THE RASTAMAN’S CONCEPTS OF EQUALITY AND FREEDOM AS REFLECTED IN BOB MARLEY’S SELECTED SONGS
A THESIS
BY
NANDA FAHRIZA BATUBARA Reg. No: 100705082
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
THE RASTAMAN’S CONCEPTS OF EQUALITY AND FREEDOM AS REFLECTED IN BOB MARLEY’S SELECTED SONGS
A THESIS
BY
NANDA FAHRIZA BATUBARA Reg. No. 100705082
SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR
Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of SarjanaSastra from Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
Mahmud A. Albar, S.S, M.A NIP. 19521229 197903 2 001 NIP.19820904 200501 1 002
Approved by the Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan as thesis for The SarjanaSastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of SarjanaSastra from Department of EnglishFaculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Juni 13, 2015
Dean of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. SyahronLubis, M.A NIP. 1951101311976031001
Board of Examiners:
Dr. H. MuhizarMuchtar, M.A ( )
RahmadsyahRkt, M.A, Ph.D ( )
Dr. Martha Pardede, M.S ( )
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, NANDA FAHRIZA BATUBARA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE
QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : NANDA FAHRIZA BATUBARA
TITLE OF THESIS : THE RASTAMAN’S CONCEPTS OF EQUALITY AND FREEDOM AS REFLECTED IN BOB MARLEY’S SELECTED SONGS
QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH,
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
ABSTRACT
Bob Marley is not only known as the legend of reggae music by public but also the fanatic follower of Rastafari or called as Rastaman. The followers had claimed Marley as the prophet because of his influences of Rastafari’s movement progress. He also had conveyed many messages of Rastafari about equal rights and freedom for the people all over the world through the music. And this thesis contains the Rastaman’s concept of equality and freedom as reflected in Marley’s selected songs. In his songs entitled War, So Much Things to Say and Exodus have meaning about the Rastaman’s concept of equality. And other songs entitled
Zimbabwe, Africa Unite and RedemptionSong have the meaning about the Rastaman’s
concept of freedom. This thesis uses the descriptive qualitative method. The method is applied by describing the data and analyzing them. The data was taken from some written sources, such as books and articles from internet to support this analysis. The analysis uses intrinsic and extrinsic approach and also historical approach. The thesis uses the sociological approach to know the description of the social phenomena that happened at the time. The thesis is expected to provide knowledge about Rastafari’s concept of equality and freedom for the readers. And this thesis also can be used as reference especially for the student who interested to study and researches about the subject matter of the thesis.
ABSTRAK
Bob Marley tidak hanya dikenal sebagai legenda musik reggae oleh publik namun juga merupakan pengikut fanatik Rastafari atau yang dipanggil dengan Rastaman.Para pengikut tersebut telah menganggap Marley sebagai nabi karena pengaruhnya pada kemajuan gerakan Rastafari.Dia juga telah menyampaikan banyak pesan Rastafari tentang kesetaraan dan kebebasan kepada orang-orang seluruh penjuru dunia melalui musik.Dan tesis ini berisi konsep Rastaman tentang kesetaraan dan kebebasan yang tercermin dalam lagu-lagu pilihan dari Marley.Di lagu-lagunya berjudul War, So Much Things to Say dan Exodus memiliki makna konsep Rastaman tentang kesetaraan.Dan lagu-lagu lainya berjudul Zimbabwe, Africa Unitedan RedemptionSongmemiliki makna konsep Rastaman tentang kebebasan.Tesis ini
