,,' IngentaConnect Table Of Contents: Environmental Technology
Page 1 of2
Environmental Technology
/:;....
ISSN 09593330, Online ISSN: 1479487X
Publisher: Selper Ltd
Volume 21/ Number 10/ 1 October 2000
<previous issue
I
next issue >I
アャjェウウオjセNセ@'Wupdate marked U$t;
Hydrothermal Preparation of TiOz_ctndPhotot;:atalytic Degradation of Hexac;hlorocyclohexane and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloromethane pp. 10851090(6)
Authors: Byrappa K.; Lokanatha Rai K.M.; Yoshimura M.
セュZゥセjLセエオ r a ャャゥNNZpイセ、AA」エ@ 。セヲカヲ・セセlイオiセセiq・ョエMLMMNウッ rpUC1n...」ZIlャB・ェZセ、NヲuNャNヲイqNュaNアャNNエ・GQiNAセセ@ $()J!JJJ.9...
n
ッョNセッNj[Bqゥイ`ィ@ Carbon. pp. 10911097(7)
Authors: Kadirvelu K.; Namasivayam C.
ョA[c[qZエYクャ\[NYQqNァゥ」[セNエセ」エゥB ゥエGャj[IヲZNウ⦅ッェエセ⦅ーッ lI!Jte!iJNith.f'Q.IY<:;'L<;ltc aNイZqNュセNャャcZZZNhケY イqc[\ャイセNセョ セ ... Hセahセャ
Ie...!
':" Effect on Plallis pp. 10991110(12)
Authors: Maliszewska-Kordybach 8.; Smreczak P
Oetermin",.tjOI"L.Qf bゥッ、ヲZAAidG\エ、NセAェYNjlkャAGhセエゥ」セNNNNエャNヲNXセNセ・イ`lsエッイゥャャhlq ..ァセョゥ」ZZNsオ「ウエ{\エエ・セ@ Through Electrolytic RespirQ,metry
pp. 11111118(8)
Authors: CaiHzares P.; De Lucas A.; Rodriguez L; Villasenor].
l!1hJbitio!Lof Activated S'udge..jセNyjGゥェエイゥエ・セェAQjZィ・@ pイ・ウ・セc[セlqヲヲGQZァエ・ゥョセッNイNNaュゥッッNa」[ゥ、セ@ pp. 11191125(7)
Authors: Philips S.; Verstraete W.
ャ[^・セ_QYB <;!t:!Qn NpセlQGiiェャoo tilエイNセNエャHIョN、NヲLァNヲヲャAhゥAョエウNj[[ZセBエ・ョ セョエ セq⦅セ@
1:!L';.r
セセNeGqylDAイャqセャ ..l:t
II.c:lfi'..
セNセ@qセ。ャゥヲNゥエZ[ZゥZャNャゥセAl」Zャu@ NN・NイッHZセヲZAA`MM]N[QゥセヲZAANo@ Oeu vre iヲQ、ャャウエイゥ・ャャ・NNq・」qャッイNセエlqョ ..j)...Y..ャエセヲQ⦅ッヲゥャAイセエェGQョセqj@ NャZヲヲャNャエ・ョセ⦅g」Zュエ。ゥョゥャQNNqN@ セclエゥョエ。ゥョMー・ョ@ iョセウZ@ Pilot s」。[・NRAA。ャゥヲゥ」。エゥッセ@ Indtistrial
aャZゥウ・ウセュ・ョエ@
pp, 11271138(12)
Authors: ]aouen P.; Lanson ].M.; Vandar,jon L; Maleriat J.P.; Quemeneur F.
Treatment of Domestic Sewage in HorizontalFlow Anaerobic Immobilized Biomass サヲZャaiNiiNャャA・セ」エッ r
pp. 11391145(7)
Authors: Zaiat M.; Passig F.H.; Forest; E
[J
cィ。イセ」エ・イゥコ。エゥッョ@ aod tイ・セエュ・ョエ⦅ッヲ@ TextilePripting vGャNセウエ・キ。エヲZAAイセ@pp. 11471155(9)
Authors: Kabdas/i
1.;
Giirel M.; Tiinay O.The Impact of Digester Retention Time on Microbial Extraceliulru:_J'olym.eL..Production セョ、@ Sitidge d・キ。エ・イセ「ゥャゥエケN@
pp. 11571165(9)
Authors: Houghton
].1.;
Stephenson T.; Quarmby].Statistical Analyses of ()perating Conditions and Power Consumption Characteristics in SmallScale ConventioQal Activated Sludge Plants for Sewage rreatment
· IngentaConnect Table Of Contents: Environmental Technology
Page 2 of 2
'¥, pp. 1167-1172(6)
Authors: Hu H.-Y.;
Goto
N.; Fujie K.rセュHIyAゥャlッヲpゥュ・エィケャDyャーィゥ」Zャァヲ
..oro
HIヲヲセg。ウ@ MbcturesContainingHydrogen$Qlphidg.and Methanethiol bya
bゥッエイゥ」ォャゥjQjャᆪェョZセ@pp.
