The Description of Conjunction Found in the Novel The Man in The Iron Mask

THE DESCRIPTION OF CONJUNCTIONS FOUND IN THE NOVEL THE MAN IN THE IRON MASK BY ALEXANDRE DUMAS

A PAPER

WRITTEN BY

FLORENCIA M PRATIWI REG.NO : 122202022

DIPLOMA-III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, FLORENCIA declare that Iam the sole author of this paper. Except where the refrences is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award for another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed :

ii

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Florencia M Pratiwi

Title of paper : The Description of Conjunction Found in the Novel “The Man In The Iron Mask”

Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am wiling that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discrection of the librarian of the Diploma III English Department Faculty of Cultural Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed :

iii ABSTRACT

iv ABSTRAK

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to God because always blessing and giving me health, strengh and spirit to finished this paper to get Diploma III certificate from English Department Faculty of Cultural Study, University of North Sumatera.

Then, I would like to express a deep gratitude, love, and appreciation to:

1.) My beloved parents, Bapak Paulus Johanes Darmudji and Ibu Lili Gintarti. Thanks a lot for your advise, loves, prays, and motivation. I maked and present

this paper for you.

2.) My beloved sisters, Margaretha Tri Oktafiyanti and Agustina Pujiastuti and my beloved brothers, Anaclitus Bambang Cahyono, Poly Tyas Istiarso, and Martinus Catur Prayitno. Thanks for your motivation, love, and pray.

3.) Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring, M.A as the Head of Diploma III English Study Program, that give me a lot of knowledge.

4.) Dr. Drs. Ridwan Hanafiah, S.H., M.A as my supervisor who take the time to giving and criticism in complete this paper.

5.) Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Study, University of North Sumatera

6.) Drs. M Syafi’i Siregar as my reader who take the time to giving, criticism and correct my paper

7.) All lectures in Diploma III English Study Program for teaching, adviced, and giving me knowledge.

8.) My beloved friends, Eka Yuni Sari br Silalahi, Mercy Sarah Swati, Elisa Putri Purba, Rotua Meyly, Mario Sinaga and My friends in KMK ST.Gregorius

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my paper. Thanks a lot for the nice friendship during our study. I never forget our friendship when we spent together.

9.) My beloved brother, Stepanus Marsel Perangin-angin, thank for your love, cares, motivation to make me complete this paper.

10.) All my friends in Class B Diploma English Study Program/SOLIDAS 2012. Thanks for your support and information to help me complete this paper. I will be

missing all of you.

Finally, I already finished this paper for a long time and being perfect. Then, I welcome any constructive criticism and suggestion towards this paper.

Medan, June 2015

The writer,

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR DECLARATION...i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION...ii

ABSTRACT...iii

ABSTRAK...iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT...v

TABLE OF CONTENTS...vii

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study...1

1.2 Problem of the Study...3

1.3 Scope of the Study...4

1.4 Purpose of the Study...4

1.5 The Reason for Choosing the Topic...4

1.6 Method of Research...4

1.7 Review of Related Literature...5

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Grammar...6

2.2 Conjunction...6

2.2.1 The Defenition of Conjunction...7

2.2.2 The Types of Conjunction...8

3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method...35

3.2 Data and Data Sources...35

3.3 Data Collecting Method...36

3.4 Data Description Method...36

4. DESCRIPTION OF CONJUNCTION 4.1 Grammatical Description...37

4.2 Types of Conjunction Transformation Structure...39

4.2.1 Conjoined Sentences with Identical Information...40

4.2.2 Conjoined Sentences with Identical Negative Elements...40

4.2.3 Conjoined Sentences with Identical Major Constituent...42

4.3 Correlative Conjunction Transformation Structure...44

5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions...52

5.2 Suggestions...54

REFERENCES...55

iii ABSTRACT

iv ABSTRAK

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Language is a medium of communication. It is important thing in human

life Since without language, we cannot make interaction. By using language

someone could make statements, explain or report something and keep social

relations among the other person.

Siswanto (2008:19) says that bahasa yang digunakan di dalam karya

sastra adalah bahasa yang dikenal oleh masyarakat pemakai bahasa itu, bahasa

natural (The language used in the literature is the language known by the public

users of the language, natural language). Furthermore Winston (1993:21) says

that language is the same no matter what system of writing may be used to

record it, just as a person is the same no matter how you take his pitcure, the

most of the language that are spoken today has been applied either in relatively

recent times.Owen (2006:1) says that language can be difined as a socially

shared combination of those symbols and rule governed combinations of those

symbols. Language which is governed by the provisions in questions as above is

a cultural and also grammar, language has a very close relationship with

grammar where language is a series of rules to learn grammar, rules governing

use of language for forming a sentence. Moreover, we have seen to what extent

situation conditions the way in which people speak or write. It will be helpful at

this point to outline a grammar model which relates to a sentence structure in

2

When to described the sentences in the novel, grammar is needed to help

us understand about how to make a sentences in paragraph and interesting.

Grammar teach us how to read, speak, and write english clear and right.

Hancock (2005:6) says, “Grammar is the natural, inherent, meaning

making system of the language, and a system that governs the ways word come

together to form meanings. Grammar is also a study of that system, the various

theories or perspective that attempt to understand. Grammar is the structure of a

language that explains the how words are used in writing and speech.”

Baker (2007:22) says, “Traditional defines eight parts of speech for

English: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and

interjenction. Grammars often define these categories according to the meaning

of the word they contain; a noun names a thing, a verb describes an action and so

forth.”

Frank (1990:1) says, “ Traditionally, word can be classified into eight

parts of speech such as noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction,

preposition, and interjection.”

Conjunction as one of the parts of speech that use in writing and very

important to learn about it. Conjunction have a functions when we write some of

sentences. It can connects two or more sentences, clauses, or part of clauses. The

conjunction have two parts. They are coordinating conjunction and

subordinating conjunction. Basically in the sentences, we often use the

coordinate conjunction that contain (for,and,but,because,nor,or,yet).

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subordinate clauses that give some information abot the relationship between the

two ideas is called conjunction. They are while, become, althought, since, when,

whether, before, until, than, as, as if, in order that, so that, whenever, and

wherever.

Conjunction is really interesting to learn it. The writer like to read the

story in the novel The Man in the Iron Mask because the novel contains about

politic, love, and scramble for the throne. The writer choosed the topic because it

contains of conjunctions.

