TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON TWO SHORT STORIES IN NANCY CHANG ING’S ‘THE CHINESE PEN’
A THESIS
BY
SULAIMAN RAMBE REG. NO. 120721011
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS ON TWO SHORT STORIES IN NANCY CHANG ING’S ‘THE CHINESE PEN’
A THESIS
BY:
SULAIMAN RAMBE REG. NO.120721011
Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,
Dr. Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum
NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001 NIP.19590419 198102 2 001
Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from English Department
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
Approved by Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination
Head, Secretary,
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Saturday, 23 August 2014.
The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP.19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ---
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D ---
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, M.A ---
Dr.Hj. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum ---
Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans. M.Hum ---
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, SULAIMAN RAMBE, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis except where reference is
made in the text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted
in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person‘s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the
thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary
education.
Signed :
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : SULAIMAN RAMBE
Thesis title : Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s
„The Chinese Pen‟
Qualification : S1/ Sarjana Sastra
Department : English
I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian
of English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, on the
understanding that the users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of
Indonesia.
Signed :
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT that has given me all of the blessing,
mercy, talent and time, so that I can finish my thesis entitled‖ Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s „The Chinese Pen‟
I would like to thank to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis,
M.A also Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS as the head and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA. Ph.D as the
Secretary of English Department.
I would like to express my best and sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Hj.Masdiana
Lubis, M.Hum and my co-supervisor Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M.Hum for having shared their valuable
ideas, times, guidance and patience. My gratitude is also expressed to all of my lectures in
English Department who taught me much and contributed the knowledge during the academic
years.
My lovely thanks are due to my beloved father, H. Korbe Rambe (Alm) and My beloved Mother, Erlina Nasution. Thanks for giving me the fee all my academic years also the good and hard times so I can stand here as myself today. Special thanks to all of my brother and
sister or called as Rambe‘s Family, Hafsyah, S.Pd, Irpan, Serma Irwansyah, Halimatussaddiah,
Ali Supri, Ali kohar, Nurhaidah and Intan Mutia, AMKeb. Thanks a million for the support and
advice until I get my title now. I give all I have to you. Also thanks to my sister in law,
Masdawiyah Siregar, Maimunah Hasibuan, S.E, Ade Herawati, Minah Pohan,S.Pd, and Taufik
Ahmadi Siregar as my brother in law, thanks for the pray. Also thanks to my cousins and
nephew, Irma, Kisna, Putra Ardiansyah (un), Dirga, Dewa, Dini, Ihsanul Fikri, Faiz Zidan and
Aldi Satya Siregar.
Big thanks to those friends who have been giving me the joy, laughter, many other things,
Sunarti, Yuni Borutulang, Dira Wulandari, Farah Bella Alliza, Lawiyah Harahap, Wulan Sari,
Syamsuddin Siregar, Halimah Dalimunthe, Joko Mariono, A.Md, Baktiar Rambe, SE, Reza
Hasibuan, S.H, Zizah Hasibuan, Chandri Maskhuri Siregar, Nur Asnah Siregar, Aderia Khadijah,
Darholan, Yuni Alfisyahri Siregar, Kholija Hasibuan, Ramli Nst, Fani Gumanti, Lintar Aswat
Lubis, Muda Lubis, Binurin, Salik Siregar, Rapi Lubis, Rapi Hrp, Mulia Hrp and Aspan
Nasution, thanks for the nice friendship all my day.
And of course I will never forget to say thanks so much for all of my friend in Teater‘O‘
Bambang Riyanto, Joko Saputra, Ihsanuddin Nst, Dira Wulandari, Firman, Mail, Novi, Suryana,
Riki Nst, Aseng, and Rendi for the friendship and support during my academic years.
Last but not least, for all of my friends and people who know me. I am truly sorry for
cannot mention your names one by one, but I hope that you always know that all of you are
everything for me. Thanks a billion.
Medan, August 2014
Writer
ABSTRAK
Dalam skripsi yang berjudul ―Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s ‗The ChinesePen‗ ini, penulis menganalisis proses transitivitas berdasarkan teori Halliday. Sistemik Fungsional Linguistik. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa simple clausa yang terdapat
dalam dua cerita pendek ‗Earth God Shrine‘ yang ditulis oleh Chuang Hua-t‘ang dan ‗A Chip off
the Old Block‘ yang ditulis oleh Cheng Ming-Li. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode analisis isi dari Leedy dan Ormrod. Hasil dari analisis atas kedua cerita pendek tersebut ditemukan enam jenis proses yaitu proses material, proses mental, proses relational, proses verbal, proses behavioral dan proses existensial.
Elemen-elemen pembentuk proses transitivitas dari kedua cerita tersebut adalah sama yaitu terdiri atas proses, partisipan dan sirkumstan. Pembeda antara kedua cerita tersebut hanyalah tipe dari setiap elemen proses transitivitas. Proses yang dominan dalam kedua cerita adalah material process. Cerita pertama (Earth God Shrine), material process (0,57%), relational process
(0,22%), mental process (0,10%), verbal process (0.07%), existential process (0.03%), dan behavioral process (0,01%). Cerita kedua (A Chip off the Old Block), material process
(0,46%), relational process (0,25%), mental process (0,19%), verbal process (0,07%), behavioral process (0,02%), dan existential process (0,01%).
ABSTRACT
In thesis entitled "Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s ‗The Chinese Pen', the writer analyzes the transitivity process based on the theory of Halliday, Systemic Functional Linguistics. The data in this research are simple clauses contained in two short stories ‗Earth God Shrine‘ written by Chuang Hua-t'ang and ‗A Chip off the Old Block‘ written by Cheng Ming-Li. The analysis method used in this research is content analysis method of Leedy and Ormrod. The results of the analysis of two short stories, they are six types of processes, namely material process, mental processes, relational processes, verbal processes, behavioral processes, and existential process.