1173-1180(8)Authors: Ruokojiirvi A.; Aatamila M.; Hartikainen T.; Olkkonen M.; Salmi 1.; Ruuskanen 1.; Martlkainen P.l.
'pgtermining Dゥァョゥヲゥ」。ョエ⦅aBセ・
..obic
kゥョ・エゥ」ャZjAゥャイ。ュ・エァBDiIDゥョァDゥュャjャセjゥァjGャ@pp.
1181-1191(11)Authors: Elliott M.; Zheng Y.; Bagley D.M.
o
aーーlゥ」Z[cAエャojlqヲZuエヲゥANwNセエセセゥ、セエャッAQ.. P..
ッcZヲゥAA^セ⦅Gャッエ「・NtイヲゥAcAエュヲゥABエNッヲBBャjョA」ZゥーcAiセヲゥAキcAァヲゥADjャj。Nァセ@pp.
1193-1198(6)Authors: Lendorm; T.; Prevot
c.;
Doppenberg F.; Debellefontaine H.; Pujol R.rtJ
Enhancement of Ammonia r・ュッセNセuAQーァAGャエ@ bゥッヲゥャエセsセ・、ァエZlキェエjZlエ[Aャイゥセィ・、@NJ!Ii.fY1n9
Bacteria
pp.11991204(6)
."../
Authors: Yani M.; Hirai M.; Shoda M.
V
IngentaConnect Enhancement of Ammonia Removal in Peat Biofilter Seeded with En... Page 1
of
1
Enhancement of Ammonia
Removal in Peat Biofilter Seeded
with Enriched Nitrifying Bacteria
Authors: Vani M.l; Hirai M . Shoda M.l
Source: ,EnvironmE;!nta1.Jechnology, Volume 21, Number 10, 1 October 2000, pp_ 11991204(6)
pオ「ャゥウィ・イZsセャーセllエY@
• Uセqiセカゥッオセ。イエゥセANァ@
• I
• yゥセキ@ ャセェjャセNqlエZZZHIセイャエ・ijjセ@
{milrkiteril:
Abstract:
Night soil sludge was enriched to foster nitrifying bacteria by tile addition of ammonium sulfate, and the enriched mixed culture of nitrifying bacteria obtained was inoculated to peat. Ammonia gas was
introduced to the peat biofilter by gradually increasing from 48 to 265 ppm, at a space velocity from 87 to 437 h-l, with an ammonia load from 0.5 to 5.8 g N kg-I dry peat d-1 for 103 days. The ammonia removal characteristics observed over a 103 day experiment were as follows: ail aVerage ammonia rem(lval ratio of 97 %, complete removal capacity of 4.5 g N kg-I drv oeat d-I , maximum removal capacity of 5.6 g N kg-I dry peat d-I , maximum removal rate of ammonia, Vm of 46.1 g N kg-I dry peat d- I . The ammonia removal capacity of this peat biofilter was enhanced significantly and the maximum removal capacity and maximum removal rate were the highest among the data reported to date.
Keywords: AmmQnia; nitrificatlon; peat biofilte.r; removal kinetics; nitrifying bacteria
Document Type: Research article
Affiliations: 1: Tokyo Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Resources Utilization, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-kll, Yokohama 2268503, Japan
.
GセN@
L __--,
tセL
VoL 21. I'fI 11.99--11001.
セLRPPP@
ENHANCEMENT OF AMMONIA REMOVAL IN PEAT
BIOFILTER SEEDED WITH ENRICHED NITRIFYING
BACTERIA
M.
YANL M. HIRAI AND M SHODA·Tokyo Institute ofTechnoJogy, Raearch Laboratory ofResowa!s Utilization" 42S9 Nagatsuta, MidorlJcu,. Yokohama 22685(13, Japan
Hセ 10
117fllft1J
2000; Accqntd 31 M1rrd12OQ(),.