There are the examples sentences in the novel:

1.) He was bound to extinguish his lamp, and we perceive how much he

was favored, in being allowed to keep it burning even till then.

2.) The turnkey, the same who, on Aramis’s first arrival had shown

himself so inquisitive and curious, was now not only silent, but impossible.

In the example of conjunction, we can looked by the sentence. It contains

of coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction. In sentence one,

“and” is used to join two object independent clause. Sentence 2, “and” & “not

only...but” is used to join two object phrases.

The examples showed that the conjunction function in the sentence are

explaining to describe that are related to each other in meaning in the sentences

by using connector and combine it become relationship between two sentences.

1.2 The Problem of the Study

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1) What types of conjunction are found in the Novel “The Man in the

Iron Mask”?

2) What are the transformation structure of conjunction?

1.3 The Scope of the Study

The scope of the study is important. Conjunction have a functions when

we write some of sentences. It can connects two or more sentences, clauses, or

part of clauses. So, conjunction also need to use in writing. This study is

focused on conjunction, especially coordinating and subordinating conjunction

used in “The Man in the Iron Mask Novel”.

1.4 The Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study are:

1.) To find out the types of conjunction used in the Novel “The Man in the

Iron Mask”

2.) To know about the transformation structure of conjunction

1.5 The Reason for Choosing the Topic

The writer choose the topic because conjunction is really important and

interesting to learn. Conjunction is part of speech in grammar, so when we learn

it, we can get a knowledge about how to write a sentences in paragraph by using

conjunction. In the other side, conjunction can connecting two sentences when

we combine it. So, when we writes a paragraph we can used conjunction become

a good sentences.

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Library research needs to get the information in solving a problem, to

fulfill an academic assignment or for our own purpose. This method is used to

find a certain data by collecting some books that relevant to described the

conjunction.

1.7 Review of Related Literature

In fact, where conjunctions leave off and other connectives take up maybe difficult to determine but the conjunction can connecting two sentences or

pharases. The Conjunctions have two part. They are Coordinating Conjunctions

and Subordinating Conjunction. Coordinating Conjunctions join two items of

equal important but Subordinating Conjunctions introduces a dependent clause

which depends on the rest of the sentences for its meaning and cannot stand alone.

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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Grammar

Woods (2010:9-10) says, “ Grammar also means a set of standart that you

have to follow in order to speak and write better. Functional grammar guides you

to the right expression- the one that fits what you’re trying to say-by ensuring that

the sentence is correct.”

Hancock (2005:6) says, “Grammar is the natural, inherent, meaning

making system of the language, and a system that governs the ways word come

together to form meanings. Grammar is also a study of that system, the various

theories or perspective that attempt to understand. Grammar is the structure of a

language that explains the how words are used in writing and speech.”

Baker (2007:22) says, “Traditional defines eight parts of speech for

English: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction and

interjenction. Grammars often define these categories according to the meaning of

the word they contain; a noun names a thing, a verb describes an action and so

forth.”

Frank (1990:1) says, “ Traditionally, word can be classified into eight

parts of speech such as noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction,

preposition, and interjection.”

2.2 Conjunctions

Conjunctions as one of the parts of speech is a subject that need to

understand in writing. To explain and clear about the conjunctions function, the

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conjunctions is a situation in which two or more things happen at the same time in

the same place.”

Jeffrey (1985:142) says that conjunctions were “linking” or “joining”

words, which joining togetger various thing then any word could occur. Then,

according to Conjunction is the words that can connect two or more clauses or

sentences in the same time or space and in the same clauses.

2.2.1 The defenition of conjunction

Conjunctions are usually defined as words that link sentence elements.

This defenition can be little misleading since conjunctions often come at the

beginning of sentences where they do not appear to link anything. Suryadi and

Junaida (2007 : 167) define conjunction as a word connector used to join words,

phrases, and clauses in a sentence, while Arnold and Raymond (2003 : 114) says

that conjunction are connectors that can perform small jobs such as joining simple

work, or bigger task such as linking phrases.

When using a conjunction, they can take independent clause and

dependent clause. Basically, they’re join in two or more sentences. Conjunction

must be distinguished from preposition, relative pronouns, adjective clause or

adverb that is also connecting words.

Examples:

1. I really don’t care and never want to look at your face. (adverb)

2. The man are sitting beside me as my headmaster. ( preposition )

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4. This is a cake that my mother bought. ( relative pronoun )

5. The girl that talked with me is humoris. ( adjective clauses )

2.2.2 The Types of Conjunction

Sidney and Randolph (1990) says that there are two types of conjunction,

coordinate conjunction and subordinate conjunction. Both coordination and

subordination involve the linking of units; but in coordination the units are on the

same syntatic level, whereas in subordination one of the units is a constituent of a

superordinate unit.

1. Coordinating Conjunction

Akhmad says that coordinate conjunction is a word connector that

connecting two clauses that equivalent, it means between one sentence is not

depend to other sentence.

Coordinating conjunction have four types, they are:

1. Cumulative

Cumulative conjunctions marely add one statement to another.

They are and, as well as, not only...but also, and both...and

Examples:

The steps of three men resounded on the flags of the terraces, and the

clinking of the keys hanging from the bailer’s girdle made itself heard up

to the stories of the towers, As if to remaind the prisoners that the liberty

of earth was luxury beyond their reach. (1)

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entered ; and then signed to them to close the door behind him (1)

The turnkey, the same who, on Aramis’s first arrival had shown himself

so inquisitive and curious, was now not only silent, but also impossible

(1)

He was bound to extinguish his lamp, and we perceive how much he was

favored, in being allowed to keep it burning even till then (2)

Aramis lighted the candle from the lantern, pushed back the arm chair,

and approached the bed with an evident misture of interest and respect (2)

These four people, with my master, and old perronnette, my jailer, and

the governor of the prison, are the only persons with whom i have ever

spoken, and, indeed, almost the only person i have ever seen (11)

I was entering my room, and on opening the door, the window too, being

open, a puff of air came suddenly and carried off this paper-this

stout-hearted youthletter of her majesty’s; I darteafter it, and gained the

window just in time to see it flutter a moment in the breeze and dissapear

down the well (15)

I concealed the two fragments in my body coat, and, helping myself with

my feet against the sides of the pit, and clinging on with my hands, agile

and vigorous as i was, and, above all, pressed for time (17)