menggunakan metode descriptive qualitative.Metode ini diterapkan dengan mendeskripsikan data dan menganalisinya.Data tersebut diambil dari beberapa sumber tertulis, seperti buku-buku dan artikel-artikel dari internet untuk mendukung analisis ini.Analysis ini menggunakan pendekatan intrinsik dan pendekatan ekstrinsik dan juga pendekatan historis.Tesis ini menggunakan pendekatan sosiologis untuk mengetahui deskripsi tentang fenomena sosial yang terjadi pada saat itu.Tesisinidiharapkandapatmemberikanpengetahuantentang konsep Rastafari tentang kesetaraan dan kebebasan untukpembaca.Dan
tesisinijugadapatdigunakansebagaireferensikhususnyabagimahasiswa yang tertarikuntukmempelajaridanmeneliti tentang materi tesis ini.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………. i
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION……….. ii
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION……… iii
ABSTRACT………. iv
ABSTRAK……….. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS……… vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……… 1
1.1. Background of the Study………. 1
1.2. Problems of the Study……….. 5
1.3. Objectives of the Study………. 6
1.4. Scope of the Study………. … 6
1.5. Significances of the Study………. … 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE……… 7
2.1. Rasta and Resistance by Horace Campbell ……… 7
2.2. Bob Marley: The Spirit of Freedom by NandoBaskara……… 12
2.3. From Slavery to Freedom by John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr………. 14
2.4.Education, Equality and Human Rights; Issues of Gender, ’Race’, Sexuality, disability and Social Class by Mike Cole………... 18
2.5. Poetry as Literature……….. 21
2.5.1. Poetry-Song Connection………. 22
2.5.2. The Kind of Poetry……….… 23
2.5.3. The Aspects of Poetry………. 24
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARH………. 28
3.1. Research Design………. 28
3.2. Data Collecting Procedure……… 28
3.3. Data Selecting Procedure………. 29
3.4. Data Analyzing Procedure……… 29
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS……… 30
4.1. The Rastaman’s Concepts of Equality as reflected in Bob Marley’s Selected Songs……….. 32
4.2. The Rastaman’s Concepts of Freedom as reflected in Bob Marley’s Selected Songs……….... 38
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS……… 46
5.1. Conclusions………... 46
5.1.2. The Rastaman’s Concept of Equality……… 46
5.1.3. The Rastaman’s Concept of Freedom……….. 46
5.2. Suggestions………. 47
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
Bob Marley is not only known as the legend of reggae music by public but also the fanatic follower of Rastafari or called as Rastaman. The followers had claimed Marley as the prophet because of his influences of Rastafari’s movement progress. He also had conveyed many messages of Rastafari about equal rights and freedom for the people all over the world through the music. And this thesis contains the Rastaman’s concept of equality and freedom as reflected in Marley’s selected songs. In his songs entitled War, So Much Things to Say and Exodus have meaning about the Rastaman’s concept of equality. And other songs entitled
Zimbabwe, Africa Unite and RedemptionSong have the meaning about the Rastaman’s
concept of freedom. This thesis uses the descriptive qualitative method. The method is applied by describing the data and analyzing them. The data was taken from some written sources, such as books and articles from internet to support this analysis. The analysis uses intrinsic and extrinsic approach and also historical approach. The thesis uses the sociological approach to know the description of the social phenomena that happened at the time. The thesis is expected to provide knowledge about Rastafari’s concept of equality and freedom for the readers. And this thesis also can be used as reference especially for the student who interested to study and researches about the subject matter of the thesis.