,t
ABSTRACl "'1_ •
• • \ :.l#. :(,,!. • N^N[NNZNNMセ@ -?!:it ...' ... 1 • . . ' • • .,* •
N"Jght8Oi11ladp WU «&ricI\ed to ft:Jsta' nitri.t')in3 セ by the ad.ditioo of ammonium sWfate and 1he en.ithred mixed culture of nitrifying bacteria obtained was inoculated to peat. Ammonia gou wu introdw::ed to the peat biD£iIter by gradually inaeuing hom .a to 265 ppm, at II &pACe velocity from 87 to 431 h", \'.itb an W\.ttIonia load from 0.5 II) S.8 g N kg' dry peatd' b 103 days. The anunoruil removal characteristio observed r:rn!r a 103 day ew:perimenI were as
fellows: an average a:iru:narda removal :ratio of tJ1 %, (X)[I\plete removal Olpacity of 4.S g N kg-l dryセエ dt, maximum
removal capacity of 5..6 S N leg 1 dry peat It', maximum l1:II\oval rate of ;umnorua, V .. of 46.1 g N. kg dry-peat d". 'The
ammonia セ。ャ capacity of t:hl9 pest bIofilter Wil5 erihanced significantly and the maximum セ capacity and maximum RIrIOVliI rate were the highest among the data n!pOlted to date.
Keywords:: Ammonia, nitrification, peat biofilter, removalldnetics, nitrifying bacteria
,".;
INTRODUCTION inoJgank packing material (11) have bftn conducted. The
biofiIters were commonly seeded with nncharacterized
The high concentration of ammonia emitted
froin
sludge. In order to enhance the microbial removal rate, romposting plants, night soil or wash: water treatment, and severa] methods have been proposed [5]: seeding of useful various inrlustries still causes environmental ーセN@ bacteria, immobilization of miaoorganisms, selection of Although ammonia has a detectable odor thn.'shold caniets, and applic .. tion of new microorganisms to processes. concentration of approximately 17 ppm (1), the In previous studies we used night soil sludge as a seed for concentrations of amrII'JI1ia from night soil treatment plantspeat
atId ACF iJiofilters 16,9.111. Although they showed a good were reported to be between 0.2 and SOppm,.
between 20 and remova1 rate of am:mcnia, significant biological removal 200 ppm from fishmeaI plana,. and greater I::hatt 35 ppm in started at around the 20th day and complete removal of compooting facilities [131. In general. for the .removal 01 ammonia was observed after 2B days, whkh .is defined as theodorous compounds in contaminated air, blolosiall treab:neld:5 acclimation period. In order to shorten the acclim.ation period
have IOIJle potential advantages over other c::he::dc:aI and and enhance the ammonia removal rate, enrichment of the physical treatments [4,5], for
example,
that the pollutants do night soilsludge to foster iI mixed culture ofnitrifying bacterianot enter into another
phase,
they are converted to harmless wiD be useful. However, such a trial has never been axidation ーイッ、オセ@ and biological methods are relatively conducted, mainly becaU!le thegrowth
of chemoautotrophic cheap because of th2 low investment oll"Id operadonaJ costa. A nitrifying bacteria isextremelY
sbw and their isolation isgood
operationalstability
over a long period om be achievedif
difficult (12.13). Here" we conduct the en.ric:bment of sludgecareful maintenance is carried out. to セ the population of
nitrifying
bacteria.and
the Recently, some studies of mkrobiallUnmOniaremOval
by characteristics of ammonia removal by a peat biofiJter seededa
biofilter usingpeat
[691or
wood bark [10]as an
organic with· an enridted mixed culture of nitrifying bacteria art pacldng material, and activated carbon fiber (ACF) as an investigated.MATEJUALS AND METHODS
Enric:hment culture
Twenty m1 of nightlIOil &lud.gewas inlxulatJed to 180 ml
AL medium in a 300 mI bottle. AL medium. イッョエ。セ@ 2.5
g
tNH.)2SO", 0.5g
KH1PO", 50 InS MgS04·7Hp, 4q
MgSO.·7H20, and 0.1 mg FeEDTA perJiter of distilled water,
at pH 8.08.2 (9,121; 0.5 mg phenol red was added as an indicator. The bottle was aerated at 11 min·1 at a temperature
of 25 28 "C. During the enrichment period. pH was
maintained at 6-8 by adding O.iN NaCH. The concentration ofNH.· was also maintained at 300 700 ppm by adding
to-I:imesroncentrated AL medium. The pH and concentrationsof NH:, NO; and No,,of the culture were measured once or twice a day.
When NO; concentration reached about 8 g 1.1, the
culture was transf.rred. to fresh medium and !.he next enrichment was carried out by the same method. 1hia
pnxedure was repeated for 8eVeral months.
At
the end of enrichment. asample
was talten for the determination of the concentration of surviving rnicroorganifIm by colmt:ing on nutrient agar (NA) <Biken Kagaku Co, Ltd., Japan) and P medium plus gebi.1e (10 g (.1) (PG). P medium contained: 2.5 g {NH..,i'O... 34 g n。セpPTMMQRhpL@ 0.7 g .KH,PO., O.5g NaHCo,. 100 mg MgSO.7Ji:P, 5 mg CaCl:J·2HP, and 1 Irft FeEDTA per titer (pH 8.0 8.2) [13,141; 0.5 セ phenol redwas added as an indicator. Gelrlte,. a trade name of geUan gum (I<eko
Division.