I was seized with a violent fever, owing to the chili and the excitement of

10

Doubtless the unfortunate lady and gentleman, not daring to keep the

occurrence secret, wrote of all this to the queen and sent back the torn

letter (19)

They ran at once to the banqueting-room, and whispered to the king what

had happened; he rose and quitted the table (22)

You wish to make me believe in splendor, and we are lying lost in night ;

you boast of glory, and we are smothering our words in the curtains of

this miserable bed (25)

He was sitting on his bed, onlyhalf dressed, and with legs dangling over

the edge, contemplating a host garments, which with their fringers, lace,

embroidery, and shales of ill assorted hues, were strewed all over the

floor (32)

No, my friend; on the contrary, the ground was struck with lightning a

hundred paces from chateau, and a fountain sprung up in a place entirely

destitute of water (34)

Percerin was a very prudent man; and having heard it said that there was

no more dangerous sign for a protestant than to be smiled upon by

Catherine, and having observed that her smiles were more frequent than

usual, he speedily Catholic with all his family; and having thus become

irreproachable, attained the lofty position of master tailor to the Crown of

France (42)

Mademoiselle de la Vailliere, and myself do know, is the color of the

11 finish of it all (56)

Percerin made a bound backwards, which D’Artagnan-calmest and most

appreciative of men, did not consider overdone, so many strange and

startling aspects wore the proposal which Aramis had just hazarded (58)

Aramis and I had to use such words in our strategic studies and

castramentative experiments (64)

Certain signs of intelligence which passed between Voliere and the other

garcons showed me the fact (68)

I was saying does not surprise me, coming from Moliere, who is a very

ingenious, and inspired you with this grand idea (68)

La Fontaine placed himself at a table, and set his rapid pen an endless

dance across the smooth white vellum (76)

People will see the difference there is between the courtiers of wealth and

those of friendship (78)

Roast patridges, flanked with quails and flanking a larded leveret; boiled

fowls; hams, fried and sprinkled with white wine, cardons of Guipuzcoa

and la bisque ecrevisses; these together with soups and hors d’oeuvres, constituted the governor’s bill of fare (81)

It is their business to write and torment me when I am at rest, and to

trouble me when I am happy (85)

Francois bowed and quitted the room, leaving the two companions alone

12

Francois, tell monsieur le major to go and open the cell of M.Seldon (89)

He summoned his lieutenant, and gave him an order, which the latter

passed on, without disturbing himself about it, to the next whom in

concerned (95)

It has given you the features, figure, age, and voice of your brother; and

the very causes of your persecution are about to become those of your

triumphant restoration (102)

I do not jest. I have a heart, and mind, and soul, and can read your

own,—aye, even to its depths (page 106)

We would almost say dissimulation of his character, of which we have

tried to give an idea, he could not restrain his emotion, and breathed a

sigh of ecstasy. (109)

Then, by degrees, he raised his aching head and inhaled the softly scented

air, as it was wafted in gentle gusts to his uplifted face. (109)

He allowed two kings, King Louis XIII. and himself, to be seated on the

self-same throne, whilst he might have installed them more conveniently

upon two separate and distinct thrones." (116)

The jets d'eau, which were regarded as wonderful in 1653, are still so,

even at the present time; the cascades awakened the admiration of kings

and princes; and as for the famous grotto, the theme of so many poetical effusions (120)

13

burning rays upon the heathen deities of marble and bronze: it raised the

temperature of the water in the conch shells, and ripened, on the walls

(121)

Lebrun had painted on the vaulted ceiling the happy as well as the

unhappy dreams which Morpheus inflicts on kings as well as on other

men. (137)

You know it as well as myself. (250)

The king is both cunning and strong. (280)

But when you have been introduced to the prime commandant—when

you have accepted the responsibility of a post in his army, the question is

no longer about you, but about all those poor soldiers, who, as well as

you, have hearts and bodies, who will weep for their country and endure

all the necessities of their condition. (316)

Athos, forgetful of both the admiral and the fleet, and of his own dignity

as a strong man, opened his arms to his son, and pressed him convulsively to his heart. (350)

It was, however, evident to both father and son that their walk amounted

to nothing less than a punishment. (350)

Raoul appeared to him to the last moment; and the imperceptible atom,

passing from black to pale, from pale to white, from white to nothing,

disappeared for Athos—disappeared very long after, to all the eyes of the

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"That was, besides, your majesty's intention as well as mine; and I cannot

express to your majesty how happy and proud I have been to see all the

king's regiments from Paris to help take possession." (402)

."And look! everybody here sees them as well as ourselves; look, women

and children are beginning to crowd the jetty." (page 432) Aramis and Porthos had gone to the grotto of Locmaria with the

expectation of finding there their canoe ready armed, as well as the three

Bretons, their assistants; and they at first hoped to make the bark pass

through the little issue of the cavern, concealing in that fashion both their

labors and their flight. (page 486)

My idea was this," continued D'Artagnan: "to make you both come on

board, to keep you near me, and restore you your liberty (445)

The Paris-folk have fabricated instruments with which they see as well at

a distance as near, by night as well as by day.(503)

2. Alternative

Alternative conjunctions which present a choice between two

alternatives.

They are or, either...or, neither...nor, and otherwise

Examples:

Near the bed a large leathern armchair, with twisted legs, sustained his

15 sadness near the window (2)

My enemy must indeed have been very cruel, or hard beset my necessity ,

to assassinate those two innocent people (12)

Nothing, up to that period, except the respect paid me, had enlightened

me, or even roused my suspicions (14)

I faith, I greatly deceive myself, or i have been the means of a good

windfall to that rascal Moliere, and we shall assuredly see the scene hit

off to the life in some comedy or other (67)

Should he wish to land, it is merely because he has seen a large flight of

landrails or plovers, of wild ducks, teal, widgeon, or woodchucks, which

fall an easy pray to net or gun.(106)

Everything that sleep gives birth to that is lovely, its fairy scenes, its

flowers and nectar, the wild voluptuousness or profound repose of the

senses (137)

I will tell you; then at the same time, whatever you may say or think of it,

I went to see the dresses for our poets (78)

The arrival of a visitor did not caused any changed of position, either he

was waiting in expectation, or was asleep (2)

Seeing, then, that my nurse and preceptor were carried off, and that i,

also, was separated from them- either they were, or i am, very dangerous

to my enemy (12)

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look to; and that nobody either did, or ever would, take any interest in

me (14)

Oh, do not style me so, monsieur; tis either treachery or cruelty (25)

During at every angle of the counter either a murmur or a menace, as the

waves leave foam or scattered seaweed on the sands (50)

Well, I don’t know, replied the bishop; either mine or M. Fouquet’s (58)

Aramis perceived that the superintendent either doubted him, or felt he

was powerless to obtain the money (page 77)

Suddenly, on perceiving Raoul, the lady became silent, and pushing away

the officer: "Make your escape, Malicorne," said she; "I did not think

there was any one here. I shall curse you, if they have either heard or

seen us!" (294)

"In such a fashion that he may not, on the road, either converse with any

one or throw notes to people he may meet." (404)

And every master called his dog by his name, whistled to him in his

favorite mode, without a single one replying to either call or whistle.

