An Analysis Of Affixation In The Novel “Robinson Crusoe” By Daniel Defoe

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AN ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION IN THE NOVEL “ROBINSON CRUSOE” BY DANIEL DEFOE

A THESIS

BY

HANIM MASNIARI LUBIS Reg. 070705027

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalamualaikum Warrahmatullahi Wabarakatuh

First of all I would like to give my biggest gratitude to Almighty Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala for blessings and endowments in my life, especially during the process of finishing this thesis. Nothing is possible to happen without his permission.

I am also grateful to the Dean of Faculty of Social Study, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Drs. Syahron Lubis M.A, for giving all students facilities to support their study. The gratitude is also expressed to the Head of English Department Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and the Secretary of English Department Dr. Dra. Nurlela, M. Hum for the easiness and the facilities given to me during my study. I am proud to be a student of this Department.

I also would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and Dra. Persadanta Br Karo, M.Hum as my Supervisor and my Co-Supervisor respectively. I am thankful for helps, guidance, and contributions in my thesis.

My lovely thanks are due to my beloved family, H. Syahwir Muchlis

Lubis and Hj. Nuralin Ritonga for giving me the good times (and hard times too)

so I can stand here as myself today. Next, I would like to thank my beloved sister

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Big thanks to those friends who has been giving me the joy, laughter and

many other things, our mommy Desma Bulanda, Anggri ‘Jowo’ Muhtia, Rahma

‘jenk *nem’ and our little sister Rafika ‘dek-adek’ Devi Saragih. Thank you for

sticking with me for all these years. Hope our friendship can last for many more

years. Friends, Thank you for nice friendship, I believe that we will be the

successful person for developing Indonesia. Amiin. Next, thank you for every

persons whom I cannot mention one by one in this limited space, who has given

and contributed their ideas and excellent knowledge, before, during and after

writing on this thesis.

May Allah SWT compensate whatever you have given to me.

Medan, July 2011

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ABSTRAK

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……… i

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION... iii

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION………... iv

ABSTRACT………. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS………... vi

ABBREVIATIONS………. ix

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of the Analysis ... 1

1.2 The Problems of the Analysis ... 4

1.3 The Objectives of the Analysis ... 4

1.4 Significances of the Analysis ... 4

1.5 The Scope of the Analysis ... 4

1.6 The Method of Analysis ... 5

1.7 Review of Related Literature ... 5

CHAPTER II: A BRIEF VIEW OF MORPHOLOGY 2.1 Morphology ... 7

2.2 Words ... 8

2.3 Morpheme ... 8

2.3.1 Free Morpheme ... 10

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CHAPTER III: THE MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS

3.1 Affixation ... 11

3.1.1 Derivational Affixes………. 12

3.1.2 Inflectional Affixes……….. 13

3.2 Reduplication ... 13

3.3 Modification ... 14

3.4 Suppletion ... 15

3.5 Compounding ... 16

CHAPTER IV: THE ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION IN DANIEL DEFOE “ROBINSON CRUSOE” 4.1 Prefixes ... 17

4.1.1 Prefix a- ... 17

4.1.2 Prefix dis- ... 20

4.1.3 Prefix in- ... 22

4.1.4 Prefix over- ... 22

4.1.5 Prefix re- ... 23

4.1.6 Prefix tele- ... 24

4.2 Suffixes ... 25

4.2.1 Suffix –able ... 25

4.2.2. Suffix –age ... 26

4.2.3 Suffix –al ... 26

4.2.4 Suffix –en ... 26

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4.2.6 Suffix –ible ... 28

4.2.7 Suffix –ion ... 29

4.2.8 Suffix -less ... 30

4.2.9 Suffix –ly ... 30

4.2.10 Suffix –scope ... 37

4.2.11 suffix -tion ... 37

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 39

5.2 Suggestions ... 40

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 42

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ABBREVIATIONS

p = Page

bsf = base form

ch = Chapter

ph = paragraph

Adj = adjective

Adv = adverb

N = noun

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ABSTRAK

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Analysis

Humans are social creatures who can not stand alone to fill their needs

both physical and spiritual needs. Humans need to interact with each other.

Language is the media of communication between one individual from another

person. Communication can be created with any language, and language can also

be created due to the support and the desire of every individual to communicate.

Language is generally described as a system of sounds used to link sound

using words and sentences to meaning. Language can be described as a symbolic

system in which sounds and meanings are assigned to each other, allowing

humans to communicate what we are thinking and how we are feeling. In other

words, there is an arbitrary aspect of language with meanings assigned to words

and sounds. As native speakers of a language, we know that words are arbitrarily

given meaning to express ideas. As a system, the language consists of components

- components which are regularly arranged according to certain patterns.

Linguistics is the science of language or the field of the study, where the

subject of the study is the language. It is a scientific knowledge which can be

applied to all languages in the world. It does not belong to a certain language

only. Linguistics covers several aspects which includes Phonology, Morphology,

Syntax, Semantics and also some other sciences that are related to linguistics like

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In this thesis, the writer would like to describe one of the linguistic

aspects, i.e. “Morphology”. Morphology (Crystal, 1989:90) is the branch of

linguistics studying the structure of words. Morphology is also called the study of

morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs) and the way they combine in

word formation. Or, morphology is the branch of linguistics studying how words

are structured and how they are put together from smaller parts. For example, the

English word unfriendly is formed from friend, the adjective-forming suffix –ly

and the negative prefix un-.

Sibarani (2001) in his book An Introduction to Morphology explains about

the word-formation process in morphology. The word-formation process or the

morphological process is the process of forming new words with the rules of

morphology. Even though some languages recognize a part of the word-formation

processes, in morphology there are fourteen word-formation processes and one of

them is affixation. Affixation is the adding of bound morphemes to the base to

form a word. The bound morphemes added initially to the base are called prefixes,

those inserted into the base are called infixes, and those added to the end of the

base are called suffixes. English has many prefixes and suffixes.

Affixation is an interesting object to be analyzed because in the

morphological process the productive in forming a new word is affixation. In this

thesis, the analysis of affixation is focused on form, distribution, and function.

The reason why the writer choose the affixation topic in this thesis because the

writer wants to know the process of how a word is formed in English vocabulary

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Thus, the writer wants to show that there are can be discussed from the

topics have chosen in which the writer found of some morphological process and

one of them is “Affixation” that normally consists of prefixation and suffixation.