Men:k Co., USA), was used to make asolid med.:utn.
NLセLセ@ .:.r,;!'l'.i!1it AャGゥセゥBセGᄋGDBGゥMZLZ[[エヲjLᄋ@
Confumationofl'lil:rifyingbacteria
At the end of enriC'Nnent. $eYe18l Jdnda of bacteria grew on pc; plates. Six of about 50 colonies appearing OIl PC
!",lAfP.!II Wen! tested for ammonium oxidizing ability. Bach
isolate was irtoculated to 5 m1 AL medium and incubated at
30 'C at 120 strokes per minute セ for 2 weeks. At the end of the incubation
period..
the amounts of N01 and NO)'production were tested UlIing a Merckoquant test strip. The
high<.!st prodlK.'er of NOi anC. NO), B1123, was selected.
Then" the isolate was in'lCUlateci to 100 ml AL medium and
incubated at 30 "C at 120 spm for 8 days. The c:elJs collected
were
mixed with 50 ,. glycerol solution which was stored at20 "C as a steck culture.
The セエィ characteristics of B1123 in AL medium
wel'Z ゥョカ・ウセN Oneloop of a 81123 colony was gmv.n on a PC plate. inoc:u1ated. to 5 ml AL medium. then ina&bated. at 30 'C at 120 spm £Or 8 days. This culture was transferred to 100 ml AL
medium"
then incubated again at 3O"C at 120 spm.:Dwins
Incubation. pH. optical
density It 660 om (00,..), andme
concentrationa of NO; andNO.;
were morrltored.Elperimental apparatus
All the carrier in the bioIiller, peat l!I(8I A
ffalcahashi
1200
Peat Moe5 Co., Ltd.., Hokbido, Japan) wu packed in セ@
columns (5 em inner diameter, 50 em height) in a taboratory-&ca1e bioIilrer, as previously repolled (9,11L The charactetistics of the peat were described previously [6, 9).
After
the measurement of moisture content,. about 60g
cby peat plus 2..2 g Ca(OH)2 were sterilized at 120 "C b 20minutes. This
peat
was sprayed with cell suspension of 81123grown in At. medium. mix.ed. and packed into mIumns to a
height of18 em. 1be height of the peat bed MIS compacted 10 14 an within two weeb. DetIiled experimental ccnditions are SUll'IIlWized in Table 1. The o.OS • 15 N
aqueous
ammonia solution in a 31 bottle was fed, using a peristaltic pump, to thf.' top of an ammonia generator column 01 PVC (S anoum-diameter, 52 em height) which was
paded
with gl;a beads.through which air was passed in the CounNn:.urrent flow_ Air containing a specific c:oncenb"aoon 01 amrncnia was then supplied to the biofilter coltl.tIll'lS. The ammonia load into the biofilb:!r was changed by controlling the inlet concentration and/or space velocity. Forty mJ of sterilized disti1lM water was sprayed aseptically and manually on the peat bed ftVery 2 days to maintain the moisture content 01 the bed at about 70 %. All experiments were conducted at room temperatun'!S
of 24 • 28 "C. During the operation, the pH of the biofilter was rnaJntai:ned at 6 8 by adding 40 ml of 1 '" Na1CO
J-When nitrite and nitrate concentrations reached about 10 oS I;, 100 mlol stt':ilized distilled water was sprayed 10 wasil the f'St セ@
Bacterial count
The cell number counted by the most probable number (MPN) method l5, 6, 9,11) was conaidered to be nitrifying
[image:5.599.62.568.402.819.2]bacteria ma.inly because enriched nitrifying. bacberia are a
Table L E.xper:immtaJ condition of peat biofiltu seeded with enriched nitrifying baderia and the cell
number ofnitrifyingbacteria..
Packing
my
weisht (g) 56.7Packed volume (I) GᄋゥLLZNセZG[[[@ 0.275
PaddnS density (g dry peat t') .•.: :.<;'lr:-: 206 Packing height ( a n ) . . ";.'.. .1. Initial D1Oi:m.ue contmt (%)
fnitia) pH
:. ZLZセNB@ セ⦅@
·'a
M }';.