(477)

When this fainting of Athos had ceased, the comte, almost ashamed of

having given way before this superior natural event, dressed himself and

ordered his horse, determined to ride to Blois, to open more certain

correspondences with either Africa, D'Artagnan, or Aramis. (546)

17

Neither strangle anybody nor smash anything (40)

I say that they shall apply neither line nor rule to the seams of your dress

(53)

Philippe expected his approach and neither expressed nor exhibited any

surprise. (210)

Neither your musketeers, nor your whole army could take Belle. (page 257)

Athos and Raoul observed that he often tried to embarrass them by

sudden attacks, or to catch them off their guard; but neither the one nor

the other gave him the least advantage. (329)

"Monsieur," said Biscarrat to the bishop, "you may save all these

inhabitants, but thus you will neither save yourself nor your friend."

(466)

Very well," said Aramis; and, taking the lantern himself, he examined

minutely all parts of the canoe, with the precautions of a man who is

neither timid nor ignorant in the face of danger. (470)

They were neither at the place where the sea was going to carry them,

nor at the place the earth was going to lose them. (544)

Then we return to the prisoner the valuables he wore at the time of his

imprisonment, his clothes and papers, if the minister’s orders have not

18 3. Advertise

Advertise conjunctions express contrast between two statements.

They are but, yet, while, however, still, nevertheless, and whereas.

Examples:

Be it so, but let us return to our starting point (5)

The writing was already fading, but i managed to decipher (18)

I said i was contened, monsieur, but, perhaps, i decide myself. I am

ignorant of the nature of ambition ; but it is not impossible i may have

some (7)

The windows of the hall looked into the court; the shutters were closed;

but through a chink in them i saw my tutor draw near a large well (14) I say not that he will pour out his people's blood, like Louis XI., or

Charles IX.; for he has no mortal injuries to avenge; but he will devour

the means and substance of his people (100)

Pardon me, but I may venture to ask that question of a poor, abandoned

captive of the Bastile (112)

He is fond of pleasure, consistently, I mean, with all his labors, thanks to

the youthfulness he still retains; but this protracted youth will disappear

at the approach of the first serious annoyance, or at the first illness he

may experience. (115)

Nay, M. Fouquet did even better still; he certainly, in obedience to the

19

soups were served, he arose and personally waited on the king, while

Madame Fouquet stood behind the queen-mother's armchair. (136)

I repeat, is nothing but an unsubstantial shadow—a lure, like everything

else in this bright, dazzling world." (144)

Baisemeaux stamped his foot on the ground like a man in a state of

despair, but he did not reply a single syllable (244)

This cheerful light rejoiced Porthos beyond expression; but Aramis

appeared annoyed by it in an equal degree. (273)

I pardon you, but I cannot pardon myself. (334)

I break my word; but if I do not do it, I disoblige you (444)

My prince,turning in the carriage towards his companion, weak creature

as I am, so unpretending in genius, so low in the scale of intelligent

beings, it has never yet happened to me to converse with a man without

penetrating (99)

I do not yet know whether Raoul will be able to forget." (114)

Then, again, he wished to unburden his mind to the king; but yet the

king would not be able to understand the suspicions which had not even

a shadow of reality at their base. (127)

Near the bed a large leathern armchair, with twisted legs, sustained his

clothes. A little table-without pens, books, paper or ink-stod neglected in

sadness near the window ; while several plates, still unemptied, showed

20

While she went in search of some stout-hearted youth,whom she went to persuade that a jewel had fallen into the well, and that this jewelwas

wrapped in a paper (16)

An army of servants were hurrying to and fro in squadrons in the

courtyard and corridors; while Fouquet, who had only that morning

arrived, walked all through the palace with a calm (121)

With these words, Philippe, notwithstanding an instinctive repugnance

of feeling, and in spite of the shudder of terror which mastered his will,

threw himself on the royal bed, and forced his muscles to press the still

warm place where Louis XIV. had lain, while he buried his burning face

in the handkerchief still moistened by his brother's tears. (210)

The perfect swarm of busily engaged persons moving about noiselessly;

the multitude of guests,—who were, however, even less numerous than

the servants who waited on them (134)

Porthos, however, did not stir; for true it is that, having dined

exceedingly well, he was fast asleep in his armchair; and the freedom of

conversation therefore was not interrupted by a third person. (139)

The advantage was, however, pursued, the regiments took the reserve

with them, and the enemy's palisades were utterly destroyed. (564)

Full of preoccupation, however, from the scene of the previous evening,

and hardly recovered from the effects of the poison which Colbert had

21

It was not the same, however, with the king's face; for, notwithstanding

his success at play (155)

The Gascon, however, was a man of calm self-possession; and no

sooner did he touch his bright steel blade, than he knew how to adopt

morally the cold, keen weapon as his guide of action. (189)

I was seized with giddiness, and the hair rose on my head; but my strong

will still reigned supreme over all the terror and disquietude (17)

The orator still went on with his speech, while the king's color was

visibly increasing. (129)

M. Fouquet held the stirrup of the king, who, having dismounted, bowed

most graciously, and more graciously still held out his hand to him,

which Fouquet, in spite of a slight resistance on the king's part, carried

respectfully to his lips. (133)

Aramis and Philippe were in theirs, still eagerly attentive, and still

listening with all their ears. (164)

After he had thrown himself for a few minutes to and fro convulsively

on his bed, his nerveless arms fell quietly down; his head lay languidly

on his pillow; his limbs, exhausted with excessive emotion, still

trembled occasionally, agitated by muscular contractions; while from his

breast faint and infrequent sighs still issued. (170)

22

idea of theft or robbery, should approve—even were it only by a single

word—the resolution he had taken, and which, nevertheless, he

hesitated before carrying into execution. (157)

Nevertheless the entire army was pleased that he would not retreat, since ill-chance had led him so near (563)

4. Illative

Illative conjunctions express something inferred from another

statement or fact.