This kind of the process is very important to English students especially for those

who want to increase their vocabulary, and they can determine meaning more

easily if they already know the meaning of an affix, such as anti- (against) in the

word antisocial. The last, the writer also wants to shows the readers more about

the processes.

In this thesis, affixation is chosen as the subject of analysis, which

particularly concerns with morphological process found in Robinson Crusoe by

Daniel Defoe as the data of this analysis. This novel is very interesting to go in

certain direction to find many English affixes aimed inside. So it is the real reason

why it is chosen as the data of analysis, especially to find out the most dominant

affix that used in this novel.

Besides, Daniel Defoe novel ‘Robinson Crusoe’ is an interesting novel

that there are many consists of affixation. Therefore, the discussion of the prefixes

and suffixes by Booij (2007) will be focused on the major classification of

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1.2 The Problems of the Analysis

Based on the title of this paper, it focuses on the following problems:

1. How many prefixes and suffixes occurred in the novel Robinson Crusoe?

2. What is the most dominant affix that used in the novel Robinson Crusoe?

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis

The objectives of this thesis are to find the answers of the problems which

are mentioned above. They are:

1. To show the number of prefixes and suffixes in the novel Robinson Crusoe.

2. To show the most dominant affix that used in the novel Robinson Crusoe.

1.4 Significances of the Analysis

This thesis is expected to give some significance for readers. They are:

1. To add the readers knowledge about word formation and affixation in the

novel.

2. To be reference for further studies concerning Morphology.

1.5 Scope of the Analysis

This thesis is occurred on the morphological process of affixes which

includes prefixes and suffixes based on their form, distribution, function and also

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1.6 Method of Analysis

The method used in this thesis is library research. This method supports

the analysis in collecting some relevant references such as textbook with many

theories, thesis, and dictionary as the basic of lexical meaning.

It means that the research is mainly done by concentrating on the

contextual analysis with steps as follows:

1. Collecting the data from the novel Robinson Crusoe By Daniel Defoe.

2. Classifying the data into specific prefix and suffix.

3. Analyzing the data based on affixes categories.

4. Concluding the result of the analysis.

1.7 Review of Related Literature

In supporting the idea of this analysis, some relevant books and thesis

have collected to support the topic. All these books have given a large

contribution in writing this thesis. Some definitions, opinions, and findings from

relevant books are quoted as follows:

Lambert (1972) says that an affix is a morpheme which may be attached at

the beginning or end of a base or to one or more morphemes ultimately attached

to such a base.

Muchtar (2007) mentions that affixes are the process of forming word that

is

Mulyani (2004) in her thesis “An Analysis of Affixation In Harun Yahya’s

Book Darwinism Refuted” concludes that affixes in English can be subdivided

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pre-,sub-, under--, un-, en-, over-, dis-, fore-, non-, out-, ir-, and pro- do not

change the form when they are attached to base form, and in distribution, they can

be attached to noun, adjective, verb, or adverb base form. Those prefixes also do

not change the function. While the most suffixes such as –ment, -tion, -al, - ful, -

ary, and ly, change the form if attached to base form.

Syam (2009) in his thesis “A Brief Study of Affixation in A Tale of Two

Cities by Charles Dickens concludes that the most suffixes change the form and

function if they attached to the base forms. Prefix pre-, re-, a-, al-, in-, un-, dis-,

mis-, be-, im-, under-, en-, over-, out-, and fore, do not change form when they

attached to the base forms. But Prefix pro- changes the form when it is attached to

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CHAPTER II

A BRIEF VIEW OF MORPHOLOGY

2.1 Morphology

Morphology is a field of

formation of words in a language.The word morphology can be used in two ways:

it refers to a subdiscipline of linguistics, but it may also be used to refer to that

part of the grammar of a language. In present day linguistics, the term

‘morphology’ refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and of the

systematic form-meaning correspondences between words.

Morphology is the part of

their internal structure and partially their

users of a given language understand complex words and invent new lexical

items. As morphology is concerned with word forms it is akin t

(which describes how words are pronounced), it is also related to lexical studies as

the patterns examined by morphology are used to create new words. Furthermore,

it is also linked with

Morphology, the study of the structure and form of words in language or a

language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds. At the

basic level, words are made of “morphemes”. These are the smallest units of

meaning: roots and affixes (prefixes and suffixes). Native speakers recognize the

morphemes as grammatically significant or meaningful. For example,

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grammatical suffix “-s”, and “unhappiness” is made of “happy” with a prefix

“un-” and a suffix “-ness“un-”.

2.2 Words

According to Matthews (1997) traditionally, a word is the smallest of units

that make up a sentence, and marked as such in writing. Word is unit of language

that comes meaning and consist of one or more morpheme which are linked more

or less tightly together and has a phonetically value, typically a word will consist

of root or stem and zero or more affixes word can be combine to create phrase,

clause, and sentence.

Words can be chopped into smaller pieces. At the phonological level,

words can be divided into syllables or segments, and segments into their

constituent phonological features. At the morphological level, words may consist

of more than one unit as well.

Words are usually the easiest units to identify in the written language. So

words are units composed of one or more morphemes; they are also the units of

which phrases are composed.

2.3 Morpheme

The word morpheme is derived from Greek word morphe, which meaning

form. Nida (1976:6) says, “Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units which

the language is composed”. Richard (1985: 183) also says, “Morpheme is the

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morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, invisible units of semantic content or

grammatical function which words are made up off”.

Words are potentially complex units, composed of even more basic units,

called morphemes. A morpheme is the smallest part of a word that has

grammatical function or meaning. For example, sawed, sawn, sawing and saws

can all be analyzed into the morphemes. {Saw} can occur on its own as a word; it

does not have to be attached to another morpheme. It is a free morpheme.

However, none of the other morphemes listed just above is free. Each must be

affixed (attached) to some other unit; each can only occur as a part of a word.

Morphemes that must be attached as word parts are said to be bound morpheme.

Morphemes in morphology are the smallest units that carry meaning or fulfill

some grammatical function. The way morphemes operate in language provides

the subject matter of morphology. Thus, true is a single morpheme; untrue and

truly contain two morphemes.