64
7.46 SuppHed anm....
Inlet concentration (ppm) 50.265
Flow rate
a
ュゥョMiIェBセNB@ .." 0.4 ·2.,0 Space velocity (lf1) . •. •" .. 7' 87438 l.oad (g N kg.' dry peat d") 0.505.8 Cell number measured byMPN method(celJs ,.,
my
peat)Initfat 6.0 x 10'
• •
mixture of autotrophic and heteJotropIUc bacteria. . The homogenized peat sample was also serially,U'hit:ed in sterilized distilled wahn", then spread on NA and PC plates,. and co]onJes appearing on plates were counted.
セNエ@ • • _
The セ content of peat was detefDuned by drying for more than 8 hou.r$ at 80 "'C in an oven. Inlet and outlet anunonla conc:entratiom fn the biofilter were measumi usins ammonia gas detection tubes (Castee. Co.• Ltd.• Japan). The lower 、セ limit of the tubes was 0.25 ppm. To test the presence of nitrate and/or nitrit2 in the dr.ained water, a Merdcoquant test strip for nitrate and nitrite (Merck KGaA, Germany) was ueed.
RESULTS AND ursctJSSroN·
After 6 months of enrichment. nitrifying baderie, B1123, were obtained. By detailed analysia. B1123 was found to contain a predominantly autotrophic nitrifying bacteria and a minority of heterotrophic bacteria, the separation
t:i
which was extremely difficult,. Therefore, B1123 was used for furtheT experimf>nts. TIle growth (".J.rV;:> of 1he mixed culture of nitrifying bacteria of. セQQRNゥ@ 0"1 .\L medium is shown in Figuze 1 8. 1he opticaJ dmsity (OD> of.the culture was below O.OS after 10 days and the cdl numbers counted on PG plates were on the order of 10" 10". 'The pH was maintained at 6 8 by adding 0.1 N NaCH. The rota] concentration of NO' and NO reached l g 11 after 8 days (Figure 1 b).
2 ) .
indicating that more than 90 % of the ammonium was oxidized to セGN@
When Bl123 was cultivated in NB medium for heterotrophic bacteria, OD6IiO セ and two da}'S were requ.ired to reach the stationary phase; no producticn of NO,-and NOl -was observed. It is assumed that the heterotrophic
bacteria which coexisted with nitrifying bacteria grew rapidly
in organic NB medium. but had no ability to oxidize nitrogen compounds to NOl -and NO.,. To ronfinn the survival of
nitrifying bacteria even in NB medium. the ceUs of 81123
grown
in NB medium were washed, suspended in ALmedium,. and then incubated at 3O"C. After 10 days, pH decreased to about '/ and productions of NO;i and NO; were confirmed; then
the
concentration of the two sub6ta.r\a!S incRaIIed Yf!t:Y rapidly (data not shown).Ammonia :removal characteristica
Ammonia removal by the peat biofilter involved two
proc:esees
(9, 151 First,ammcrua
was mnoved by physical and chemk:al adsorption by peal After peat was saturated with ammorda, aD1IIlOI\ia Waif oxidized by n1trifying bacteria.'Therd'oJt>. the time requi.nd to reach a steady state of ammonia oxidation by nitrifying bacteria is the acclimation
G..OI
I
セ@
41)....
i
I
..
•
__ I
1
7o.o:t
'I
•
0.011
i
II 0,".
..
3.0i_2.I
'B
セ@ 2.0I
セ@a
;,.. 1JII
z
a
i
c 1.1•
セ@
U0.0
(b)
:!..
セ@..", .. セ@
:r..
セ@
-
,セ@
0 2 4 10
12
[image:6.599.306.548.42.649.2]"1lmIt (day)
Figure 1. Growth characteristics of enriched rJtrHying bacteria, B1123, in AL medium: (a) optical defl8ity
at 660 nm (OD6QJ 0, cell number Q. and pH (.A.),
and (b) production of NOi (ot and NO) (.), Addition of 0.1 N NaOH (J.)•.
イセセG@ Nセ;.} ヲゥセN@
;i'f.,t,ir;t.;.
イセ[AGᄋセLェ@ ᄋ[|ABZセセゥjセMLZNM ),. MZエイZヲヲサセエBBG[@ セゥ[セBセ@ ZエCセ@ . .'"):·:i::'
tirrie,
whkt.
isUstWJy
abOut
one D\on8i.PIgure
2 Shows the time course of ammonia removal by a peat bio611er seeded with enriched nitrifying.BI123 bactnia. The inlet iIIllmOIlia concentration was introduced at about 100 ppm" at SV 87 h1,
and at load of about 0.5 g N kg4 dry peat dl, iセ@ a previous study, in the peat biofilte1' seeded with original night soil sludge, total ammonia adsorption during the acclimation
period was 26 g N kgl dry peat for 20 da)'S of operation 19].
after that, amxr.onia was detected at the outlet. Total removal of 27 g N kg-! dty peat of amm.onia by this peat with enriched nitri.fyjng bacteria wa:s attained in about 7 days, at
which time no ammonia was detected at the outlet. After that, when the load was i.;.lcreased 10 about 0.6 g N kS'l dry peiltd" at 21 days, the removal ratio decreased for 3 days due to unJr:t.1wa reMCnS, but complete removal w.u obeerved ..gain at 2S days.