The elements that form the transitivity process from the two short stories are the same namely process, participants, and circumstance. The difference between the two short stories is the element type of each transitivity process. The most dominant from the two short stories is material process. In the first short story (Earth God Shrine), material process (0,57%), relational process (0,22%), mental process (0,10%), verbal process (0.07%), existential process (0.03%), and behavioral process (0,01%). The second short story (A Chip off the Old Block), material process (0,46%), relational process (0,25%), mental process (0,19%), verbal process (0,07%), behavioral process (0,02%), and existential process (0,01%).
TABLE OF CONTENT
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ………i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION……….ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….iii
ABSTRAK………..v
ABSTRACT………...vi
TABLE OF CONTENT………vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study………1
1.2 Problem of the Study………..8
1.3 Objectives of the Study………..8
1.4 Scope of the Study………..9
1.5 Significance of the Study ………..9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Theoretical Framework………..10
2.2 Metafunction of Language……….11
2.2.2 Interpersonal Function ………...13
2.2.3 Textual Function ……….14
2.3 Transitivity System………15
2.4 The Elements of Transitivity Process………..29
2.4.1 Process Type………...30
2.4.2 Participants……….31
2.4.3 Circumstance………..32
2.5 Relevant Studies ………...34
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research of Method ………....38
3.2 Data and Data Source……….38
3.3 Data Collecting Method………..38
3.4 Data Analysis Method ………39
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Analysis………41
4.11 Analysis of Earth God Shrine………..41
4.1.2 Analysis of A Chip off the Old Block …..55
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions………..86
5.2 Suggestions………...87
REFERENCES APPENDIX
ABSTRAK
Dalam skripsi yang berjudul ―Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s ‗The ChinesePen‗ ini, penulis menganalisis proses transitivitas berdasarkan teori Halliday. Sistemik Fungsional Linguistik. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa simple clausa yang terdapat
dalam dua cerita pendek ‗Earth God Shrine‘ yang ditulis oleh Chuang Hua-t‘ang dan ‗A Chip off
the Old Block‘ yang ditulis oleh Cheng Ming-Li. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode analisis isi dari Leedy dan Ormrod. Hasil dari analisis atas kedua cerita pendek tersebut ditemukan enam jenis proses yaitu proses material, proses mental, proses relational, proses verbal, proses behavioral dan proses existensial.
Elemen-elemen pembentuk proses transitivitas dari kedua cerita tersebut adalah sama yaitu terdiri atas proses, partisipan dan sirkumstan. Pembeda antara kedua cerita tersebut hanyalah tipe dari setiap elemen proses transitivitas. Proses yang dominan dalam kedua cerita adalah material process. Cerita pertama (Earth God Shrine), material process (0,57%), relational process
(0,22%), mental process (0,10%), verbal process (0.07%), existential process (0.03%), dan behavioral process (0,01%). Cerita kedua (A Chip off the Old Block), material process
(0,46%), relational process (0,25%), mental process (0,19%), verbal process (0,07%), behavioral process (0,02%), dan existential process (0,01%).
ABSTRACT
In thesis entitled "Transitivity Analysis on Two Short Stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s ‗The Chinese Pen', the writer analyzes the transitivity process based on the theory of Halliday, Systemic Functional Linguistics. The data in this research are simple clauses contained in two short stories ‗Earth God Shrine‘ written by Chuang Hua-t'ang and ‗A Chip off the Old Block‘ written by Cheng Ming-Li. The analysis method used in this research is content analysis method of Leedy and Ormrod. The results of the analysis of two short stories, they are six types of processes, namely material process, mental processes, relational processes, verbal processes, behavioral processes, and existential process.
The elements that form the transitivity process from the two short stories are the same namely process, participants, and circumstance. The difference between the two short stories is the element type of each transitivity process. The most dominant from the two short stories is material process. In the first short story (Earth God Shrine), material process (0,57%), relational process (0,22%), mental process (0,10%), verbal process (0.07%), existential process (0.03%), and behavioral process (0,01%). The second short story (A Chip off the Old Block), material process (0,46%), relational process (0,25%), mental process (0,19%), verbal process (0,07%), behavioral process (0,02%), and existential process (0,01%).
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The transitivity system of language has been widely used nowadays to analyze the
language of speakers and writers. It studies the structure of sentences, which is represented by
processes (realized by types of verbs), the participants involved in these processes (which are
part of the nominal group), and the circumstances in which they (participants and processes) are
involved (realized by the adverbial and prepositional phrase).
Halliday (1985:53, 60) states that transitivity generally refers to how meaning is
represented in the clause. It plays a role in showing how speakers encode in language their
mental picture of reality and how they account for their experience of the world around them.
Since transitivity is concerned with the transmission of ideas, it is considered to fall within the
realm of the ideational function of language. Further, linguistically, he said that transitivity is
concerned with prepositional meanings and functions of syntactic elements. The representations
that can be attested within a transitivity model are said to signal bias, manipulation and ideology
Halliday (1985: 55) states that transitivity is part of the ideational function of language
and is a fundamental and powerful semantic concept, an essential tool in the analysis of
representation. Kress (2009: 124) says that transitivity is the representation in processes of
language, the participants therein, and the circumstantial features associated with them. Whereas
Simpson (2002: 54) asserts that transitivity refers generally to how meaning is represented in the
clause. Transitivity shows how speakers encode in language their mental picture of reality and
how they account for their experience of the world around them.
The term transitivity has a broader and narrower meaning. The narrower meaning (found
in traditional grammatical description and the one with which most readers are probably
familiar) involves the verb‘s relationship to dependent elements of structure. Transitive verbs
take a direct object and intransitive verbs do not. Stated differently, the action of the verb extends
to another entity in a transitive clause, but not in an intransitive clause. For example, the
difference between ―The tiger (Actor) pounced (Process)‖ and ―The tiger (Actor) ate (Process)
the deer (Goal)‖ is that the action ―eat‖ extends to ―the deer.‖ In the broader meaning (as
proposed by Halliday and assumed in the OpenText.org annotation), the system of transitivity
consists of the various types of processes together with the structures that realize these processes.