Morphemes, the morphological building blocks of words, are defined as

the minimal linguistic units with a lexical or a grammatical meaning. For instance,

the noun buyer consists of two morphemes, buy and –er. The verbal morpheme

buy is called a free or lexical morpheme, because it can occur as a word by itself,

whereas –er is an affix.

Based on the definition above it can be conclude that Morpheme is a

meaningful of linguistics unit consisting of a word (such as dog; is a word) or a

word element (such as the –s at the end of dogs).

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2.3.1 Free Morpheme

Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as an independent

word. A morpheme which can be used on its own is called free morpheme

(Richard, 1985: 31). While Sibarani (2001: 23) says “Free morphemes are

linguistic which can be used on its own or which can exist as independent word”.

For example, horse, red, drive. Katamba (1993:41) stated that many words

contain a root standing on its own. Roots, which are capable of standing

independently, are called free morpheme.

2.3.2 Bound Morpheme

Another type of morpheme is the bound morpheme, which occurs only

when attached to another morpheme. In other words, bound morpheme is

dependent form. Katamba (1993:42) stated on his book while only roots can be

free morphemes, not all roots are free. Many roots are incapable of occurring in

isolation. They always occur with some other word-building elements combine to

them.

Sibarani (2001: 23) says “Bound morphemes are linguistic forms which

are never used alone but must be used with another morpheme. The types of

bound morphemes include prefixes and suffixes.

For examples: suffix -ful in faithful

prefix -re in return

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CHAPTER III

THE MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS

Morphological process is a word formation process by combining one

morpheme with another morpheme or a word formation by making a modification

to its base form (affixes). Most language use suffixation and some of these

languages also use prefixation.

Logically, modifications of form will be involved in morphological

processes; adding or subtracting material (accompanied by a change in meaning).

So, the morphological process is a means of changing a stem to adjust its meaning

to fit its syntactic and communicational context.

Here are some kinds of morphological processes: Affixation, Reduplication,

Modification, Suppletion, and Compounding.

3.1 Affixation

The general term for bound morphemes that are added to roots and stems

is affix. Affixes are classified according to whether they are attached before or

after the form to which they are added. If an affix appears before the root/stem, it

is a prefix, if it appears after the root/stem, it is a suffix.

Based by Katamba (1993:44), an affix is a morpheme, which only occurs when it

is combining to some other morpheme or morphemes such as root or stem or

base. There are two types of affixes:

a). Prefixes: A prefix is an affix combine before a root or a stem or a base like re-,

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b). Suffixes: A suffix is an affix combine after a root or a stem or a base like –ly, –

s, -ed, -er, -ist and –in. For example: [kind-ly], [wait-er], [book-s] and [walk-ed].

Words formed by the combination of bound affixes and free morphemes

are the result of the process of affixation. This process of affixation is the one of

the most general process in language. Parera (1994:18) says : “proses afiksasi

terjadi apabila sebuah morfem terikat dibubuhkan atau dilekatkan pada sebuah

morfem bebas secara urutan lurus”. (affixation process occurs when a bound

morpheme attached to free morpheme or word). While Montler (1986:119) state

that affixation is the linguistic process use to form new words (neologisms) by

adding morpheme (affixes) at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation)

or the end (suffixation) of words.

Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word building throughout

the history of English. The main function of affixation in Modern English is to

form one part of speech from another; the secondary function is to change the

lexical meaning of the same part of speech.

Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding

derivational affixes to different types of bases.

3.1.1 Derivational Affixes

Derivational can produce new words from existing word into two ways.

First, derivational can change the part of speech of a word, thereby permitting it to

function differently in a sentence; true is an adjective¸ truly is an adverb, truth a

noun. Second, derivational can change the meaning of a word: true and untrue

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The basic function of derivational processes is to enable the language user

to make new lexemes. Lexemes belong to lexical categories such as Noun, Verb,

and Adjective and the derived lexemes may belong to a different category than

their bases.

3.1.2 Inflectional Affixes

Inflectional is creating a different form of the same word by changing

neither part of speech nor meaning, but only refine and give extra grammatical

information about the already existing meaning of a word. Thus ca and cats are

both nouns and have the same thing, but cats, with the plural morpheme –s,

contains the additional information that there are more than one of these things.

As we saw above, the primary distinction between inflection and

derivation is a functional one: derivation creates new lexemes, and inflection

serves to create different forms of the same lexeme.

3.2 Reduplication

A special kind of affixation is the attachment of a complete or partial

copy of the base as a prefix or a suffix is called reduplication. Reduplication is the

repetition of a syllable, a morpheme or a word to form a word and also deals with

a type of compound in which both elements are the same or only slightly

different.

Reduplication is either total reduplication if all of a morpheme is double or a

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reduplication and partial reduplication. An example of total reduplication is found

in the Indonesian word to form the plurals of nouns;

Examples: rumah (house) - rumah - rumah (houses)

Buku (book) - buku – buku (books)

3.3 Modification

Modification is the one of the processes in forming word. There are two

kinds of modification; zero modification and internal modification.

In zero modification, the morphemes do not undergo only changes in some

situation. It can be used in alternative form either as singular to plural or as

infinitive to past and past participle.

Example: - to change singular to plural

Singular plural

deer deer

Internal modification is the internal changes of a base to form a word.

Besides adding am affix to a morpheme or copying all or part of the morpheme

(reduplication) to make a morphological distinction, it is also possible to make

morpheme internal modification.

Examples:

1. The usual pattern of plural formation in English is to add an inflectional

morpheme, but some plurals make an internal modification.

man - men

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2. The usual pattern of past and past participle formation is to add an affix, but

some verbs also an internal change.

bite - bit - bitten

drink - drank - drunk

3.4 Suppletion

Suppletion is the impossibility of showing a general rule or a regular

relationship between the base and derived word. Languages that employ

morphological processes to form words will normally have a regular, productive

way of doing so according to one or more of the processes. They might also have

some smaller classes of words that irregular because they mark the same

morphological distinction b y another of these processes. Sometimes, the same

distinction can be represented by two different words which don’t have any

systematic difference in form; they are exceptions to all of the processes. These

completely irregular situation is called suppletion and usually only occurs in a few

words of a language.

Examples:

good - better - best

bad - worse - worst

many - more - much

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3.5 Compounding

In many languages, compounding is the most frequently used way of

making new lexemes. In simple cases, compounding consists of the combination

of two words, in which one word modifies the meaning of the other. The

compounds, as the result of the combining of the base forms, may be nouns,

verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or other form classes.