ABSTRAK
Bob Marley tidak hanya dikenal sebagai legenda musik reggae oleh publik namun juga merupakan pengikut fanatik Rastafari atau yang dipanggil dengan Rastaman.Para pengikut tersebut telah menganggap Marley sebagai nabi karena pengaruhnya pada kemajuan gerakan Rastafari.Dia juga telah menyampaikan banyak pesan Rastafari tentang kesetaraan dan kebebasan kepada orang-orang seluruh penjuru dunia melalui musik.Dan tesis ini berisi konsep Rastaman tentang kesetaraan dan kebebasan yang tercermin dalam lagu-lagu pilihan dari Marley.Di lagu-lagunya berjudul War, So Much Things to Say dan Exodus memiliki makna konsep Rastaman tentang kesetaraan.Dan lagu-lagu lainya berjudul Zimbabwe, Africa Unitedan RedemptionSongmemiliki makna konsep Rastaman tentang kebebasan.Tesis ini
menggunakan metode descriptive qualitative.Metode ini diterapkan dengan mendeskripsikan data dan menganalisinya.Data tersebut diambil dari beberapa sumber tertulis, seperti buku-buku dan artikel-artikel dari internet untuk mendukung analisis ini.Analysis ini menggunakan pendekatan intrinsik dan pendekatan ekstrinsik dan juga pendekatan historis.Tesis ini menggunakan pendekatan sosiologis untuk mengetahui deskripsi tentang fenomena sosial yang terjadi pada saat itu.Tesisinidiharapkandapatmemberikanpengetahuantentang konsep Rastafari tentang kesetaraan dan kebebasan untukpembaca.Dan
tesisinijugadapatdigunakansebagaireferensikhususnyabagimahasiswa yang tertarikuntukmempelajaridanmeneliti tentang materi tesis ini.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background of the Study
Song is soul expression through the art of music. As an expression of soul, a song has a specific meaning in the lyric intended by the author and it is influenced by author's feeling.An author can write whatever he feels in a form of lyric. Songsare also common things in people daily life, becausesongs can entertain the people. It is whyeasy for us to hear it everywhere. But sometimes, song is also used in spiritual ceremony or as an identity for something.For example, we can find some traditional culture such Bataknese, the tribe uses song in the death ritual, or such Christians sings religious song for praying, and also every country or state has special song such national anthem as the identity of nation.
In a song, we can find lyrics which arebeautiful and meaningful and makes its listeners more interestedto hear. Through a song, a message in the lyric can be more attractive to be accepted by its listeners. So, the song can be used as a medium to convey a message of the author, neither for themselves nor for others.
Today, songis not only anentertainment or an element of ritualceremony among the people. Song canbe impacts variously on its listeners.More than soul expression, song can be used as medium to criticize, to protest, to persuade, or even to warn people. In the 20th century, many great musiciansare famous with their phenomenal songwhich many tells about criticism or protest. For example, we know some musicians such as Bob Dylan from USA, IwanFalsfrom Indonesia, and Bob Marley from Jamaica famous with theirs critical and protest songs which motivates and inspires the people all over the world. Especially for Bob Marley, he is a great musician and also an icon for freedom and liberation.
Marley spent his earliest years in the village of Nine Mile in St. Ann Parish, Jamaica. His father’s name is Norval Sinclair Marley and his mother’s name is Cedella Booker. His father wasEuropean-Jamaican and his mother was African-Jamaican. Marley left Nine Mile with his mother when he was 12 years and moved t
In Trench Town, hefound himself in a vocal group with Bunny Wailer, instruments at that time, and were more interested being a vocal harmony group. In 1963, they formed The Wailing Wailers and their frien Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left The Wailers, leaving the trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh. The band's name changed several times before they finally settled on The Wailers
In 1966, Marley married in and at a beliefs in the 1960s, when stay away from his mother's influence. After return to Jamaica from USA, Marley formally converted to Rastafari and began to grow dreadlocks. Marley was a member for some years of the Rastafari.
Rastafari is an African-centric religion which was developed in 1930s in Jamaica. Rastafari developed among poor and oppressed Jamaicans. The follower of this religion is called Rasta or Rastaman. The Rastaman believes that Haile Selassie I is God. Haile Selassie I was born in 1892 and died in 1975. He was an emperor of Ethiopia since 1930 until 1974. The name Rastafari is taken from Ras Tafaria, Ras means the title and Tafaria is the first name of Haile Selassie I before his coronation. In Amharic, Ras, literally means head, it is an Ethiopian title equivalent to prince or chief, while the personal given name Tafari or Teferi means one who is respected or feared.
dominated and has committed such acts of aggression against Blacks people. Baskara (2008: 35) says, “Rastafari adalah ‘agama’ yang bersinggungan dengan eksistensi kaum kulit hitam, masa lampau Afrika, juga kebebasan”. (Rastafari is ‘religion’ related to Blacks’s existence,
the past time of Africa, also freedom). From the statement above, it is clear that the Rastafari has close relationship with the stories about the freedom.