DurIng the first .., days. the lnJet concentration
oJ
ammonia was maintained at an average of
n
ppm W''lJUI'e2a), and the load was increased gradually &om 05 to 2 g N
ks·
1 dry peat dl(FiSWe
2b) by changing the spacevelocity from 81 to 390 h·1 <Figwe 2a). After
that
the inlf!t concentration was increased gradually to 265 ppm at an average SV of about 320 hI where the load was as high ..5.8
gN
kgI dry peatd'l.1bt JdnetX data キセtakeri
on the 55thday. The load was further increased to 5.78 g N kg.' dry1201
1
load. of 3.2 g N kg" dry p"at dol at 92 days and then i.naeasoed
Ammonla removal characteristics
Peat &eeded
with ACF teeded with Peat seeded night soil ウャオ、セ@ (9)nill!!!
lOiJsluda!
Ittl
with 81123Complete:removal
fBNkg'l
peald"!) 1.6 15 4.5Max!!IlUD1 re:mova1 c:apaclty (g Nkgl peatd'l) 3.2 3.5 5.6
V. (gNkg'" peatd'l) 11.4 8.4 46.1
K.
(ppm) 226 26 350 " Lセ@ ....Cell numberbyMPNmethod
(oeIIsg
1 dry peat)after kinetic data
we.re
taken 6.8 x 10" .'..
1.(5)( 10'Ux 10'
Specific ammonia oxidation rate Cg NeeU" h1
) 1.0
x
10'14 3.34 X 10'll B.6 X t(tURelative ammonlaoxidation rate 1 0.05
1.2
1.;
flO ! Eo....,lif
c.}
1'"
II
I
100m...
tit,
7
•
J..
セN。セセセセN@
•
•mセ@
:j
•
0
•
i
CI 20 ..0 . . II 100 120
[image:7.601.44.563.43.826.2]ョョNHセ@
Figure
2 Time cotU'Se of iUIlO'IOnla removal by peat biofiller seeded with enrichednitrifying
bacteria: (a) inlet(e) and outJet (0) ammonia concentrations, removal ratio セI@ and space velocity (0); (b) ammonia load (0) and ammonia セ。j@ capacity
(0) and (c) pH (0), NH.* (.), NOJ (0) and NO;
(A) concentrations_ Addition of 40 mI of 1 '70
nセPS (t) a:nd washing of coJumn by 100 mJ disb1led water
(.1.)-peat(tl (figure 2b) and a removal ratio of more than 9'l% WIllI
。セ (Figure 21). However, after samples were taken for
cell number counting at 68 days. the removal ratio decreased even when the load was reduced to about 1.5 g N kg1 dJy
peat dl
, indicating that iliere were drastic disturbana5 on
peat. "Then. the removal of ammonia improved again to It
to 5_0 g N kgl dry peat dI at 103 dayI5 (Figure 2b)_ The
average removal ratio of ammonia was 97.30/0 for a 103day experiment. From the relationship between load. and removal capacity of.ammonia, the complete removal was at 4..5 g N kg-I dry peat dol and the m.aldmum removal capKity was 5.6
8
N legI dry peatd" (Figure 3). The data obtained in this experiment, as weil illS previous data, are shown in Table 2 Ammonia removal by enriched nitrifyingbacteria is the most effident method.The eell number of hetetobopbic bacteria appearing on NA plates was significantly dec:reMed after 68 days.. During thie experimental period, the number of nitrifying bacteria eoun1ed by the MPN method increased about fourfold (Table ll. We isolaled some a\1totrophk nitrifying bacteria &om enriched Bl123 セ whidl included an セ@
oxidizing becteriwn. NitTosorlJonQ5 tIltrophtl, and a nitrite-oxidizing bacterium, Nilrob«ttT hamburgtnsis. The
d1ara.cteri$tics of these bacteria will be described in a
separate
paper. ..,.,' .. セ[N[ZLNL@ ","..",,;.,: ", .
0 2 4 • •
load{g..JC'kgdry ..,.r1·d·1)
Figure 3. Rdationship between ammonia load and IlIl'IIllOIlia
セ capacity in peat biofilter &eeded with enriched nitri.iying bacteria.