Examples:

1. Compound Noun

breakfast (verb + noun)

software (adjective + noun)

2. Compound Verbs

blockbust (noun + verbs)

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CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF AFFIXATION IN DANIEL DEFOE

“ROBINSON CRUSOE”

The general term for bound morphemes that are added to roots and stems

is affix. If an affix appears before the root/stem, it is a prefix, if it is appears after

the root/stem, it is a suffix. In his book The Grammar of Word, Geert Booij (2005)

defines that prefixes consists of 16 parts; micro-, tele-, ad-, con, de-, per-, pro-,

trans-, over-, re-, a-, un-, dis-, en-, an-, and also suffixes that consists of 18 parts;

graph, dom, ible, able, ic, al, ial, ize, ish, er, en, less, age, scope,

-tion, -ity, -ness, -ly.

4.1 Description of Prefixes

Based on Booij (2005:320), Prefix is affix that attached at the left edge of

a stem.

4.1.1 Prefix a-

The prefix a- appears before consonant stems, and prefix a- does not

change the form when it is attached to these base forms:

1.) a- + way ( away ) (ch.1/p.7/ph.8)

2.) a- + way ( away ) (ch.1/p.9/ph.9)

3.) a- + way ( away ) (ch.1/p.9/ph.10)

4.) a- + shore ( ashore ) (ch.1/p.10/ph.12)

5.) a- + way ( away ) (ch.2/p.13/ph.8)

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55.) a- + way ( away ) (ch.8/p.49/ph.16)

56.) a- + way ( away ) (ch.8/p.50/ph.20)

57.) a- + live ( alive ) (ch.8/p.50/ph.20)

59.) a- + part ( apart ) (ch.8/p.50/ph.23)

4.1.2 Prefix dis-

a). Prefix dis- mainly attached to verb and adjectives negation.

1) dis + cover (V) (ch.4/p.24/ph.8)

2) dis + covered (V) (ch.4/p.27/ph.21)

6) dis + covery (V) (ch.8/p.44/ph.1)

8) dis + cover (V) (ch.8/p.47/ph.11)

10) dis + stress (V) (ch.8/p.49/ph.15)

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Prefix dis- does not change the form when it is attached to these base

forms:

1) dis + cover (V) (ch.4/p.24/ph.8)

8) dis + cover (V) (ch.8/p.47/ph.11)

10) dis + stress (V) (ch.8/p.49/ph.15)

11) dis + appointed (V) (ch.8/p.49/ph.17)

b). Prefix dis- has the function to changes the meaning into privative

meaning, and may also express negation.

1) dis + cover (V) ( discover ) (ch.4/p.24/ph.8)

2) dis + covered (V) ( discovered ) (ch.4/p.27/ph.21)

6) dis + covery (V) ( discovery ) (ch.8/p.44/ph.1)

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9) dis + covery (V) ( discovery ) (ch.8/p.47/ph.12)

10) dis + stress (V) ( distress ) (ch.8/p.49/ph.15)

11) dis + appointed (V) ( disappointed ) (ch.8/p.49/ph.17)

4.1.3 Prefix in-

a). Prefix in- does not change the form when it is attached to these base

forms:

1) in + side ( inside ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.3)

b). The function of prefix in- is to determine noun.

1) in + side ( inside (N) ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.3)

2) in + side ( inside (N)) (ch.5/p.29/ph.3)

4.1.4 Prefix over-

a). Prefix over- does not change the form when it is attached to these base

forms:

1) over + take ( overtake ) (ch.2/p.17/ph.24)

2) over + taken ( overtaken ) (ch.4/p.22/ph.1)

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4) over + look ( overlook ) (ch.4/p.28/ph.22)

b). Prefix over- can be attached to verb.

1) over + take (V) ( overtake ) (ch.2/p.17/ph.24)

2) over + taken (V) ( overtaken ) (ch.4/p.22/ph.1)

3) over + took (V) ( overtook ) (ch.4/p.22/ph.1)

4) over + look (V) ( overlook ) (ch.4/p.28/ph.22)

4.1.5 Prefix re-

a). Prefix re- does not change the form when it is attached to these base

forms:

1) re + turned ( returned ) (ch.1/p.7/ph.2)

5) re + turn ( return ) (ch.3/p.18/ph.1)

9) re + mains ( remains ) (ch.5/p.33/ph.11)

12) re + paired ( repaired ) (ch.7/p.41/ph.2)

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b). The function of prefix re- is to determine noun.

11) re + turned ( returned (N) ) (ch.1/p.7/ph.2)

15) re + turn ( return (N) ) (ch.3/p.18/ph.1)

19) re + mains ( remains (N) ) (ch.5/p.33/ph.11)

12) re + paired ( repaired (N) ) (ch.7/p.41/ph.2)

4.1.6 Prefix tele-

Prefix tele- come from Greek and Latin that are used in so called

neo-classical compound. It means prefix tele- do not occur as words by themselves but

combined the word into compounds and prefix tele- does not change the form

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1.) tele- + scope ( telescope ) (ch.2/p.17/ph.24)

4.2 Description of Suffixes

Suffix is also the process in affixation, if it appears after the root/stem, it is

a suffix (Booij : 29).

4.2.1 Suffix –able

a). Suffix -able does not change the form when it is attached to these base

forms:

1) suit + able ( suitable ) (ch.4/p.24/ph.5)

5) favour + able ( suitable ) (ch.8/p.50/ph.21)

b). The function of suffix –able is taking the verbs to form adjective.

1) suit (V) + able ( suitable (Adj) ) (ch.4/p.24/ph.5)

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4.2.2 Suffix –age

Suffix -age does not change the form when it is attached to these base

forms:

1) pass + age ( passage(V) ) (ch.3/p.18/ph.4)

b). Suffix –age can be attached to verb, noun and adjective.

4.2.3 Suffix –al

The function of suffix –al is make the word become adjective if attached

to suffix –al.

1) nature + al ( natural (Adj) ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.2)

If suffix -al attached to this following base form. It will change the form.

1) nature (Adj) + al ( natural ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.2)

4.2.4 Suffix –en

a). Suffix –en does not change the form when it is attached to the base

forms:

1) strength + en ( strengthen ) (ch.8/p.45/ph.4)

(36)

b). Suffix –en can be attached to adjectives.