World history was recorded that human being had horrible experience when racial issues and colonialism occurred on the world. Of course, the racism and colonialism are not suitable to human rights and equality. According to the history, these systems cannot be separated from the history of slavery.In fact, the slavery system is an ancient labor system known by humanity. This can be proved by few points of slavery in the Code of Hammurabi which was made around 1760 BC. It says to be determined death for anyone who helped slaves to escape or who protect fugitives. The slavery was known in almost every ancient civilization, including Ancient Egypt, Ancient China, Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, and the Hebrew Kingdoms.
According to the fact above, the slavery was not only done to Blacks or Africans descent, but also to other races including Americans native, and Asians. Ancheta (1998: 4) states,
“The civil unrest in Los Angles in 1992 is just one example of the intricacy of contemporary racial dynamics, shedding light on a host of race-based and class-based conflicts, as well as an array of racial and ethnic groups – Blacks, Whites, Asians, Latinos – who were both victims and victimizers”.
The slavery system has broad impacts on human mindset about equality and justice. The system covers all aspects of life throughout prosperity, education, and religion. This condition is exacerbated by the advent of the colonial system which many established by European nations in some continent such as Asia and Africa. Moreover, the slavery and colonialism are not only provides social injustice but also physical and psychological violence to the people. Campbell (1987:19) says, “In addition to physical violence, slave field is also faced with all forms of inhumanity and disgrace that destroys his spirit”.
Over the times, resistance and rebellion against the slavery and colonialism was formed. In the early 20thcentury, many movement organizations were arise and expressed the rejection and judgment to any kind of slavery and colonialism system on the world. The struggles are not only done by diplomacy, but also through various acts such as demonstrations, labor strikes, or evenby literature. At the century, the issue of racism was still very clearly felt by someraces, one of them is Negroid, or other word the Blacks people. In their land, many Europeans establish the system of colonization in some state such as Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Congo, South Africa, etc. The era of slave trade caused the Blacks people were sold and sent to foreign. Besides, the Blacks people also livein discrimination and segregation in other continent such as Europe and America.The Blacks peopleare one of the races having a long story of struggle for freedom and liberty.
All explanations and descriptionsabove arebecame the background of the study of this thesis entitled “TheRastaman’s concept of Equality and Freedom asreflected in Bob Marley’s Selected Songs”. This thesis takes some selected song of Bob Marley to be analyzed. The song has lyrics deals the Rastaman’s concept of equality and freedom.
A song has some major elements to support the idea or the theme that will be conveyed by the singer, they are lyricsand melodies. In some cases, a song sung by someone has lyric which is adopted from poetry. It shows that there are similarities between song and poetry. This can be proved from the structure and characteristic of both. Song has lyrics and poetry has stanzas and both rely on effective use of descriptive imagery.
United States. The lyrics of the song were actually derived from the poem of the same title”. (http://www.differencebetwen.net/poetry vs song/ - Accessed on March 5, 2015)
The statement above explains thatsong lyric is similar with poetry, because they have the same characteristics. Poetry derives etymologically from the Greek word ‘poiein’ which means a making, forming, creating, or constructing. Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. Ubercombie (2009:6) in Understanding Poetryby Martha Pardede states, “Poetry is the expression of imaginative experience, valid simply as such and significant as such communicable given by language which employs every available and appropriate device”.
1.2.Problems of the Study
Some data prove that Rastafari firstly developed and followed by a few people in Jamaica.In fact, Jamaica is a country in the Caribbean Island former British colony. Jamaica has a long history of slavery, because it is an island for slaves from Africa in past time. Horrible experiences and social situation at that time would have effects for Jamaicans, and Rastafari is a belief which arose due to the current situation.