[image:7.601.55.294.57.487.2]When the mixed cuJture of BU23 was 。ーーIェセ@ to an activated CiIlbJn fiber (ACF) biofiJIer, the characteristics of which were d.ac:ribed in
a
previous paperUIL
the removal capacity was 1.2g
N Iqfl dry ACP d' at 20 days (data not shown), after wlUch improvement was negligible.. The ceU number could not be determined by the MPN method at a dilution of lOl, for unknown reasons. ACFwas
not an appropriatecamer
for this nilrifying population.Results of the analysis of drain from a peat biofilter eeeded with B1123 11ft shown in fゥセ@ 2c. When pH
decreased to 6.0, the column was neutraliznj by adding 40 ml of 1 % n。ャcセ solutioD, and pH was maintained at IIround 7. During the
expenn.nts,
the pH ranged from 6.0 to 7.6 withan
average of 7.0. Almost no ammonium was detected for30 da}'3. and NO, and NOi, were detected from 20 days
(Ftgun!' 2c). When the load of aJnmDnia was increased &om 20
to 67 days, there Wa5 a significa..,t increase ゥョセG followed by
an in<:T.?aSe in nセG@ (Figure 21::), from the 30th • 67th days, confirming that ammonia was converted to セG。ョ、@ to NO,' in consecutive reactions. Complete removal of ammonia of 4.5 g N kgl dry peal d'} was observed at 55 daJ"'S, when the concentrations of NH;, NO.i and NO, were 0.4, 20, and 6.0 g tl, zespectively. When the NO; concentration reached 12 g )1 at 67days, the removal ratio decreased to 90%. It was assumed that :nitrification was inhibited by such a level of NO,. Therefore, the peatbed was washed by spraying 100ml sterili:zed distilled water. The washing of peat with distilled water was repeated at セ 97th day.
These experiments showed that a high removaJ
capacity of the biofl.her can be maintained by controlling the pH between 7.5 8.0 and low nitrite and nitrate concentlrations in die peat The leaching of accumulakd
NO)" helps the dilution of ... y.vUw.:i, ....セ@ ukZセ@ me
nitrification capacity
171.
.K.inc.1ic analysis of. the bioJogicaJ removal of iUIUIlOIlia was conducted using a MicbaelisMenten type equation, and the removal
efficiency
was evaluated by assuming a plug air flow. as described. previously (9.11). The final equation ill(1)
キィセ@
Vm : maximum removal mte (g N kg" drypeatl;t')
Ks :
saturation constant (ppm)CJn
=
HcッᄋセI@In(CoICet
lCo : inlet concentration of ammonia (ppm)
Ce :
outlet concentntion of ammonia (ppm) R=
SV (CoCe>
11\SV : セ velocity (d'l )
a : conversion coefficient (kg dry peals Nt).
Figure4 shows the kinetic analysis of ammonia removal by
tM
peat biofilter seeded with a mixed cultwe of B1123. The maximum removal rate. V ... obtained was 46.1 g N kg'l dry peat d·l and the 5iIJ:ul'ation constant,K"
was 350 ppm.The V.. obtained was -I ti:Ines
hiJher
dian that reported ina
previouspaper
(9) <TabJe 2.). The estimation of theseparatrllCkiS is useful for comparing the pedortrlilllCe charac:teristics of vuiou5 bio6ltrrs with different seeding
sowces,
structures and carriers. The biologicalammonia removal rate OIl peat was reported to be between
02 15 g N kg'l dry peat dot (15). In waste water treatment
using a £luidized-bed bioreactor packed with granular activated carbon (GAO, V .. of the ammonia o:ddizer was recalculated 10 be in the range from 0.12 to 21 g N kg'l dry GAC dI and
K.
varied from 0.1 to 598 ppmNH [16]. The1
ammonia removal rate obtained in this study was higher than
these values.
By using the cell number 22 x lOS cells g thy peat obtained by エ「セ@ MPN method <Table 2), the
specific
a.trIII'IOIUa oxidation rate was calculated to be 8.6 X AセMQR@ g N ceIl 1 hl<Table 2'_ The ammonia oxidation rate 01 peal セ w.-:, significantly higher than that of the ACF biofiltea',
m;;.;my
becaUBe peat had a high adsorption capacity and significantly high buffering capacity {9J. The kinetic analysis indicated that the ammonia oxidation rare of NilTosomDl1ilS europaetl .ranged
from 1.56 x 1014 to 1.81 X 1013 g N celll hI, where the
fluorescent antibody method or the MPN method was used for counting the cell number [11, 18].
The
ammonia oxidationrate of enriched 81123 was significantly
hip
than thosevalues.
20
15
a::
セ@10
u
セ@
CrJRO·022
c;. •
7'"5
V...eN1rgthy.,. ....