1) strength (Adj)+ en ( strengthen ) (ch.8/p.45/ph.4)

2) strength (Adj)+ en ( strengthened ) (ch.8/p.45/ph.5)

4.2.5 Suffix –er

a). The function of suffix -er in these samples does not change the class of

base forms:

1) law + er ( lawyer ) (ch.1/p.7/ph.2)

2) prison + er ( prisoner ) (ch.2/p.12/ph.4)

3) prison + er ( prisoner ) (ch.2/p.12/ph.5)

4) plant + er ( planter ) (ch.3/p.19/ph.5)

7) plant + er ( planters ) (ch.3/p.20/ph.9)

8) plant + er ( planters ) (ch.3/p.20/ph.10)

9) form + er ( former ) (ch.3/p.20/ph.10)

10) swim + er ( swimmer ) (ch.4/p.22/ph.1)

11) form + er ( former ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.2)

Suffix -er changes the form when it is attached to the base form or word in

which has consonant /y/ or /p/, or vowel /e/ in the end of base form.

1) office (bsf) + er ( officer ) (ch.5/p.31/ph.2)

(37)

b). The form of suffix –er is to combine the suffix –er with noun and verb.

1) law (N) + er ( lawyer) (ch.1/p.7/ph.2)

2) prison (V) + er ( prisoner) (ch.2/p.12/ph.4)

3) prison (V) + er ( prisoner) (ch.2/p.12/ph.5)

4) plant (N) + er ( planter) (ch.3/p.19/ph.5)

7) plant (N) + er ( planters) (ch.3/p.20/ph.9)

8) plant (N) + er ( planters) (ch.3/p.20/ph.10)

9) form (N) + er ( former) (ch.3/p.20/ph.10)

10) swim (V) + er ( swimmer) (ch.4/p.22/ph.1)

11) form (N) + er ( former) (ch.5/p.29/ph.2)

12) office (N) + e r ( officer ) (ch.5/p.31/ph.2)

13) rescue (V) + er ( rescuer ) (ch.6/p.37/ph.8)

4.2.6 Suffix –ible

a). If suffix -ible attached to this following base form. It will change the

form.

1) sense + ible ( sensible ) (ch.1/p.10/ph.13)

2) poss + ible ( possible ) (ch.3/p.20/ph.9)

3) imposs + ible ( impossible ) (ch.4/p.20/ph.1)

4) horror + ible ( horrible ) (ch.8/p.48/ph.14)

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b). The function of suffix -ible is to determine the base forms to adjective.

1) sense + ible ( sensible (Adj) ) (ch.1/p.10/ph.13)

2) poss + ible ( possible (Adj) ) (ch.3/p.20/ph.9)

3) imposs + ible ( impossible (Adj) ) (ch.4/p.20/ph.1)

4) horror + ible ( horrible (Adj) ) (ch.8/p.48/ph.14)

5) poss + ible ( possible (Adj) ) (ch.3/p.50/ph.21)

4.2.7 Suffix –ion:

Suffix –ion will change the forms if attached to a base forms with ended

of /e/ and /y/:

1) educate + ion ( education ) (ch.1/p.7/ph.2)

2) relate + ion ( relation ) (ch.2/p.13/ph.8)

4) company + ion ( companion ) (ch.2/p.14/ph.15)

5) conclude + ion ( conclusion ) (ch.3/p.20/ph.12)

6) company + ion ( companions ) (ch.4/p.23/ph.2)

10) conclude + ion ( conclusion ) (ch.6/p.36/ph.6)

11) destinate + ion ( destination ) (ch.7/p.44/ph.11)

12) company + ion ( companion ) (ch.8/p.49/ph.18)

(39)

4.2.8 Suffix –less

Suffix -less does not change the form when it is attached to this base form:

1) use + less ( useless ) (ch.4/p.25/ph.11)

Suffix –less can be attached to verb base form:

1) use + less ( useless ) (ch.4/p.25/ph.11)

4.2.9 Suffix –ly

a). Suffix -ly change the form when it is attached to the base form or word

in which has consonant /y/ in the end of base form. It will become vowel /i/.

1) easy + ly ( easily ) (ch.2/p.11/ph.2)

3) lucky + ly ( luckily ) (ch.4/p.25/ph.13)

4) heavy + ly ( heavily ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.4)

5) heavy + ly ( heavily ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.4)

Suffix -ly does not change the base forms when it is attached to these base

forms:

1) serious + ly ( seriously ) (ch.1/p.7/ph.2)

2) strong + ly ( strongly ) (ch.1/p.8/ph.4)

3) safe + ly ( safely ) (ch.1/p.8/ph.4)

(40)

5) safe + ly ( safely ) (ch.1/p.10/ph.12)

13) fortune+ ly ( fortunately ) (ch.2/p.16/ph.24)

14) safe+ ly ( safely ) (ch.2/p.17/ph.24)

15) bad+ ly ( badly ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.10)

16) violent+ ly ( violently ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.13)

17) firm+ ly ( firmly ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.13)

18) fortune+ ly ( fortunately ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.14)

20) deep+ ly ( deeply ) (ch.4/p.23/ph.4)

21) comfort+ ly ( comfortly ) (ch.4/p.24/ph.5)

22) short+ ly ( shortly ) (ch.4/p.24/ph.7)

23) careful+ ly ( carefully ) (ch.4/p.26/ph.14)

24) quick+ ly ( quickly ) (ch.4/p.26/ph.17)

25) gradual+ ly ( gradually ) (ch.4/p.27/ph.21)

26) previous+ ly ( previously ) (ch.4/p.28/ph.22)

27) steep+ ly ( steeply ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.1)

(41)

29) complete + ly (completely ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.3)

40) careful+ ly ( carefully ) (ch.5/p.34/ph.11)

41) especial+ ly ( especially ) (ch.6/p.34/ph.1)

42) special+ ly ( specially ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.2)

43) permanent+ ly ( permanently ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.3)

44) eventual+ ly ( eventually ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.4)

(42)

54) correct+ ly ( correctly ) (ch.7/p.44/ph.11)

56) certain+ ly ( certainly ) (ch.8/p.45/ph.3)

59) lone+ ly ( lonely ) (ch.8/p.47/ph.11)

60) full+ ly ( fully ) (ch.8/p.47/ph.11)

61) proper+ ly ( properly ) (ch.8/p.47/ph.12)

62) near+ ly ( nearly ) (ch.8/p.48/ph.13)

63) short+ ly ( shortly ) (ch.8/p.48/ph.13)

64) quickly+ ly ( quickly ) (ch.8/p.48/ph.15)

65) previous+ ly ( previously ) (ch.8/p.49/ph.19)

66) firm+ ly ( firmly ) (ch.8/p.50/ph.21)

b). Suffix –ly can be attached to adjectives.