They are therefore, so that, then, and for.

Examples:

Therefore, on putting his foot on board his vessel, moored within cannon-shot of the island, the captain of the musketeers had already got

together all his means, offensive and defensive. (447)

But they who received the order to fire trembled so that three guards fell

by the discharge, and the five remaining balls hissed on to splinter the

23

The green and blue and topaz conflagration and black lava of

liquefactions clashed and combated an instant beneath a majestic dome

of smoke; then oscillated, declined, fell successively the mighty

monoliths of rock which the violence of the explosion had not been able

to uproot from the bed of ages; they bowed to each other like grave and

stiff old men, then prostrating themselves, lay down forever in their

dusty tomb. (page 498)

Spare me in my ephemeral happiness, leave it to me for a few days, for

a few minutes ( 571)

2. Subordinating Conjunction

Geraldine (2010) says that subordinate conjunctionemphasize that

one idea (the “boss,” and independent clause, the equivalent of a complete

sentence) is more important than the other (the “employee” or subordinate

clause). The conjunction joining boss and employee give some information

about the relationship between the two ideas. Frank (1972:215) says that a

subordinate conjunction introduces a clause that depends on a main or

independent clause. Suryadi and Junaida says that subordinating conjunction

is connector which is used to join subordinate clause and main clause in

complex sentence. Subordinating show the grammatical function of

24

There are the examples of subordinating conjunction:

1.) She don’t care which thing it is. ( noun clause ).

2.) The man who sit beside me take the money from her. ( adjective clause )

3.) Come on let me go before i kill you guys. (adverb clause)

There are ten types of subordinating conjunctions, they are:

1. Apposition

The apposition’s conjunction is that

Examples:

I was astonished that the abbe had so warlike an air, and they replied

that there was nothing singular in that, seing that he was one (10) The fact is, that i must have been looking particulary handsome (66)

I shall, at least, fall from such a height, that I shall shatter myself in

falling (77)

With a perfect reliance that Aramis had made arrangements fairly to

distribute the vast number of guests throughout the palace, and that he

had not omitted to attend to any of the internal regulations for their

comfort (122)

Concerning pretended robberies that monsieur le surintendant had

committed, which is false (261)

He urged his horse so near the carriage, that he drove him against the

step with such force as to shake everything containing and contained.

25

What will happen," said he to Porthos, when everybody was gone home,

"will be that the anger of the king will be roused by the account of the

resistance; and that these brave people will be decimated or shot when

they are taken, which cannot fail to take place." (461)

He immediately commanded that the canoe should be rolled as far as

the great stone, the closure of the liberating issue. (487)

The young nobleman smiled sadly, and replied to the duke, 'It is true,

monseigneur, that but for your kindness I should have been killed,

where the poor sergeant has fallen, and should be at rest.' M. de

Bragelonne made this reply in such a tone that monseigneur answered

him warmly, 'Vrai Dieu! Young man, one would say that your mouth

waters for death (561)

2. Cause

The cause’s conjunction are because, since, and as

Examples:

Let us go to the king’s tailor, he said; and since he measures the king, i

think by my faith (41)

Far from it, my good fellow, since I have brought Marchiali back to you,

and all accordingly is just the same as if he had never left." (177)

My dear D'Artagnan, pray go to bed, since you have a bed to lie down on,

26

So as I have never known any peace save since you made her

aquaintance, do me the pleasure to continue your visits as heretofore, or

morbleu (72)

I have not fought you because you were my wife’s friend, but because I

was told I ought to fight (72)

You do not understand me; it is precisely because my friends are not

looking on, that I am as you see me now (200)

Stay a moment; look at me, I who seem to exercise in some degree a kind

of superiority over you, because I am arresting you (202)

The day you are elevated, you are elevated forever; you will overturn the

footstool, as you rise, and will send it rolling so far (101)

The king read Mazarin's letter, and, as its contents are already known to

the reader, in consequence of the misunderstanding between Madame de

Chevreuse and Aramis (150)

In this manner they passed along a winding gallery of some length, with

as many staircases leading out of it as are to be found in the mysterious and gloomy palaces of Ann Radcliffe's creation. (174)

3. Comparison

The comparison’s conjunction are than, more...than, and as...as

Examples:

27

the theater of this world—it is far better to wear a fine coat and to talk a

fine language, than to walk the boards shod with a pair of old shoes (203)

Mithridates drank in twenty years, in order to try and avoid death, than

have betrayed my secret to the king." (227)

This crime more execrable than an assassination! this crime which

dishonors my name forever, and entails upon me the horror of posterity."

(231)

In this soft shade, the eyes were by degrees dilated, and every one present

saw others rather with imagination than with actual sight. (265)

You think that I have seen the king only twice, whilst the fact is I have seen

him more than a hundred times; only we have kept it very secret, that is all

(219)

The king desires me to inform you that he is more than ever your friend,

and that your beautiful fete (219)

Aramis had just been recounting to him was nothing more than a dream,

and whether the fable itself was not the snare (238)

And he accompanied that reply with a glance more pregnant with injurious

allusion, as far as Fouquet was concerned, than politeness. (page 246)

The usurper, as far as Monsieur d'Herblay's conscience was concerned, was

still a king of the blood of Louis XIII. Moreover, the conspirator, in that

course, would have had security, secrecy, impunity. (254)

28

4. Contrast

The contrast conjunction are although, even though, though

Examples:

A courier came in about eight o’clock as Francois brought in the fifth bottle,

and although the courier made a great noise (83)

D'Artagnan cast his glance all round the room; and although he did not open

his lips (201)

M. d'Artagnan, who was very polite, presented himself, about ten o'clock, at

the lodgings of the surintendant to pay his respectful compliments; and

although the minister suffered from fever, although he was in such pain as to be bathed in sweat (389)

He declined all nourishment, and his terrified people, although he did not

complain, although he wore a smile upon his lips, although he continued to

speak with his sweet voice—his people went to Blois in search of the ancient

physician of the late Monsieur (542)

A stone would hardly have been found of the size of an egg the whole way

from Melun to Vaux; so that the carriages, rolling along as though on a carpet

(133)

It was useless, though he tried it, to make the same noise again on his door, had taken the direction of the south, and gone as far as the Mediterranean,

29

and equally useless that he threw the plates and dishes out of the window

(187)

M. de Beaufort looked the young man in the face, and read plainly, though

his eyes were cast down, the fire of resolution before which everything must

give way. (290)

A woman, ever vigilant, she did not think she ought to let the opportunity slip

of making good her justification; but Raoul, though stopped by her in the

middle of the gallery (295)

5. Condition

The condition’s conjunction are if, unless, whether...or, even if, in case

and otherwise.