'·cr
tKs3Hppm
0
0
100
200
300
C'n
pゥセ
4. RemItsッiセ。ョ。ャケウゥウ
ッiセセGウ・・、・、@
'with enriched nitrifying bac:taia..
.
.
Although dw enriched nItrlfying bacteria contained the characteristics of
llJXlII'IOI"da.
and the value obtained in this contaminant of heterotrophic bacteria, application of this experilIleJit may be close to the maximum. one Inherent in culture to the peat biofilter enhanced the removal nitrifying badI!ria.".' ..
.
';..' . : 'GABGNZGセ@ , ,
1. Williams, T.O. and Millet', F.C., Odorcontro} using biofilten. <Part 1). Biocyr:k. 33, 7271 (1992). 2. Williams. T.O. and Miller, F.C, Biofilters and facility oper.ations (11). Biocydt. 33, 7$.79 (1992).
3. Terasawa, M, Hirai. M. and Kubota. H .. Soil deodorization systems. Biocyde, %'1, 2832 (1986). NLッNLNセL@ '. _ . '''.",
4. Otmlgraf, S.P.P., Exhaust
gas
purification. In: BiotecJmDlogy, vol. 8. Rehm H. G. and Reed G. (eck.)'vat'
wセC25-452 (986).
5. Shoda,. M., Methods for the biological treatment of exhaust gases. In: 8iologiaU DegrtJdlltion
if
WRStc:s (Martin. AM. (ed.),Elsevier セ Publisher, London.. 3146 (1991).
6. Toguhi. L,
Suzuki..
M.., Hirai, M., Shoda, M and Kubota, H., Removal of セ by a peat bio6lter withoul and with nitrlfier.J.
Fermmt.Tedmol .. 6&. 425432 (1986).7. Hi11tikainen,. T., Ruusk.anen,
J"
Vanhatalo, M. and. Martikainen,. P.J., RL'moval of AIIlIJlOnia from air bya
peat bio6lter.Environ. Tedmol., 17,4.553 (l996).
8. Martin, G., LemasJe, M. and Taha. S., The control of gaseous nitrogen pollutant renovaI in a fixed bed peat bed reactor. ,.
BiC1tedmol., 46, 1521 (1996}.
9.
yarn.
M.• Hirai,. M. and Shoda, M., Removal kinetiGt of ammonia by peat bio6ltftset'1ed with night sal sludge. /. Fe:rmud.Tedmd.., 85, 502506 (1998).10. Wedthuysen. 8., Vriens, L. and Vencl:ttert.. H.., bゥッセエュ・ョエ@ of ammonia'Ind butanal containing waste gases, Appl.
Microbiol. Biotedmol., U QTWセ 152 (1994).
11. Yani, M., Hirai,. M. and Shoda, M.., AImronia gaol removal cbarac::n.stirs usang b30fiIter with activated carbon fiber as a
carrier. Enuiron. Tedmol., 19, 709715 (1998).
12. Engle, M.S. and AJexandet', M., Growth and autotrophic metabolism of Nilro6omonmJ ・オセN@
I.
&cttriDl., 76, 217222 (1958).13. Lewis, R.F. and Pram.er, D., Isolation of Nitrosomonas in pwe cu1tt.t:re..I.'&lckrioI., 76, 524528 (1958).
14. Takahashi R, Kondo, N., UsuI,. K.., Kanehlra, T., Sbinohara. M.. and tッォオセ@ T .. Pure isoladon 01 a new chemoautotrophic ammoniaoxidizing bacterium on gellan gum piaI£'.
J.
Ft:rme711. Bioeng., 14. sRセsT (1992).IS. MacNevin. D., Barlord,J. and Hage,'.' Adsorption and biological degradation of ammonium and sulfide on peat. WilIer &S. 6,14491459 (1999).
...
。ャBGNャセ@ S. anU Chen,. W., Organic carbon supplement iru1uencing performance of biological nitrification in a ftuidized bed reactor. Wr.ler Sci. Tedmol., 30, 131142 (1994).17. Laanbroek, H.J., BodeJier, P.LE. and Gerards, S., Oxygen consumption kinetics of NitrosomanRS lBuセ@ and Nitrobflcter
hmnl:lurgensis grown i., mixed continuous cultures at different oxygen concentrations.. Arch. MicrOOiDl., 161, 156162 (lm).
18. Bei<U!t', L W., Population eooJogy of nitrifying bacteria. Ann. R.ev. MicroCiol., 33, 309333 (1979).
. .'. ... ". Lセ@ "'...
,
' . ' , : . " ' , .. 'OfZセセ@
<
....
GZセNB@
""
セ@
'.,
.:
'", ,
,:; .
. , ..•• ,; '.. .セ..Nイエセ@
jo; . '
"
1204