1) easy (Adj) + ly ( easily ) (ch.2/p.11/ph.2)

2) easy (Adj)+ ly ( easily ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.8)

3) lucky (Adj)+ ly ( luckily ) (ch.4/p.25/ph.13)

4) heavy (Adj)+ ly ( heavily ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.4)

5) heavy (Adj)+ ly ( heavily ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.4)

6) easy (Adj)+ ly ( easily ) (ch.8/p.46/ph.9)

(43)

8) strong (Adj) + ly ( strongly ) (ch.1/p.8/ph.4)

19) fortune (Adj)+ ly ( fortunately ) (ch.2/p.16/ph.24)

20) safe (Adj)+ ly ( safely ) (ch.2/p.17/ph.24)

21) bad (Adj)+ ly ( badly ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.10)

22) violent (Adj)+ ly ( violently ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.13)

23) firm (Adj)+ ly ( firmly ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.13)

24) fortune (Adj)+ ly ( fortunately ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.14)

26) deep (Adj)+ ly ( deeply ) (ch.4/p.23/ph.4)

27) comfort (Adj)+ ly ( comfortly ) (ch.4/p.24/ph.5)

28) short (Adj)+ ly ( shortly ) (ch.4/p.24/ph.7)

29) careful (Adj)+ ly ( carefully ) (ch.4/p.26/ph.14)

30) quick (Adj)+ ly ( quickly ) (ch.4/p.26/ph.17)

(44)

32) previous (Adj)+ ly ( previously ) (ch.4/p.28/ph.22)

33) steep (Adj)+ ly ( steeply ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.1)

34) final (Adj)+ ly ( finally ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.2)

35) complete (Adj)+ ly ( completely ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.3)

36) comfort (Adj)+ ly ( comfortly ) (ch.5/p.31/ph.4)

46) careful (Adj)+ ly ( carefully ) (ch.5/p.34/ph.11)

47) especial (Adj)+ ly ( especially ) (ch.6/p.34/ph.1)

48) special (Adj)+ ly ( specially ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.2)

49) permanent (Adj)+ ly ( permanently ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.3)

50) eventual (Adj)+ ly ( eventually ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.4)

51) slow (Adj) + ly ( slowly ) (ch.6/p.38/ph.13)

53) hard (Adj)+ ly ( hardly ) (ch.6/p.39/ph.16)

54) real (Adj)+ ly ( really ) (ch.6/p.39/ph.16)

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56) near (Adj)+ ly ( nearly ) (ch.7/p.40/ph.2)

58) special (Adj)+ ly ( specially ) (ch.7/p.42/ph.7)

60) correct (Adj)+ ly ( correctly ) (ch.7/p.44/ph.11)

62) certain (Adj)+ ly ( certainly ) (ch.8/p.45/ph.3)

65) lone (Adj)+ ly ( lonely ) (ch.8/p.47/ph.11)

66) full (Adj)+ ly ( fully ) (ch.8/p.47/ph.11)

67) proper (Adj)+ ly ( properly ) (ch.8/p.47/ph.12)

69) short (Adj)+ ly ( shortly ) (ch.8/p.48/ph.13)

70) quickly (Adj)+ ly ( quickly ) (ch.8/p.48/ph.15)

71) previous (Adj)+ ly ( previously ) (ch.8/p.49/ph.19)

72) firm (Adj)+ ly ( firmly ) (ch.8/p.50/ph.21)

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4.2.10 Suffix –scope

Suffix -scope come from Greek and Latin that are used in so called

neo-classical compound. It means suffix -scope do not occur as words by themselves

but combined the word into compounds. Suffix -scope does not change the base

forms when it is attached to these base form:

4.2.11 Suffix –tion

Suffix –tion will change when it is attached to base forms in a certain

occasion:

a). The suffix –tion will become –ion if attaché to a base forms with ended

of consonant /t/ :

1) direct + tion ( direction ) (ch.1/p.8/ph.9)

2) direct+ tion ( direction ) (ch.2/p.16/ph.24)

3) post + tion ( position ) (ch.3/p.19/ph.7)

4) select + tion ( selection ) (ch.3/p.19/ph.8)

5) direct + ion ( direction ) (ch.3/p.21/ph.12)

6) protect + tion ( protections ) (ch.4/p.27/ph.20)

7) protect + tion ( protection ) (ch.4/p.28/ph.23)

(47)

b). If suffix –tion attached to base forms with ended of consonants /s/, the

suffix will become –ion:

(48)

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

After analyzed the data that taken from Ronbinson Crusoe by Daniel

Defoe it can be conclude that:

First, affixes in English can be subdivided into prefix and suffix. In the

novel ‘Ronbinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe’ there are 6 kinds of prefixes with the

total number of prefixes are 97 and 10 kinds of suffixes with the total number of

suffixes are 132.

Second, Prefix which are represent 42,4 % of whole affixes, followed by 6

kinds of prefixes (a-, dis-, in-, over-, re-, tele-,).

Third, Suffix which are represent 57,6 % of whole affixes, followed by 11

kinds of suffixes (-able, -al, -age, -en, -er, -ible,, -less, -ly, -ion, - scope, -tion,).

Based on the result above, it can be seen that suffix is the most

dominant type of affixes in a novel ‘Robinson Crusoe By Daniel Defoe’. The most

suffixes change the form and function if they attached to the base forms.