Bob Marley is known as a Rastaman and as a legend of reggae music from Jamaica. His songs can inspire many people all over the world. The lyrics in his songs bravely protests and criticizes injustice and oppression system such colonization and slavery against the people at that time. Campbell (1987:5) states, “Instead of becoming pawns in the political game they used the medium of the Rasta song – Reggae – to mobilize the people”. And as a Rastaman, he inserts a lot of elements of the Rastafari belief to demand freedom and human rights equality in the song lyric.
Based on the background of study, I formulate some problems as follow:
1. How is the Rastaman’s concept of equality asreflected in Bob Marley’sselected songs?
1.3.Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem of study, I expect to achieve objectives as follow:
1. To find the Rastaman’s concept of equality as reflected in Bob Marley’s selected songs.
2. To find the Rastaman’s concept of freedom as reflected in Bob Marley’sselected songs.
1.4.Scope of the Study
In analyzing these songs, this thesis needs a scope of the study in order to avoid an excessive analysis. To make clear limitation or scope of the study, I focused my thesis only on analyzing the selected songs of Bob Marley deals with the concept of Rastaman about equality and freedom.
There are six songs selected to be analyzed, namely:War, Zimbabwe, So Much Things to Say, Africa Unite, Exodus and Redemption Song. These selected songs are expected to
provide explanations and information related tothe objectives of the study. 1.5.Significances of the Study
Jabrohim (2008:5) states, “An analysis is done due to certain significance it has”. Based on the statement above, it is clear that an analysis is made to give significances not only for the writer but also the reader. This thesis is expected to give the significance as follow:
1. To be one of the references for the students who are interested to this study.
2. To identify the relationship between Rastaman and the story of Blacks people’s struggle as reflected in Bob Marley’s selected songs.
3. To identify the belief idea of Rastafari as reflected in Bob Marley’s selected songs.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Rasta and Resistance by Horace Campbell
In the very beginning of Rastafari was existed in underground scene among the sympathizers of Marcus Garvey in Jamaica in 1930s. Baskara (2008:39) states that gerakan Rastafari berasal dari suatu penafsiran terhadap Alkitab, aspirasi sosial dan politik kulit
hitam, serta ajaran Marcus Mosiah Garvey, tokoh kulit hitam yang berprofesi sebagai
penerbit dan organisator di Jamaika. (Rastafari movement came from an interpretation of the
Bible, social and political aspirations of Blacks, as well as the teaching of Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Blacks leaders, who works as a publisher and organizer in Jamaica). From the statement above, Rastafari not only the development of old religious, but the long story of Blacks people affected to the rise of the Rastafari. In this case, the figure of Jamaican movement who take part in the struggle of Blacks people, namely Marcus Garvey, is the important figure of the Rastafari.
Garvey was Jamaican who introduced repatriation movement among Blacks people and the founding father of Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in 1914. Baskara (2008:39) states that Garvey pula yang melontarkan gagasan ‘Afrika untuk Bangsa Afrika’ dan menyerukan gerakan repatriasi (pemulangan kembali) masyarakat kulit hitam di
luar Afrika. (Garvey also floated the idea that 'Africa for the African Nations' and called for
the movement of repatriation -coming back- Blacks community outside of Africa). In 1916, Garvey left Jamaica to build UNIA in Harlem, New York. UNIA has more than seven million followers until 1922. His movement supported by many Blacks people who became sympathizers and volunteers in the Garveyism movement. Garvey wrote The Blackman in 1930, it was an article about the Blacks movement and contain of forecast about an emperor of Ethiopia who would led the Blacks people to get their liberation of their own land, Africa. The forecast later become a prophecy of Rastafari followers, and Garvey is claimed as prophet who sent the revelation that predicted Ethiopian Emperor, Haile Selassie, would lead the world.