When people speak or write, they produce text, the term ‗text‘ refers to any instance of
language. Human in society need language to interact, to communicate or to show the ideas to
the other. Every language has some rank scale of phonological constituents, but with
considerable variation in how constituency is organized (Halliday, 2004:3, 5). Language encodes
our experience and thereby plays a crucial role in our involvement with other people, animal life
From those statements, it is known that language plays a vital role and it also has many
advantages over many various aspect of human‘s life. Human has to stay along with language
because human cannot interrelate without using language. By using language, human is able to
interact and communicate with each other in doing activities.
We need a model of language that helps us understand how text works to make meaning.
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) can do this. Systemic functional linguistics is one of
theories relating to language and its context. The idea of context firstly was found by
Malinowski, continued by Firth and developed by Firth‘s students called Neo-Firthian. One of
his students is M.A.K Halliday. Systemic functional linguistics was developed by M.A.K
Halliday, a professor of linguistics from Sydney University, Australia. In this theory, the texts
are analyzed based on language and its context (www.ijllalw.org).
SFL works on language and its context. ‗S‘ for Systemic implies systemic relations and
their probabilities in systemic networks. The probabilities are started from general to specific
features. Next, it also implies that the systems of meaning involve interrelation relating to
investigating phenomena. The ‗F‘ for functional implies that it is concerned with the functional
realizations of the systems in structures. It also implies the semiotic functions or meaning that
operate in various semiotic levels and dimensions. The ―L‖ for ―Linguistics‖ implies that the theory derives from a discipline called ―Linguistics‖. It is a language based on theory which is
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) describes that language is functional.
Language is unique and can be explored. Halliday (1978: 60) states that language has three
functions which are known as metafunction of language. They are ideational, interpersonal
and textual meaning. Language is used to describe, which is known as ideational meaning. It
is classified into two sub functions, the experiential meaning and the logical meaning. The
experiential meaning of language is realized by the transitivity system of language (clause).
Transitivity system refers to a system for describing the whole clause, rather than just the
verb and its object. The outer world of reality that is brought into the inner world of reality in
one‘s consciousness, which is encoded in the transitivity systems of language, is interpreted
as a what-is-going-on process, which is related to material actions, events, states and
relations.
While, the logical meaning of language is realized by the clause complexity system of
language, which is concerned with the logic-semantic and interdependency relations. The
logical meaning works above the experiential. It organizes our reasoning on the basis of our
experience. It is the potential of the language to construe logical links between figures; for
example, ―this happened after that happened‖ or, with more experience, ―this happens every time that happens‖. The logic semantic and interdependency relations between clauses are
measured in terms of the degree and types of interdependency relations in the system. The
interdependency system is concerned with the paratactic and hypotactic relations. In a
paratactic interdependency relation, the relationship of the clauses are equal in status.
Next, Language is used to exchange, which is known as interpersonal meaning. The
interpersonal meaning is the use of language to establish and maintain social relations. The
interpersonal meaning of language is realized by the mood system of language (clause). The
mood system of clause is represented by the mood structure of the clause, which comprises
finite, while residue element consist of a predicator, one or more complement (s), and any
number of different types of adjuncts.
Further, the other function of language is the textual meaning. The textual meaning is
the use of language to signify discourse or textual meaning refers to the use of language to
relate what is said or written to the rest of the text and to other linguistic event. Here,
language becomes text, is related to itself and to its contexts of use, including the preceding
and following text, and the context of situation. The textual can be classified into two
structures, they are: thematic structure (theme and rheme) and Information structure (new and
given). Theme is the starting point of the message, while rheme is the part of the message in
which the theme is developed.
As a fundamental of communication, language is used to convey or share ideas and
express thoughts, human‘s need, wishes, intentions and desires. A writer uses language to
describe his or her surrounding, environment or even the message in his or her writing. Then,
to realize the meaning, idea, suggestion and message, only the transitivity processes are able
to do it.
The clause is interpreted as a process configuration. There are three components
involved in this configurations, they are the process, participants and circumstances
associated with the process. Halliday (1985: 14) says that there are six types of Experiential
Function that are not strange to be known. They are, material function is process of doing,
mental function is process of sensing, verbal function is process of saying, behavioral
function is process of behaving, existential function is process of existing and relational
function is process of being.
The transitivity process is really interesting to be analyzed by applying the systemic
situation, either spoken or written. It focuses on the purpose and the use of language. This
theory also claims that language is functional, language is unique and can be explored.
Besides, the concept of transitivity in Halliday‘s grammatical system is a powerful tool in the
analysis of the meaning expressed in clauses. In this case, the clause is the most significant
grammatical unit, because clause has function as a representation of the process.
The book that the writer wants to analyze based on transitivity process entitles ‗The Chinese Pen‘ written by Nancy Chang Ing. This book consists of seventy seven pages and
four short stories written by different author. They are Earth God Shrine by Chuang
Hua-t‘ang, A Chip off the Old Block by Cheng Ming-li, The Four Seasons by Hsiang Yang and the
last is Empress Wu and The Feng –Hsien Cave- Tempel by Yen Chuan-Ying. The writer is
interested in analyzing that short story because it is really interesting and unique. It is
interesting to be analyzed because the language used in this short story is easy to understand.
It uses the simple sentences also the plot is predictable. It is unique because the story contains
a moral value as well the language inserted in it contains elements of humor.
In this study, the writer only chooses two short stories, namely, Earth God Shrine by
Chuang Hua-t‘ang and A Chip off the Old Block by Cheng Ming-li because the two short stories are really different from the others, in which the first short story (Earth God Shrine)
contains a positive moral value that can motivate the reader to be stronger in facing this life
without despair and eventually the writer hopes that the readers are able to apply the value
contained in the short story in their own life.
This story tells about a farmer whose name is Ah K‘un. He is really poor. Every day, he and his wife always go to the rice fields early in the morning and come home late. So poor
they are, they only eat rice at least once in a day. In facing the situation like this, he and his
turning yellow. At that time, his wife was in pregnant. His wife watched the golden waves of
rice swaying in the breeze. She prayed devoutly to the Earth God for a good winter and a boy
to carry on the family name. In return, she promised to donate incense money and get the
villagers to build a shrine. Months later, they reaped an abundant harvest, and, in the middle
of June, his wife gave birth to Loyalty. But in those days, the family was poor. There was not
even enough rice for three meals a day. The family was hard-pressed then, money was not the
only problem. But, they did not give up so easily, they kept working hard. As time goes by,
he and his wife reached for their dreams. He could give a better life on his family. In the end
of the story, they celebrated their triumph by lit the firecrackers in front of the Earth God
Shrine because the Earth God has helped them in protecting the paddy in the paddy fields.