Examples:

Well, said Dame Perronette; and if the letter has fallen into the well, tis all

the same as if it was burns all her letters every time she comes (15)

If you have sought me for my destruction; if you are only a tool in the hands of my enemies; if from our conference, in which you have sounded the

dephts of my mind, anything, worse than captivity result, that is to say, if

death befall me, still receive my blessing, for you will have ended my

troubles and given me repose from the tormenting fever that has preyed on

me for eight long, weary years (29)

30 middle of the general table (135)

D'Artagnan, still confused and oppressed by the conversation he had just had

with the king, could not resist asking himself if he were really in possession

of his senses, if he were really and truly at Vaux; if he, D'Artagnan, were

really the captain of the musketeers, and M. Fouquet the owner of the

chateau in which Louis XIV. was at that moment partaking of his hospitality

(189)

I will be talked of, I tell you; I shall be killed whether or not; if not there,

somewhere else." (285)

And be sure to bring the vicomte with you, whether he follows me or does

not follow me," added the duke; "he has my word, and I only ask yours."

(290)

I calculated that it would take ten minutes before he would gain place of

concealment, even if quessing where i was, he came straight to it; and

twenty if he were obliged to look for me (18)

When Porthos enjoined Raoul de Bragelonne to give D'Artagnan all that he

would ask, he knew well, our worthy Porthos, that D'Artagnan would ask or

take nothing; and in case he did demand anything, none but himself could

say what. (538)

Then we return to the prisoner the valuables he wore at the time of his

imprisonment, his clothes and papers, if the minister’s orders have not

31

Your majesty's mind is disturbed by anger; otherwise you would be far from

offending, groundlessly, the very one of your servants who has rendered you

the most important service of all." (255)

6. Purpose

The purpose’s conjunction are so that, in order that, and in order to.

Examples:

They designate two pieces of furniture which reflect objects; so that, for

instance, you may see in them your own lineaments, as you see mine now,

with the naked eye (19)

You remember having related to me the story of the Roman general Antony,

who had always seven wild boars kept roasting , each cooked up to a different

point; so that he might be able to have his dinner at any time of the day he

choose to ask for it (35)

A stone would hardly have been found of the size of an egg the whole way

from Melun to Vaux; so that the carriages, rolling along as though on a carpet

(133)

Baisemeaux ordered the drums to be beaten and the bell to be rung, as a

warning to every one to retire, in order to avoid meeting a prisoner, about

whom it was desired to observe a certain mystery. (179)

He was called upon to construct, in order to present them to his master from

32

When this little army appeared before Melun, the chief magistrates came out

to meet the king, and to present him with the keys of the city, and invited him

to enter the Hotel de Ville, in order to partake of the wine of honor. (128)

In order that the whole of the king's household should enter Vaux, four hours at least were necessary, owing to the different arrangements. (129)

I say, that I should have been mad enough to rouse the whole house and allow

myself to be seen in the corridor of the bishop of Vannes, in order that M.

Colbert might state with positive certainty that I gave you time to burn your

papers." (198)

7. Place

The Place’s conjunctions are where and wherever.

Examples:

That idea takes from my mind all bitterness, and leads me only to blame

myself. You will accept this last farewell, and you will bless me for

having taken refuge in the inviolable asylum where hatred is

extinguished, and where all love endures forever. (336)

Fouquet had not quitted the terrace where he had been left by his guide

(398)

We love each other too dearly," said the comte, "that from this moment,

in which we separate, a portion of both our souls should not travel with

33 8. Time

The time’s conjunction are after, before, when, while, since, as, and as

soon as.

Examples:

The man who had delivered the note, looking round him on the place and

making signs to several persons, who disappeared in the adjacent streets, after

having themselves repeated the signals. (397)

Here D'Artagnan passed on before the surintendant, whom, till that time, he

had respectfully accompanied, and entered the royal cabinet. (397)

"Sire," said he, suddenly, "since the goodness of the king watches over my

health to the point of dispensing with my labor (401)

At the extremity of the mole, against which the furious sea beats at the

evening tide, two men, holding each other by the arm, were conversing in an

animated and expansive tone, without the possibility of any other human

being hearing their words, borne away, as they were, one by one, by the gusts (347)

In fact, you will carry your money against all chances; and, whilst flying,

you will only have obeyed the king; then, reaching the sea, when you like,

you will embark for Belle-Isle, and from Belle-Isle you will shoot out

34

of wind, with the white foam swept from the crests of the waves. (427)

As soon as he came towards them, Porthos and Aramis observed an officer who followed D'Artagnan, treading apparently in his very steps. (442)

9. Result

The result’s conjunctions are consequently, therefore, and thus

Examples:

They will see the forces we have at our disposal; they will consequently

know to what they have to trust, and the fate that attends them, in case of

rebellion. (449)

"Monsieur," said Biscarrat to the bishop, "you may save all these inhabitants,

but thus you will neither save yourself nor your friend." (466)

"And, therefore, I have been astonished, sire," retorted the musketeer, "that a

captain like myself, who ranks with a marechal of France, should have found

himself under the orders of five or six lieutenants or majors, good to make

35

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

This paper was written by uses library research. In the library is full of one

or more books that full of material. The writer read and write for the books. The

writer collected some literary books especially books that are relevant to the topic

that can support the description of grammar, especially conjunction books as

reference to finish the paper. Library is a place that full of books, material, and

agenda. The writer choosed that place because can get many information about the

topic that want to do about description. Not only from the books, information also

can get from internet to support the data description.

3.2 Data and Data Sources

All data are sentences that contained of conjunctions found in the novel

“The Man In the Iron mask” written by Alexandre Dumas as the source of the

data. Alexandre written two books , first is The Three Musketeers and the second

is The Man in the Iron Mask. The writer choosed “The Man in the Iron Mask”

because the novel is interesting story and full of conjunction so its not difficult to

find and describe about conjunction.