Ethiopian emperor and gave hopefulness for the people. Campbell (1987:150) in Rasta and Resistance states that the photo show soldiers and Gloucester (Prince of Britain) bowing in
front of Haile Selassie and sends proud news to all African. The coronation also changes the perspective of Blacks people about the struggle to change their fate and future. The coronation not only influenced the people in Africa, but also Africans descent or Blacks all over the world. Campbell (1987:151) says, “The nationalist of Blacks in Harlem celebrate the coronation, because they see Haile Selassie seems like strong Blacks and he has capacities to recover respectfulness, rights and dignity of Africa people”.
The emperor did not disappoint his people when many Blacks peoples rely on him as Ethiopian emperor. Haile gave positive progress to Blacks people proved by his struggle for anticolonial in Uganda which known as Nyabingi confrontation. Campbell (1987:157) says, “Ken Post, in his book Arise Ye Starvelings, state a Jamaica local newspaper contributor wrote in 1935 that the leader of Nyabingi confrontation is taken by Haile Selassie”. Haile also created programs to help Blacks people get their right. Baskara (2008:41) also says, “Selassie lalu melakukan banyak hal untuk Ethiopia, antara lain mengadakan land reform (1942),
emansipasi kaum budak (1942) serta revisi dan perluasan konstitusi (1955)”. (Selassie then
do a lot of things for Ethiopia, among others, conduct land reform -1942, the slavery emancipation -1942- and revision and expansion of the constitution -1955).
Haile’s programs attracted the attention and response other nation which has similar story of resistant to colonization and discrimination. In Jamaica, the news about Haile’s program and his political strategy increases sympathy among several Jamaicans who majority of them was the Garveyism followers who also identified as the first Rastafari’s believers. Campbell (1987:157) states that the realization get sympathy from Jamaicans (whose proclaims that Haile Selassie I was crowned emperor who would free Black people) who reads news in local newspaper about Nyabingi. Nyabingi was a rebellion movement of Blacks people in Africa in the nineteenth century. (Baskara, 2008:38)
Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and head of state. Her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, currently Patrick Allen. The head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica is Portia Simpson-Miller. Jamaica is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with legislative power vested in the bicameral Parliament of Jamaica, consisting of an appointed Senate and a directly elected House of Representatives. (Baskara, 2008:55)
When Christopher Columbus arrived in Jamaica in 15th century, the land was inhabited by Indian Arawak tribes. The Arawak indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. The name Jamaica itself came from Arawak word ‘xaymaca’ means jungle and water island. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494. But, in 1655 English led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, took over the last Spanish fort in Jamaica. The Spanish and the English colonist killed the Arawak tribe because they were perceived as a threat and pests. In the era of colonization, Jamaica potential as a good plantation land in an agricultural system that became seizure by European colonist. (Baskara, 2008:55)
When Arawak tribe was extinct, the colonist bought slaves from Africa and placed them in Jamaica. The slaver worked at sugar plantation. In 1660, the population of Jamaica was about 4,500 Whites and 1,500 Blacks, but by as early as the 1670s, Blacks people formed a majority of the population. Hope (1947:42) states, “The problem of labor became acute and the planters turned more and more to the use of slaves and thus, in the middle of the seventeenth century, the importation of Africans into the Caribbean islands began in earnest”. By the beginning of the 19th century, Jamaica's dependence on slave labor and a plantation economy had resulted in Blacks people outnumbering Whites people by a ratio of almost 20 to 1. It is the roots of Africans descent in Jamaica.
“When the British took Jamaica in the middle of the seventeenth century, most of the slaves promptly escaped to the mountains, where they were frequently joined by other fugitives. These runaways, called Maroons, continuously harassed the planters by stealing, trading with slaves, and enticing them to run away”.
The interested of some Jamaican was rapidly transformed into an apotheosis to the emperor. Campbell (1987:147) says, “Some of Jamaicans argued Haile Selassie I was ‘God and Men’ and caused religious controversial between West Christian Church and other Orthodox”. For Rastafari followers, Haile Sellasie I is an answer of Garvey’s prophecy which then became their sacred message. Baskara (2008:41) also says, “Ketika Ras Tafaria Makonnen dinobatkan sebagai raja Ethiopia dengan gelar Haile Sellasie I, maka para
pengikut ajaran Garvey menganggap Ras Tafaria sebagai tokoh pembebas”. (When Ras
Rafaria Makonnen was crowned as King of Ethiopia entitled Haile Sellasie I, then Garveyism follower considers Ras Tafaria as liberators figures).