While the second short story (A Chip off the Old Block) contains humorous elements
that can give the entertainment for the reader. This story tells about a child who has the
greatest resemblance to his Dad. Even his temperament is very much like his Dad. For
example, he is sensitive, prone to being emotional, soft-hearted, easily persuaded and has a
problem in remembering people or place. One day, he moved to Taipei to go to college, but
he only remembered the two bus routes that he took every day. After graduation, he taught at
First Taipei Girls‘ high school for eight years. Once he had an appointment with someone at
the Kuomingtang Party Headquarters, which is right next to the high school, and he asked
him where his office was! Over the past ten years or so. He has been to many places in the
city. Still, every time he goes to a place other than my office, he has to pull out a map, find
the location, and figure out how to get there.
Furthermore, once, when he was in high school, he saw one of his classmates under
an arcade. He ran over and slapped her hard on the back. It was only when she turned around
that he realized he had slapped the wrong person. After that, he stopped taking the initiative
walking quickly down hoping East Road when he sensed a woman was looking his way. he
responded with a smile. Then he realized she was actually stopped in the middle of the street,
staring at him the way a biologist examines viruses under a microscope. He was deeply
touched by her attention and thought she must be some friend or relative whom he had not
seen for many years. Just when he smiled at her, and was about to speak, she looked away,
turned around, and walked off.
1.2 Problem of the Study
Based on the background above, there are three problems that appeared in it, they are:
1. What types of transitivity processes are used in two short stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s
‗The Chinese Pen‘?
2. Are the elements of transitivity process in each short story same or different?
3. What is the most dominant type of process used in two short stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s
‗The Chinese Pen‘?
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objectives of this analysis are:
1. To find out the types of transitivity process in two short stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s
‗The Chinese Pen‘.
2. To find out whether the elements of transitivity process in each story is the same or
different.
3. To find out the most dominant process used in two short stories in Nancy Chang Ing‘s
‗The Chinese Pen‘
Based on the background above, in this analysis, the writer only focuses on
transitivity process found in two short stories in ‗The Chinese Pen‘ book, they are Earth God
Shrine written by Chuang Hua-t‘ang and A Chip off the Old Wall written by Cheng Ming-li.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This thesis is expected to add the new insight in analysis of literary text by using
systemic functional linguistics theory. Theoretically, it will give information about
transitivity process in a text and how the text work as they do. At last, practically, it will be
useful for other researchers and English Department students who are interested in the field
of study transitivity process, so that they can use this thesis as a reference for their research
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis
Enggin (2004:23) states that text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken
and written, of whatever, that does a form a unified whole. Written text can be found in the
articles, letters, stories, comics, instruction and in other form. While spoken text can be found
in the speech, interview, conversation, interruption, etc. in this thesis, the writer will analyze
written text in the form of clauses becoming object of the analysis.
The theory in seeing language phenomenon that can be applied in this analysis is
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Systemic Functional Linguistics is a theory to
linguistics that considers language as a social semiotic system. It was developed by Halliday
who took the notions of system from his teacher, J.R Firth. Whereas Firth considered systems
that refer to possibilities subordinated to structure. Halliday, in a certain sense‖liberated‖ the
dimension of choice from structure and made it the central organizing dimension of this
theory. In other words, whereas many approaches to linguistic description place structure and
the syntagmatic axis in the foreground, Hallidean systemic functional theory adopts the
paradigmatic axis as its point of departure. The term systemic accordingly foregrounds
Saussure‘s ―paradigmatic axis‖ in understanding how language works. For Halliday, a central
system, and the choices avalaible in any language variety are mapped using the representation
tool of the system network.
In addition, Halliday says that systemic functional linguistic is also functional,
because it considers language to have evolved under the pressure of the particular functions
that the language system has to serve. Functions are therefore taken to have left their mark on
the structure and organization of language at all levels, which is said to be achieved via
metafunctions. The term metafunction is particular to systemic functional linguistics. The
organization of the functional framework around systems, i.e., choices, is a significant
difference from other ―functional‖ approaches, such as, Dik‘s functional grammar (FG, or as
now often termed, functional discourse grammar) and lexical function grammar. Thus, it is
important to use the full designation-systemic functional linguistics-rather than just functional
grammar or functional linguistics.
Halliday (1985:44) states that all languages involve three generalized functions, or
metafunctions: one contrues experience (meaning about the outer and inner worlds); one
enacts social relations (meanings concerned with interpersonal relations), and one weaves
together of these two functions to create text (the wording), because these functions are
considered to come into being simultaneously-viz, one cannot mean about the world without
having either a real or virtual audience-language must also be able to bring these meanings
together: this is the role of structural organization, be that grammatical, semantic or
contextual.
2.2 Metafunction of Language
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) describes that language is functional or called
by metafunction. Metafunction of language means that it is not about functions of language
of metafunction in language, they are ideational function, interpersonal function and textual
function.
2.2.1 Ideational Function
Halliday (1985: 203) states that all adult language is organized around a small number
of ―functional components‖ which correspond to metafunctions as the purpose which
underlie all language use and that these metafunctions have a systemic relationship with the
lexicogrammar of the language. The ideational metafunction consists of two sub functions,
the experiential and the logical. The experiential metafunction is concerned with content or
ideas, while the logical metafunction is concerned with the relationship between ideas. In
other words, the ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining a
theory of experience.
