanword type, that is motif. Second,

There are seven from eleven words that are included as loan blend types,

the data as follows:epik, alusi, metonimia, metafora, tema, ironi, and

solilokui. And the third, there are three from eleven words that are

included as loan shift, the data as follows: drama, plot and monolog

dramatik.

From fifteen translation procedures according to Newmark, the

writer found three translation procedures that is applied the borrowing

word, they are: transference, naturalization, and shift or transpotition.

Naturalization with seven words found in Indonesian translation, they are:

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with three words, they are: motif, drama and plot. And shift or

transpotition with one word, that is monolog dramatik.

From the data above, the writer conclude that loan blend of

borrowing word and naturalization of translation procedure as the most in

Indonesian translation. It means that Indonesian language especially in

literature terminologies take from another language that has changed based

on Indonesian language rules.

B. Suggestion

After finishing the analysis, the writer would like to suggest to :

1. Translators, who are translating the books about terms, especially

literature terminology, they should know the meaning of the terms, so

the translators will translate the terms correctly.

2. Students of translation, who are studying Indonesian borrowing words

especially in literature terminology, they should understand the types

of words and their meanings.

3. Government, to support the translation books that is translated from

other country.

The writer thinks that this research is not enough yet for us to get more

information about literature term, so that the writer suggest to the translators,

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word from other language into Indonesian language. In order to know that

there are vocabularies of Indonesian that borrow from other language,

especially English that have changed or same meaning, spelling and

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47

BIBLIOGRAPHY Books

Abrams, M.H. 1999. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Cornel University: Earl Mc Peek.

Baldick, Chris. 2001. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary terms. New York: Oxford University Press.

Bazar, Shara El Azizah. 2012. The Analysis Of English Borrowing Word in Warta Ekonomi Magazine. Jakarta: UIN Syahid.

Campbell, Lyle. 1998. Historical Linguistic: An Introduction. Eidinburg: Eidinburg University.

Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Childs, Peter and Roger Fowler. 2006. The Routledge Dictionary of Literary Terms. London and New York: Routledge.

Field, Fedric W. 1984. Foreward by Bernard Comrie, Linguistic Borrowing in Bilingual Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company.

Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. 1998. An Introduction to Language, Sixth Edition. Orlando: Harcourt Brace College Publisher.

Hockett, Charles F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistic. New York: The McMilan Company.

Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London and New York: Longman.

Hornby, AS. 2000. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. London: Oxford University.

Kerap, Goris. 1980. Teori dan Seni Menerjemahkan. Jakarta: Nusa Indah

Mesthrie, Rajend. 2001. Consise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd.

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Nida, Eugene A. and C.R. Taber. 1982. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leriden: E.J. Brill.

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Yusuf, Achmad. 2015. Borrowing Word Translation in Digital Camera Magazine Published in Indonesia for March 2014 Edition. Jakarta: UIN Syahid.

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Websites

Evans, Watera Muambu. 2014. Morphophonological Changes of Borrowed Words from English to Lubukusu Dialect of Western Kenya. Kenya: Busoga University.

http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/IJEL/article-full-text-pdf/C49CCCA44090

Wagner, Martina. 2010. Word Formation Processes: How New Words Develop in the English Language. Ms Kraft Winter.

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49 APPENDICES

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