The novel “The Man in the Iron Mask” consist of 572 pages and contains

60 chapters with its topic and subtopic are different in each chapters. The writer

36 3.3 Data Collecting Method

A method is need when a writer want to describe about something that

want to observed. So, in the novel “The Man in The Iron Mask, the writer used

one method that can help to observes the use of conjunctions in the novel. In this

case, the method very important. It explain about how to describe and how to

make the description.

3.4 Data Description Method

In description, the writer used descriptive method that can explain and

interpretate the object according the fact. The descriptive strategy have relation

between variable, test the hyphotesis, develop generalisation and develop the

theory that as universal validality. Descriptive research is a research about

phenomenon or population that get from researcher from subject like individual,

organization, industry or perspective. Between that, descriptive research method is

a method that collected for questions or hypotesis related with situation and

condition. In general, the descriptive research method was done to get purpose.

The purpose are to explain and describe systematically the fact and characteristic

of the object. Descriptive research design as the best approach research because it

offers precise. In descriptive research design research will count and classify, and

build statistical models to then explain what is observed. Descriptive research do

to answer the question about what, where, how, who, and when be related with

37

4. DESCRIPTION OF CONJUNCTION

4.1 Grammatical Description

Marianne and Diane (1950: 295) says that in fact the only rule that have

encountered for generating subordinate sentence within the current set of phrase

structure rules has been the adverbial clause expansion rule

Advl.Cl (Adverbial clause) Adv Sub S (Adverbial Subordinate

Sentence.

It will be deal with some surface structure sentences which are

composed of two or more nonsubordinate (or independent) sentences in the base.

In order to accomodate sentences of this type, the writer have to add a new rule to

list of phrase structure rules:

S Conj + S²+n

The ruel allow to rewrite S as a conjunction followed by two or more

sentences.

A rule such as the above one will allow us to generate basic structures such

as the following sentences:

1.) I am pres playing a doll

2.) She pres cut the paper conj. and

3.) He pres clean his garage

The conjunction movement transformation copies the initial conjunction

so that it occurs between each conjoined sentences in the base and then erases the

38

Then if started from Output of base sentence are become: and I am pres

playing a doll She pres cut the paper He pres clean his garage. And make the

conjunction movement become I am pres playing a doll and She pres cut the paper

and He pres clean his garage.

An additional transformation, non final conjunction deletion, optionally

allows to replace each nonfinal conjunction with a comma. The nonfinal

conjunction deletion is become: I am pres playing a doll, She pres cut the paper

and He pres clean his garage.

The example show to represented the type of conjoined sentences. Another

types of conjoined structure with something contrast or conflict. This is the

example of another structure:

The van is pres slowly to stop moving My car is pres still faster to move

Conj.but

In this examples, the sentences can call for the conjunction but to be

inserted in the base; however the derivational process would be almost the same

as it was for the earlier example with and. So, The sentence become “ The van is

slowly to stop moving but My car is still faster to move”.

As the alternative presupposed, a conjoined structure result from a base

in which the truth of only one of two or more sentences will be aquintance.

Boggy can give the suggestion Boggy can reject the statement

After make one or two sentences, the conjunction of or is used. After

applying conjunction movement, no further transformation are needed. It can get

39 reject the statement”.

To conclude the conjunction, The writer will gave one final coordinating

conjunction. This conjoined structure is derived from a base which contains two

negative sentences, both of them are true.

She pres said she is not going He pres said he is not staying

Conj.nor

After the appropriate the transformations would get: “ She is not going,

nor He is staying.

You will see from the example sentence why the writer said that

conjoined sentences with nor were more complicated than the others when

considered. First off all, after the nor gets relocated through conjunction

movement, it absorb the negative particle NOT in the second sentence, leaving the

second sentence without an overt negative. Second, subject/ auxilary inversion

must take place in the second sentence in order to generate grammatical surface

structure.

4.2 Types of Coordinating Conjunction Transformation Structure

Marianne and Diane (1950: 295) explained about three transformation

structure of conjoined sentences. First is conjoined sentences with identical

information. Second is conjoined sentences with identical negative elements.

Third is conjoined sentences with identical major constituent. Now, the writer will

40

4.2.1 Conjoined Sentences With Identical Information

Conjoined sentences that are more typical that any of the above examples

contain some identical information in the underlying sentences since the we don’t

usually conjoin sentences that have nothing in common. In many such cases we

can substitute a pro-form and retain all the major constituent present in the base.

In the following tree, the subject NPs (noun phrase structure) of both of

the underlying sentences contain identical information:

Jack pres is teaching a student He pres teach in musical school

Conj.and

With a conjunction movement transformation, a pro-form substitution of

Jack and he will derived with subject-verb. It wil derived become a sentence:

Jack is teaching a student and He teach in musical school

Looked for the example sentence. The first sentence and the second

sentences, when the writer give the transformation movement it become one

sentences. Both of sentences become one sentences and put “and” conjunction

between them. So, it become a new sentences that conjoined with and

conjunction.

4.2.2 Conjoined Sentences With Identical Negative Elements

The conjoined sentences with identical negative elements applies of NOT.

NOT is a set of:

We pres DO + N’T singing They pres DO + N’T singing

41

The writter presentation that NOT placement, DO support, and Not

contraction have all taken place in the constituent sentences. The only change

needed in such a derivation is the addition of either instead of the too that was

added when both sentences were accept. This is both of sentences were

affirmative.

First the writer make a Derived output. Derived output must to show to

make the reader understand about the structure before the sentences become a

sentences that have conjunction between them. (Derived output is the sentence

which take from the output before the conjunction formed between the conjoined

sentence). So, derived output produce: and We pres + DO + N’T singing They

pres DO + N’T singing.

Second, make the Conjunction movement and produce: We pres DO + NT

singing and They pres DO + NT singing. Conjunction movement has a purpose to

make a sentences become a complete sentences with using and conjunction

between two sentences.

Third, Pro-verb phrase substitution: We pres DO + N’T singing and They

pres DO + N’T. Proverb phrase substitution is a changing word or phrase in place

of verb. After conjunction movement, pro-verb subtitution must be used.

Fourth, Either addition: We pres DO + N’T singing and They pres DO +

N’T either. Either used to increasing between two sentences for a negative

elements that has a function to explain about two element is also has a same

statement.