The experiential function is realized by transitivity system and the logical system is
realized by the taxis system. The experiential function strand of meaning will involve one
major system, that of transitivity (processes type), with the choice of processes implicating
associated participant roles and configurations. Transitivity choices will be related to the
dimension of field, with the choice of processes types and participant roles seen as realizing
interactants‘ encoding of their experiential reality: the world of actions, relations, participants
and circumtances that give content to their talk. In summary, meaning of this kind are most
centrally by the field of discourse. Field itself is considered as the topic of clause or text. It
refers to what is going on, including activity focus and object focus (subject matter).
2.2.2. Interpersonal Function
Interpersonal function is one of the three metafunctions (the others being ideational
and textual). It concerns the interactional aspect of language, the speaker-hearer dimension:
Interpersonal function represents the importance of language which is used to enable us to
participate in communicative acts with other people, to take on roles and to express and
understand feelings, attitudes and judgements. Halliday (1985:234) states that the
interpersonal function serves to establish and maintain social relations, including a speaker‘s
assessment of the probability and relevance of a message.
In understanding a text, we are able to reconstruct the context of situation because
there is a systematic relationship between context and text. Moreover, the wordings of texts
simultaneously encode three types of meaning; they are ideational meaning, interpersonal
meaning and textual meaning. The interpersonal function refers to the grammatical choices
that enable speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations. This tenet of
systemic functional linguistics is based on the claim that a speaker not only talks about
something, but is always talking to and with others. Language not only construes experience,
but simultaneously act out ―the intrepersonal encounters that are essential to our survival.
Halliday (1985:22) states that the interpersonal component represents the speaker's
meaning potential as an intruder. It is the participatory function of language. It is through
language that the speaker intrudes himself into the context of situation. He expresses his own
attitudes and judgements and seeks to influence the attitudes and behaviour of others. The
interpersonal function expresses the role relationships associated with the situation. We gain
much of our sense of identity, of who and what we are, from our relationships both with
animate and inanimate things, and language is an essential part of that personalizing process.
We could say that rather than bringing the world into being, this function is concerned with
the way we bring ourselves into being linguistically. According to Halliday, the sentence is
not only a representation of reality, but also an interaction between speaker and hearer. The
half is an offer. Here, I am considering the sentence from the point of view of its function in
the process of social interaction.
2.2.3 Textual Function
The textual function is one of the three functional diversifications (metafunctions)
which enables the speaker or writer to construct texts. It deals with establishing coherence
and cohesion in texts. The textual meaning of language is an interpretation of language in its
function as a message. A message comes from somewhere and leads to somewhere. This is
interpreted as a function that is extrinsic to language itself and a function that is extrinsic to
language as it is related with the situational (context) in which language (text) is embedded.
At the clause level, the textual meaning is concerned with how intra-clausal elements
are organized to make meanings. At the text level, it deals with how inter-clausal elements
are organized to form a unified whole text that makes meanings. The textual meaning of
language (clause) in its function as a message is realized by the theme system of language
(clause). Theme of the clause relates the text to its contexts.
In English, the theme can be identified as that element(s) first in the clause. It
represents the point of departure of this message from the previous one. While the rest of the
clause is called the Rheme. New information is typically contained in the Rheme. Theme Is
what the clause is going on to be about. It represents ―This is what I am talking about‖. In terms of looking at a clause as a message, the theme looks backwards, it relates the current
message to what has gone before. Halliday (1985:38, 1994:38) defines theme as follows:
―The theme is one element in a particular structural configuration which, taken as a
consists of a theme combined with a Rheme. Within that configuration, the theme is starting
point for the message; it is the ground from which the clause is taking off‖.
2.3 Transitivity System
The concept of transitivity in Halliday‘s grammatical system is a powerful tool in the
analysis of the meanings expressed in clauses. The term transitivity has a broader and
narrower meaning. The narrower meaning (found in traditional grammatical description and
the one with which most readers are probably familiar) involves the verb‘s relationship to
dependent elements of structure. Transitive verbs take a direct object and intransitive verbs
do not. Stated differently, the action of the verb extends to another entity in a transitive
clause, but not in an intransitive clause. For example, the difference between ―The tiger (Actor) pounced (Process)‖ and The tiger (Actor) ate (Process) the deer (Goal)‖ is that the
action ―eat‖ extends to ―the deer‖. In the broader meaning (as proposed by Halliday and
assumed in the OpenText.org annotation), the system of transitivity consists of the various
types of processes together with the structures that realize these process.
There are three basic elements to all process structure-the process itself, the
participants in the process, and the circumstances associated with the process. In the SFL
model, a representation of experience consists of:
1. Processes: what kind of event/state is being described.
2. Participants: the entities involved in the process, e.g., actor, sayer, senser, etc.
3. Circumstances: specifying the when, where, why and how of the process.
Example: The dog bit the postman yesterday
Halliday distinguishes six process types. They are: 1. Material Process
Material process is process of doing, that some entity does something and undertakes
some action which may be done to some other entity. Clauses with a material process
obligatory have a doing (process) and a doer (participant). Actions involve actors or
participants.
The dog barked
Participant Process
The fuel ignites Participant Process
The entity who or which does something is the Actor.
There is an entity to which the process is extended or directed. This entity which may
be done is the Goal. Because some processes also have a second participant.
For example:
The dog barked the stranger
Participant Process Participant
The Police arrested the robber
Participant Process Participant
As an Actor as a Goal
The term ―Goal‖ implies meaning of ―directed at‖. Goal is that participant at whom
the process is directed or to whom the action is extended. Another term that has been used for
this function is patient which means one that suffers or undergoes the process. Nevertheless,
the writer will keep familiar term goal in the present analysis. The goal is most like the
traditional direct object which is known as transitive verb may take.
There are two variables of material process:
1. Creative (a ‗bringing about‘)
2. Dispositive (a ‗doing to‘)
In the creative type of material process, the goal is brought about by the process:
Frederick Douglas wrote a narrative story
Actor Material process Goal
In dispositive type, we have doing and happening.
He dismissed the secretary Actor Material process Goal
Material process reflects a ‗doing to‘ action.
The gun discharged Actor Material
2. Mental Process
Mental process is a type of transitivity process that relates to sense, feelings, thought
or perception. Some processes involve not material action but phenomena described as states
of mind or psychological events. People are not always talking about concrete process of
doing. They very often talk not about what they are doing, but about what they think or feel.