Prefix a-, dis-, in-, over-, re-, tele-, do not change form when they

attached to the base forms. The total number of each prefix in which used in this

novel are: prefix a-:60, prefix dis-:11, prefix in-:4, prefix over-:4, prefix re-:14,

prefix tele-:4,

Suffixes -able, -age, -en, -less, and -scope do not change form when they

attached to the base forms. But suffix –al, -er, -ible, -ion, -ly, -tion changes the

(49)

attached to the base form or word in which has consonant /y/ or /p/, or vowel /e/ in

the end of base form. Suffix –ion will change the forms if attached to a base forms

with ended of /e/ and /y/. Suffix -ly change the form when it is attached to the base

form or word in which has consonant /y/ in the end of base form. It will become

vowel /i/. The suffix –tion will become –ion if attaché to a base forms with ended

of consonant /t/. The suffix –tion will become –ion if attaché to a base forms with

ended of consonant /t/. If suffix –tion attached to base forms with ended of

consonants /s/, the suffix will become –ion. The total number of each suffix in

which used in this novel are: suffix able:5, suffix –al:1, suffix –age:2 , suffix

-en:2 , suffix –er:13, suffix –ible:5, suffix –less:1, suffix –ly:73, suffix –ion:13,

suffix –scope:4, suffix -tion:13.

5.2 Suggestion

Affixation is an interesting object to analyze because morphological

process which productive in forming a new word is affixation. In this thesis, the

analysis of affixation is focused on how the form of affixes and suffixes if

attached to the base forms. Hopefully it can give a brief study about affixation in

morphological process particularly to the readers to add their knowledge in

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cahyono, Yudi Bambang. Kristal-Kristal Ilmu Bahasa. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press

Crystal, David. 1989. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Defoe, Daniel. 2003. Robinson Crusoe retold by Mary Calvert. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Fromkin, Victoria and Robert Rodman. 1998. An Introduction to Language – sixth edition. New York: Harcout Brace College Publisher.

Katamba, F. 1993. Modern Linguistics – Morphology. Hampshire, New York: PALGRAVE.

Lamberts, J. J. 1972. A Short Introduction to English Usage. United States of America: McGraw-Hill Company.

Matthews, P. H. 1997. Dictionary of Linguistics. New York. Oxford University Press.

Muchtar, Muhizar Drs. M.S. 2007. Morfologi. (Unpublished Book). Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara

Mulyani, Sri Endah. 2004. An Analysis of Affixation in Harun Yahya’s Darwinism Refuted. (Unpublished Thesis). Medan: Fakultas Sastra USU

Nida, Eugene. A. 1967, Morphology – The Descriptive Analysis of Words (second edition). Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

(51)

Sibarani, Robert. 2001. An Introduction to Morphology. Jakarta : PT Gramedia.

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APPENDICES

1. Prefixes

Prefix is affix that attached at the left edge of a stem.

1.1 Prefix a-:

1. a- + way (ch.1/p.7/ph.8)

2. a- + way (ch.1/p.9/ph.9)

3. a- + way (ch.1/p.9/ph.10)

4. a- + shore (ch.1/p.10/ph.12)

5. a- + way (ch.2/p.13/ph.8)

6. a- + way (ch.2/p.13/ph.8)

7. a- + way (ch.2/p.15/ph.16)

8. a- + shore (ch.2/p.15/ph.16)

9. a- + shore (ch.2/p.15/ph.17)

10. a- + shore (ch.2/p.15/ph.17)

11. a- + shore (ch.2/p.15/ph.18)

12. a- + shore (ch.2/p.15/ph.18)

13. a- + shore (ch.2/p.15/ph.18)

14. a- + long (ch.2/p.15/ph.19)

15. a- + shore (ch.2/p.15/ph.21)

16. a- + shore (ch.3/p.20/ph.11)

17. a- + head (ch.3/p.21/ph.13)

18. a- + woke (ch.4/p.24/ph.6)

(53)

(54)

44. a- + shore (ch.7/p.42/ph.8)

45. a- + cross (ch.7/p.43/ph.9)

46. a- + round (ch.7/p.43/ph.9)

47. a- + way (ch.7/p.44/ph.11)

48. a- + round (ch.8/p.44/ph.1)

49. a- + way (ch.8/p.45/ph.3)

50. a- + round (ch.8/p.45/ph.4)

51. a- + way (ch.8/p.47/ph.7)

52. a- + way (ch.8/p.47/ph.18)

53. a- + way (ch.8/p.48/ph.13)

54. a- + round (ch.8/p.48/ph.14)

55. a- + way (ch.8/p.49/ph.16)

56. a- + way (ch.8/p.50/ph.20)

57. a- + live (ch.8/p.50/ph.20)

58. a- + live (ch.8/p.50/ph.21)

59. a- + part (ch.8/p.50/ph.23)

60. a- + live (ch.8/p.50/ph.23)

1.2 Prefix –dis:

1. dis + cover (V) (ch.4/p.24/ph.8)

2. dis + covered (V) (ch.4/p.27/ph.21)

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6. dis + covery (V) (ch.8/p.44/ph.1)

8. dis + cover (V) (ch.8/p.47/ph.11)

9. dis + covery (V) (ch.8/p.47/ph.12)

10. dis + stress (V) (ch.8/p.49/ph.15)

11. dis + appointed (V) (ch.8/p.49/ph.17)

1.3 Prefix in-:

1. in + side ( inside (N) ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.3)

1.4 Prefix –over:

1. over + take (ch.2/p.17/ph.24)

2. over + taken (ch.4/p.22/ph.1)

3. over + took (ch.4/p.22/ph.1)

4. over + look (ch.4/p.28/ph.22)

1.5 Prefix re-:

1. re + turned ( returned (N) ) (ch.1/p.7/ph.2)

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5. re + turn ( return (N) ) (ch.3/p.18/ph.1)

9. re + mains ( remains (N) ) (ch.5/p.33/ph.11)

12. re + paired ( repaired (N) ) (ch.7/p.41/ph.2)

1.6 Prefix tele-:

1. tele- + scope ( telescope ) (ch.2/p.17/ph.24)

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2. Suffixes

Suffix is also the process in affixation, if it appears after the root/stem, it is

a suffix.