42 We don’t singing and they don’t either.

The writer also want to completely of this sentences by another version

and using “neither” conjunction. Before continued the new version of the

sentences, step back to the “either” addition so, it can following the steps:

NOT incorporation: She pres DOES + N’T visited him and He pres DOES

visited neither.

This rule takes preceding NOT or N’T and combine it into either, and

forming neither.

Negative constituent fronting: She pres DOES + N’T visits and neither He

pres does visits him.

Subject/auxilary inversion: She pres DOES + N’T visits and neither visits

him pres DOES He

Subject verb agreement and the morphological rules produced: She

doesn’t visits him and neither does He

4.2.3 Conjoined Sentences With Identical Major Constituent

Noun phrases, verb phrases, or adjective phrases included of major

constituent. They’re identical, however, it can delete the repeated constituent. As a

deletion necessitates a restructuring of the base, which is turn result in single

clause at the surface structure level.

This is the example sentences with identical subject NPS (noun phrase

43

Bob is teaching english and live in North Sumatera

Conj.and

The further application application of subject verb-agreement, and

morphological rules yields: Bob is teaching english and live in North Sumatera.

The entire derivation is given below:

Output of base: and Bob pres is teaching english and Bob pres live in

North Sumatera

Conjunction movement: Bob pres is teaching english and Bob pres live in

North Sumatera

Identical constituent deletion: Bob pres is teaching english and øø live in

North Sumatera.

Identical constituent deletion has a function to delete an affluent words

that can effect the sentences meaning.

Subject verb agreement: Bob is teaching english and live in North

Sumatera

Another examples of conjunction’s restructures sentences with identical

verb phrases:

John pres bake a cake Susan pres bake a cake

Conj.and

The writer will be applies the subject-verb agreement, and morphological

rules by the result: John and Susan bake a cake. Here are the derivation that can

44

Output of base: and John pres bake a cake Susan pres bake a cake

Conjunction movement: John pres bake a cake and Susan pres bake a

cake

Identical constituent deletion: John pres bake a cake and Susan øøø

Restructuring: John and Susan pres bake a cake

Morphological rules: John and Susan bake a cake

The two major deletion and restructuring patterns already illustrated with

identical subjects and verb phrases. Then sentences changed by the transformation

by restructuring conjunction movement and it become a new sentences. The

conjunction of “ and” put between two subject.

4.3 Correlative Conjunction Transformation Structure

When the reader flash back about the coordinating conjunction, it

occured two or more sentences were generated as one along with a coordinating

conjunction of “ and, but, or, or nor” . When two sentences are coordinate, the

conjunction or conjoined elements may be preceded by correlative conjunction.

Here are the connecting structure:

Both (conjunction 1) and (conjunction 2)

either (conjunction 1) or (conjunction 2)

neither (conjunction 1) nor (conjunction 2)

When a correlatives is used in a surface structure sentences, it

emphasizes the coordinate status of the two constituents. The second sentence in a

following pair, for instance, intensifies the coordination between the two object

45

Claire and Meggy read megazine Both Claire and Meggy read megazine

Conj.and

Above of the sentences is a rule that called “correlative addition’ that

applied to the first member of correlative pair before the conjoined constituents. It

shows in second sentence as an emphatic variant of the first. Another rule of

correlative movement that allow to produce a pharaphrase of the second sentence

above by moving the correlative conjunction to a position preceding the

restructured verb phrase:

Claire and Meggy both read megazine

When the two VPs (verb phrase structure) which are conjoined, it have a

sentence with correlative addition such as:

Claire reads both megazine and newspaper

The correlative movement rule optionally apply to move the correlative

conjunction to a position following the two conjuncts of:

Claire reads megazine and newspaper both

Claire pres reads megazine Claire pres reads newspaper

Conj. And

Output of base: and Claire pres reads megazine Claire reads newspaper

Conjunction movement: Claire pres reads megazine and Claire reads

newspaper

Identical constituent deletion: Claire pres reads megazine and øøø

46

Restructuring: Claire pres reads megazine and newspaper

Correlative addition: Claire pres reads both megazine and newspaper

Correlative movement: Claire pres reads megazine and newspaper both

Subject-verb agreement and morphological rules: Claire reads megazine

and newspaper.

Like both...and combination, the addition of either to two

sentences conjoined by or results is an emphatic version of the conjoined

sentence. Unlike the both...and pair, however, eiher...or can conjoin full

sentences as well as phrases.

Full sentences

I will get a new clothes or My sister will get a new clothes.

Either I will get a new clothes or My sister will get a new clothes.

Phrases

I or My sister will get a new clothes.

Either I or My sister will get a new clothes.

Either...or is the corellative movement that can occur only when

identical subjects rather than identical verb pharases and being conjoined

when at least one auxiliary verb is present.

Identical Verb Phrases

Either I and My sister will get a new clothes

47 Full Sentences

I will get a new clothes My sister will get a new clothes

Conj.or

Output of base: or I will get a new clothes My sister will get a new clothes

Conjunction movement: I will get a new clothes or my sister will get a

new clothes

Pronoun phrase substitution: I will get a new clothes or my sister get it

(And additional surface deletion here would produce: Either I will get a

new clothes or my sister will).

From that sentences, it will applies output of base, conjunction movement,

identical constituent deletion, restructuring, and correlative addition. Here are the

entire derivation:

Output of base: or I will get a new clothes My sister will get a new clothes

Conjunction movement: I will get a new clothes or My sister will get a

new clothes

Identical constituent deletion: I will get a new clothes or My sister øøøø

Restructuring: I or My sister will get a new clothes

Correlative addition: Either I or My sister will get a new clothes

Identical Subjects

Full Sentences

James can read James can’t read

48

Output of base: or James can read James can’t read

Conjunction movement: James can read or James can’t read

Correlative addition: either James can read or James can’t read

Correlative movement optional: (a) James either can read or James can’t

read; (b) James can either read or James can’t read

Phrases

I can live I can go

Conj. Or

Output of base: or I can live I can go

Conjunction movement: I can live or I can go

Identical constituent deletion: I can live or øø go

Restructuring: I can live or go

Correlative addition: I either can live or go

Correlative movement: I can either live or go

The final type of correlative structure to be considered here signals two

negative alternatives, both of which are assumed to be true. In such cases, nor is

the conjunction used and neither is the partner of correlative conjunction. Here are

the example sentence of neither...nor that once restructuring takes place and the

correlative conjunction must be added:

49

The correlative movement cannot take place with either subject noun

phrases or verb phrases: <