Halliday calls processes which encode meanings of thinking or feeling as mental processes.
These processes tend to be realized through the use of verbs like think, believe, understand,
know, feel, smell, hear, see, want, like, please, admire, repel, enjoy, fear, and frighten.
There are three types of mental process:
1. Affective or reactive (feeling) which is recognized through the use of verbs liking
and fearing.
2. Cognitive (thinking) which is recognized through the use of verbs like thinking,
knowing and understanding.
3. Perceptive (perceiving through the five senses) which is recognized through the use
of verbs like seeing and hearing.
Mental process is mental, covert kinds of goings-on, and the participant involves
within it, is not so much acting or acting upon in a doing sense, as sensing-having feelings,
perceiving or thinking. We can recognize that mental process is different from material
process because it no longer makes sense to ask ―What did X do to Y?‖
I hate injections
What did you do to the injection? I hate it
What did she do to his excuses? She believed them
With these clauses, it makes more sense to ask: ―What do you think or feel or know about X?‖
- What do you think about injections? I hate them.
- What did she think about her excuses? She believed them.
What makes mental process looks different from material one is that we probe them
differently. That when we probe, we find we are not asking about an action or doing in a
tangible, physical sense; but it is about mental reaction; related to a thought, feeling or
perception.
The participants role in mental process are‘ senser‘ and ‗phenomena‘ associated with any
mental process. Even if one participant is apparently absent, it will need to be retrieved from
the context for the clause to make sense.
She believed always implies she believed something or someone. One participant
in mental process clause must be a conscious human participant, because only a conscious
human being can perform a mental process. This participant is called senser. The senser who
feels, thinks or perceives, must either be human or an anthropomorphized non human. It must
be a conscious being:
She believed her excuses
Senser Mental process
I hate injections
It is important to consider what label has to apply to the second participant in a mental
process clause. Halliday labels the second participant as the phenomenon. The phenomenon
is that which is sensed: felt, thought or seen by the conscious senser.
She believed her excuses
Senser Mental process Phenomenon
do you Want more soup?
Senser Mental process Phenomenon
Halliday also identifies two types of embedded phenomena: acts and facts.
1. Phenomenon: Acts
Acts occur with mental process of perception: seeing, hearing, noticing, etc. An act is
realized by an imperfective non-finite clause acting as if it were a simple noun.
I Saw the operation taking place
Senser Mental process Phenomenon: act
2. Phenomenon: Facts
A fact is an embedded clause is usually finite and usually introduced by a‘ that‘,
functioning as if it were a simple noun.
Senser Mental process Phenomenon: Fact
3. Relational Processes
Relational processes involves states of being, including having. Relational process is
typically realized by the verb be or some verb of the same class (known as Copular Verbs),
for example, appear, become, seem or sometimes by verbs such as have, own, and posses.
Relational process can be classified according to whether it is being used to identify
something or to assign quality to something. Process which establishes an identity is called
identifying process. While process which assigns a quality is called attributive process. Each
has its own characteristic participant roles.
1. Identifying Process
An identifying clause is not about describing or classifying, but defining. The
meaning of an identifying intensive is that ‗X serves to define the identity of Y‘. In this
process, the participant roles are tokens and value.
You Are the tallest one here
Token Identifying process Value
You are identified as the ‗holder‘ or ‗occupant‘ of the identity or label of the tallest one.
Grammatically, the defining involves two participants:
a. Token which stands for what is being defined
b. Value which defines
The tallest one is you
Value Identifying Token
The reversibility of identifying clauses raises the question of determining which ‗side‘
of the clause is the token and which one is the value. This can be determined both
semantically and grammatically.
Halliday (1985:115) points out that semantically, the token will be a ‗sign‘, name,
form, holder or occupant of a value which gives the ‗meaning, referent, function, status or role‘ of the token. While, the token is the nominal group which contains the ‗name‘ which
gives the classification.
- Token will always be the subject in an active clause
- Value will always be subject in a passive clause
2. Attributive Process
In the attributive sub-type, a quality, classification or descriptive epithet (Attribute) is
assigned to a participant (carrier) which is realized by a noun or nominal group. Attribute is a
quality or epithet ascribed to the carrier (means that ‗X carries the attribute a‘) while carrier
(means ‗X is a member of the class a‘)
You are very tall
Carrier Attributive Attribute
On the contrary to identifying clauses, the essential characteristic of the attributive
clauses is that they are not reversible. In the other words, there is no passive form of the
clause; the subject can never conflate with the role of attribute, but it will always conflate
with the role of carrier.
Relational process can be further sub-classified according to whether they are
intensive (quality), possessive and circumstantial. The option available to relational process
can be shown as presented:
Attributive : Carrier, Attribute
RELATIONAL Identifying: Token, Value
PROCESSES Intensive
Possessive
Circumstantial
4. Verbal Processes
Verbal process is a process of saying or of symbolically signaling. A verbal process
typically contains three participants:
- Sayer
- Receiver
- Verbiage
The sayer is the participant responsible for the verbal process, who encodes a signal
source. Does not have to be a conscious participant (although it typically is), but anything
directed, or the one to whom the verbalization is addressed. The verbiage is a nominalized
statement of the verbal process, a noun expressing some kind of verbal behaviour, a name for
the verbalization itself (statement, answer, question, or story).
I asked my teacher a question
Sayer Verbal Receiver Verbiage
(Human Participant)
(Human Participant)
The sayer (signal source) needs not to be a conscious being.
The sign says ―no smoking‖ Sayer Verbal Verbiage
(Signal Participant)
The alarm clock screamed
Sayer Verbal
(Signal Participant)
Here are some examples of verbal processes in the list below. Some of them are used
only for reporting and others for both reporting and quoting.