2.1 Suffix –able:

2.2 Suffix age-:

1. pass + age ( passage(V) ) (ch.3/p.18/ph.4)

2. pass + age ( passage(V) )(ch.5/p.31/ph.6)

2.3 Suffix -al:

1. nature (Adj)+ al ( natural ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.2)

2.4 Suffix –en:

1. strength (Adj)+ en ( strengthen ) (ch.8/p.45/ph.4)

2. strength (Adj)+ en ( strengthened ) (ch.8/p.45/ph.5)

2.5 Suffix er-:

1. law + er ( lawyer(N) ) (ch.1/p.7/ph.2)

2. prison + er ( prisoner(V) ) (ch.2/p.12/ph.4) 1. suit + able( suitable(V) ) (ch.4/p.24/ph.5)

2. suit + able ( suitable(V) ) (ch.5/p.28/ph.1)

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3. prison + er ( prisoner(V) ) (ch.2/p.12/ph.5)

4. plant + er ( planter(N) ) (ch.3/p.19/ph.5)

7. plant + er ( planters(N) ) (ch.3/p.20/ph.9)

8. plant + er ( planters(N) ) (ch.3/p.20/ph.10)

9. form + er ( former(N) ) (ch.3/p.20/ph.10)

10. swim + er ( swimmer(V) ) (ch.4/p.22/ph.1)

11. form + er ( former(N) ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.2)

12. office (bsf) + er (ch.5/p.31/ph.2)

13. rescue (bsf) + er (ch.6/p.37/ph.8)

2.6 Suffix ible-:

1. sense + ible ( sensible (Adj) (ch.1/p.10/ph.13)

2. poss + ible ( possible (Adj) ) (ch.3/p.20/ph.9)

3. imposs + ible ( impossible (Adj) ) (ch.4/p.20/ph.1)

4. horror + ible ( horrible (Adj) ) (ch.8/p.48/ph.14)

5. poss + ible ( possible (Adj) ) (ch.3/p.50/ph.21)

2.7 Suffix –ion:

1. educate + ion ( education ) (ch.1/p.7/ph.2)

2. relate + ion ( relation ) (ch.2/p.13/ph.8)

3. company + ion ( companion ) (ch.2/p.14/ph.15)

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5. company + ion ( companions ) (ch.4/p.23/ph.2)

9. conclude + ion ( conclusion ) (ch.6/p.36/ph.6)

10. destinate + ion ( destination ) (ch.7/p.44/ph.11)

2.8 Suffix –less:

1. use + less ( useless ) (ch.4/p.25/ph.11)

2.9 Suffix –ly:

1. easy (Adj) + ly ( easily ) (ch.2/p.11/ph.2)

3. lucky (Adj) + ly ( luckily ) (ch.4/p.25/ph.13)

4. heavy (Adj) + ly ( heavily ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.4)

5. heavy (Adj) + ly ( heavily ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.4)

7. serious (Adj) + ly ( seriously ) (ch.1/p.7/ph.2)

8. strong (Adj) + ly ( strongly ) (ch.1/p.8/ph.4)

9. safe (Adj) + ly ( safely ) (ch.1/p.8/ph.4)

10. love (Adj) + ly ( lovely ) (ch.1/p.8/ph.8)

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12. near (Adj) + ly ( nearly ) (ch.2/p.12/ph.3)

13. quick (Adj) + ly ( quickly ) (ch.2/p.12/ph.4)

15. quick (Adj) + ly( quickly ) (ch.2/p.14/ph.11)

17. sudden (Adj) + ly ( suddenly ) (ch.2/p.16/ph.23)

19. fortune (Adj) + ly ( fortunately ) (ch.2/p.16/ph.24)

21. bad (Adj) + ly ( badly ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.10)

22. violent (Adj) + ly ( violently ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.13)

23. firm (Adj) + ly ( firmly ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.13)

24. fortune (Adj) + ly ( fortunately ) (ch.3/p.12/ph.14)

26. deep (Adj) + ly ( deeply ) (ch.4/p.23/ph.4)

27. comfort (Adj) + ly ( comfortly ) (ch.4/p.24/ph.5)

28. short (Adj) + ly ( shortly ) (ch.4/p.24/ph.7)

29. careful (Adj) + ly ( carefully ) (ch.4/p.26/ph.14)

31. gradual (Adj) + ly ( gradually ) (ch.4/p.27/ph.21)

32. previous (Adj) + ly( previously ) (ch.4/p.28/ph.22)

33. steep (Adj) + ly ( steeply ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.1)

34. final (Adj) + ly ( finally ) (ch.5/p.29/ph.2)

(61)

36. comfort (Adj) + ly ( comfortly ) (ch.5/p.31/ph.4)

46. careful (Adj) + ly ( carefully ) (ch.5/p.34/ph.11)

47. especial (Adj) + ly ( especially ) (ch.6/p.34/ph.1)

48. special (Adj) + ly ( specially ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.2)

49. permanent (Adj)+ ly ( permanently ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.3)

50. eventual (Adj) + ly ( eventually ) (ch.6/p.35/ph.4)

51. slow (Adj) + ly ( slowly ) (ch.6/p.38/ph.13)

58. special (Adj) + ly ( specially ) (ch.7/p.42/ph.7)

(62)

60. correct (Adj) + ly ( correctly ) (ch.7/p.44/ph.11)

62. certain (Adj) + ly ( certainly ) (ch.8/p.45/ph.3)

65. lone (Adj) + ly ( lonely ) (ch.8/p.47/ph.11)

66. full (Adj) + ly ( fully ) (ch.8/p.47/ph.11)

67. proper (Adj) + ly ( properly ) (ch.8/p.47/ph.12)

68. near (Adj) + ly ( nearly ) (ch.8/p.48/ph.13)

69. short (Adj) + ly ( shortly )(ch.8/p.48/ph.13)

70. quickly (Adj) + ly ( quickly ) (ch.8/p.48/ph.15)

71. previous (Adj) + ly ( previously ) (ch.8/p.49/ph.19)

72. firm (Adj) + ly ( firmly ) (ch.8/p.50/ph.21)

2.10 Suffix –scope:

2.11 Suffix –tion:

1. direct+ tion ( direction ) (ch.1/p.8/ph.9)

(63)

3. post + tion ( position ) (ch.3/p.19/ph.7)

4. select + tion ( selection ) (ch.3/p.19/ph.8)

5. direct + ion ( direction ) (ch.3/p.21/ph.12)

6. protect + tion ( protections ) (ch.4/p.27/ph.20)

7. protect + tion ( protection ) (ch.4/p.28/ph.23)

8. post + tion (position ) (ch.5/p.33/ph.7)

9. direct + tion ( direction ) (ch.6/p.37/ph.7)

10. post + tion (position ) (ch.8/p.45/ph.5)