Reporting Quoting
Hypothesize, deny, insinuate say, tell, remark, observe, point out, report, ask
Remind, claim, make out announce, shout, cry, demand, reply, interrupt She told me a rude joke
Pretend explain, protest, warm, insist, inquire
Direct/ quoted speech
I said ―can you avoid the scar tissue?‖ Sayer Verbal
Indirect/ reported speech
I asked them to avoid the scar tissue Sayer Verbal Receiver
Direct/ quoted speech
He said/ commanded ―carry the bag‖ Sayer Verbal
Indirect/ reported
He said/ commanded Her to carry the bag Sayer Verbal Receiver
5. Behavioral Processes
Behavioral Processes is process of physiological and psychological behavior, like
breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, hiccupping, looking, listening, watching, and
pondering. Halliday describes this process semantically as a ―half-way house‖ between
mental and material process. It means that the meanings they realized are midway between
materials on the one hand and mental on the other. They are in part about action that has to be
There is one obligatory participant: the behaver and it is typically a conscious being
(like a senser in the mental process clause). But, the process is one of doing, not sensing, such
as
She lives in a big city
Behaver Behavioural process Circumstances: place
Behavioural process often occur with circumstantial elements, particularly of manner and
cause.
He coughed loudly
Behaver Behavioural process Circumstance: manner
Behavioural process may contain a second participant that is called as behavior.
He laughed at me
He laughed at me
Behaver Behavioural process Behavior
6. Existential Processes
Existential process is process of existence. It represents that something exist or
happens. It also represents experience by positing that ―There was/ is something.‖
There Is a gateway in the garden
There was snow on the roof
Existential process Existent Circ: place
on the wall there hung a picture of me
Circ: place Existential process Behavior
there were two of us
Existential process Existent
It is easy to identify the clause contains existential process, as the structure involves
the use of the word There. ―There‖ has no representational function, it has no representational
meaning: it does not refer to a location.
There is only one reason
There is only one reason Pr: Existential Existent
There is a woman in front my house
There is a woman in front of my house Pr: Existential Existent Circ.loc: place
2.4 The Elements of Transitivity Processes
Transitivity system refers to a system for describing the whole clause, rather than just
reality in one‘s consciousness, which is encoded in the transitivity systems of language, is
interpreted as a what-is-going-on process, which is related to material actions, events, states
and relations. In other word, the system of transitivity in language is concerned with
representing patterns of experience, ―of goings on‖ and ―happenings‖ in the world. It
construes the world into a manageable set of process types and of participants. (Halliday,
https:// transitivity system of halliday.net)
Further, Halliday purported that the experiential metafunction was one of the three
main metafunctions. He later includes it within the ideational metafunction. Alongside the
logical metafunction of relationships between clauses and clause-complexing. It also called
clause as representation, the clause represents the ‗content‘ of our experiences, answering the
question ‗Who does what to whom‘. This metafunction uses the grammatical system of
transitivity.
In Halliday's conception in his Introduction to Functional Grammar (1985:22), he
states that whether a verb takes or does not take a direct object is not a prime consideration.
There are three components of what he calls a ―transitivity process‖, namely, the process
itself, participants in the process; and circumstances associated with the process.
2.4.1 Process Type
We use term process and participant in analyzing what is represented through the use
of language. Processes are central to transitivity. The center on the part of the clause which
are realized by the verbal group. They are also regarded as what ―going-on‖ and suggest
varying circumstances, while participants and circumstances are incumbent upon the doings,
happenings, feelings and beings. Halliday divides the system of transitivity or process types
into six processes.
1. Material doing bodily, physically, materially
2. Mental sensing emotionally, intellectually, sensorily
3. Relational being equal to, or some attribute of
4. Verbal saying lingually, signaling
5. Behavioral behaving physiologically and psychologically
6. Existential existing there exist
2.4.2 Participants
The basic principle is that participants are realized by nominal groups and
circumstances are realized by prepositional phrases of adverbial groups. For instance, we had
breakfast with Tiffany in the afternoon, the participants are we (Actor), breakfast (Range);
and the circumstances are with Tiffany (Accompaniment), in the afternoon (Locative-time).
However, the basic principle may be departed from under certain conditions:
a. Participants that are marked theme or late news in the clause are marked by a
preposition: Agent (in a receptive ['passive'] clause): by (sometimes with), medium(in a
receptive clause): by, recipient: to, client : for, range: at, up, over. For instance: jumped the
fence: jumped clumsily over the fence; baked her cake: baked cake for her; She gave him the
book: gave the book to him; She played tennis with him: and She played him at tennis.
b. Participants in relational clauses may be adverbial groups as well as prepositional
c. Participants can serve as subject, but circumstances cannot. For instance: She drove
there by car, He was driven there by car; but not car was driven there by, there was driven by
car. Departures from this principle include the attribute of a relational clause cannot serve as
subject (it is not a prototypical participant in any case), certain circumstances can serve as
subject (in middle clauses in particular; for instance: this hall has always been danced in on
Saturday.
d. Participants are interrogated by means of who, what, which; circumstances by
means of when, where, why, how (plus prepositional phrases such as with whom/ who ...
with, since when/ since ... when, and for whom/ who ... for).
2.4.3. Circumstance
Circumstances of location may be realized by nominal groups when they are related
to the time of speaking as 'last', 'next', or 'this'. For example: They went to the desert
[Location: time:] last Friday; Let's go to the desert [Location: time:] this Friday. But: They
went to the desert [Location: time:] the following Friday. Similarly with Extent: they worked
[for] five hours – including frequency: the shot at him five times. Each type of circumstance is realized by a particular set of prepositional phrases and/ or adverbial groups; prepositions
include:
a. Location: at, by, on, in, to, towards, from, onto, into, out of, through; above, below,
in front of, behind, over, under; after, before, since, and ago ['post-position': ten years ago]
b. Manner: by, with; like, unlike, as; in [a ... way/manner/fashion] (Note that certain
prepositional phrases which appear to be locative serve as Manner: how did he walk? –He walked on all fours. How did he leave? –He left in a huff.)
d. Cause: for, for the sake of, on behalf of; through, of, because of, as a result of,
thanks to, and for want of
e. Matter: about, on, of, regarding, and concerning
f. Accompaniment: with, without; as well as, besides, instead of, and except [for]
g. Role: as, by way of, and in the role/ shape/ guise/ form of
Many prepositions have two or more uses – for instance with (Accompaniment, Manner-means), on (Location, Matter), by (Locative, Manner-means), for (Extent,
Cause-purpose/ behalf), and as (Role, Manner-comparison). These can be probed by paraphrasing
by means of another preposition in the case of accompaniment, coordination.
While, Gerot and Wignell (1994:52) states that transitivity system belongs to the
experiential metafunction. Experiential metafunction focuses on the grammar of the clause as
repsentation, because experiential metafunction has function to represent pattern of
experience through the clause. Through the transitivity, we can explore some aspects such as
who=does=what=to=whom=, who/what=is=what/who, when, where, why, or how function!
Further, they state that there are, in fact, three semantic categories which explain in a
general way how phenomena of the real world are represented as linguistic structures. They
are circumstances, process and participants. Circumstances answer such questions as when,
where, why, how, how many and as what. They realize meanings about time (temporal),
place (spatial), manner, cause, accompaniment, matter, and role.
Time (temporal) tells when and is probed by when, how often, and how long. Place
(spatial) tells where and is probed by where and how far. Manner tells how. It is divided into
three elements, they are Means, it tells by what means and probed by what with. Quality, it
Cause, it tells why. It is divided into three elements, namely reason, tells what causes the
Process and is probed by why or how. Purpose, tells the purpose and is probed by what for
and behalf, tells for whose sake and is probed by for whom. Further, Accompaniment tells
with (out) who or what and is probed by who or what else. Matter tells about what or with
reference to what and is probed by what about and the last is Role. It tells what as and is
probed by as what.
These are illustrated in the following made-up text:
Last Saturday night (circ: time) the local council held a fancy dress ball for charity
(circ: cause) in the Town Hall (circ: place). The Lord Mayor, who came with his current lady
(circ: accompaniment), was dressed as Old King Cole (circ: manner), and then made a
politically correct speech about the homeless (circ: matter)
Next, Processes are central to transitivity. The process suggest many different kind of
what is going on which necessarily involved the different type of participants and
circumstances are incumbent upon the doing, happening, feeling, and being. Processes are
realized by verbs. Traditionally verbs have been defined as ‗doing words‘ but, some verbs are
not doing words at all, but rather than express states of being or having.
2.5 Relevant Studies
Ade Rahmadiana (2011) in her thesis “An Analysis of Transitivity Process of
Inauguration Speeches of Two Prime Ministers of Australia John Howard And Julia
Gillard”. She analyzed the transitivity process of inauguration speeches of two prime
ministers of Australia. She found that Relational Process is the most dominant (42,1%),
followed by Material Process (36,9%), Mental Process (13,8%), Verbal process (9,6%),
Process become the most dominant due to the relationship of carrier and attributive
participants that found through some verbs in the Inauguration Speech of Prime Ministers Of
Autralia, Julia Gillard and John Howard. While the Material processes are predominant due
to action verbs found in some verbs in those texts of inauguration speeches.
Amy C. Neale (2002) in her thesis ―More Delicate Transitivity: Extending the
process type system networks for English to include full semantic classifications. She
analyzed the transitivity, extending the process type system networks for English full
semantic classifications, she said that her research has three main aims, they are to make it
possible to generate a very wide range of types of Process for a large computational grammar.
This is achieved by greatly extending the system networks for process type in English. These
allow us to model the paradigmatic relations between verb senses, to contribute to the theory
of language known as Systemic Functional Linguistics. The notions of ‗Process‘, ‗system network‘ and ‗delicacy‘ adopted in this thesis are Systemic Functional concepts. This
research builds on these ideas to extend the semantic classification of verb senses in such a
way as to greatly extend the system network for transitivity, and at last, to base the system
networks on data obtained from large corpora. For this purpose a new methodology has been
developed which makes ‗second level‘ use of corpora. This allows the researcher to store and
access detailed information about large quantities of data.
Frismatiladanis (2009) in her thesis ―Transitivity Process and The Structure of Narrative Genre in Selected Indonesian Folk Tales”. She analyzed the Transitivity Process
and the structure of narrative genre in selected Indonesian folk tales. The folk tales come
from the different places in Indonesia. She found that the most dominant type of transitivity is
Material Process (57, 97%) and there are complete element of narrative genre in some folk
Indah Fahreni (1999), in her thesis, ―An Analysis of Transitivity Clause Types in the
Headlines of ―The Jakarta Post‖ A Systemic Functional Approach‖. Fahreni‘s carried out a research investigating the headlines‘ clauses of The Jakarta Post (edited on April 2003) to
find the 6 types of process as the clause representation which includes material process,
relational process, mental process, verbal process, behavioral process, and existential process.
Indra (2005) in his thesis “An Analysis of Narrative Structure and Transitivity Process of Some Short Stories in Anida, A moslem Magazine”. In his thesis, he analyzes the
narrative structure and transitivity process of some short stories in Anida Magazine. He found
some short stories with the different writer and different in using the components of narrative
structure. He finds that not all the narrative structure and transitivity process is found in some
short stories in Anida Magazine.
The five studies have a big contribution in this thesis. Ade Rahmadiana‘s, Ame C.
Neale‘s, Frismatiladanis‘, Indah Fahreni‘s and Indra‘s thesis help the writer to see the
transitivity process in two short stories and its relation to the topic of the story. In this thesis,
the writer analyzed the transitivity process on two short stories with different author and
topic. Then the writer analyzed the relation between the topics of the short stories and the
transitivity system. Because of that, the five studies are very appropriate to be the relevant
studies of this thesis.
Frismatiladani‘s and Ade Rahmadiana‘s thesis helps the writer to find out the other
kinds of subject matter in analyzing the transitivity process beside folktales and speech. In
this thesis, the writer analyzes the transitivity system on short story. While, Ami‘s thesis helps the writer in doing the method of research. This allows the researcher to store and
access detailed information about large quantities of data. Although the five relevant studies
both in terms of titles and topics. This thesis also look for the similarities and differences of