The Rastafari starts to show its existence as a religion among the people in Jamaica and had many followers. Until 1965, the main support came from poor people in Jamaica. Rastafari follower is called Rastaman, and they call Haile Sellasie I as Jah. The title ‘Jah’ is come from ‘Jehova’. Baskara (2008:42) states, “Istilah ‘jah’ sendiri merupakan bentuk singkat dari Jehova (Yehovah, Yahweh) yang ditemukan dalam Mazmur (68:4) dalam kitab
versi Raja James”. (The term 'jah' itself is a abbreviation form of Jehovah -Jehovah,
Yahweh- that is found in Psalms -68: 4- in the bible version of the King James). They also identified themselves into “I and I”, it refers to we or us, the connectives of men and Jah. (Baskara, 2008:49). The existence of Ratafari in Jamaica is close related to nationalism of Africa. Campbell (1987:231) states that the Rastaman becoming part of Pan-Africans which has great desire to liberate Africa.
oppression. It related to downpressors power of imperialism”. Baskara (2008:38) give his statement that says,
“Secara sosial, Rastafari adalah respons orang-orang kulit hitam atas perlakuan diskriminatif oleh orang kulit putih. Diskriminasi itu terjadi di Jamaika ketika pada tahun 1930an orang-orang kulit hitam berada pada tingkat tatanan sosial paling bawah, sementara orang-orang kulit putih dan agama mereka -umumnya Kristen- berada di tingkat teratas”. (Socially, Rastafari is a response to the blacks over discriminatory treatment by whites. The discrimination occurred in Jamaica in the 1930s when the blacks are at the bottom level of the social order, while the white people and their religion -commonly Christian-at the top level).
Furthermore, Baskara (2008:38) also states that Rastafarian juga merupakan perlawanan atas warisan kesombongan Babylonia (Babel), seperti yang tercermin dalam
otoritarianisme fasis Mussolini yang menjajah tanah suci kaum rasta, Ethiopia, pada tahun
1935. (Rastafarians also a resistance against the arrogance of Babylonia – Babel – such as
reflected in fascist authoritarianism of Mussolini who colonize the sacred land of Rastaman, Ethiopia, in 1935).
The Rastaman identified himself into natural approach such as Africa culture. It is why symbols of Rastafari are identic with nature and wild endemic animal of Africa. Baskara (2008:75) says, “Hidup dekat dan menjadi bagian dari alam dianggap sebagai sifat Afrika. Pendekatan Afrika terhadap hidup dengan alam ini terlihat dalam simbolisasi dreadlock,
ganja, makanan, upacara keagamaan, dan segala aspek kehidupan”.(Living close to and
become a part of nature regarded as properties of Africa. African approach to living with nature is seen in symbolization dreadlock, marijuana, food, religious ceremonies, and all aspects of life). It is why Rastafari doctrine is very different from the norms of the Whites, in some case it also a rejection to Whites people’s habits.
tools invented by the Babylonians and Romans). Rastaman also use marijuana as a ritual or pray and they didn’t drink alcohol. In addition, Baskara (2008:76) says,
“Rastafari juga mengenal tipe-tipe upacara keagamaan.Upacara ini biasanya berupa acara sederhana di mana orang-orang Rasta berkumpul, menghisap ganja, dan berdiskusi soal isu-isu etika, sosial, dan keagamaan. Orang yang menghisap ganja menyebut aktivitasnya itu sebagai doa”. (Rastafari is also familiar with the types of religious ceremonies. The ceremony is usually a simple event where the Rasta people gather, smoke marijuana, and discuss the issues of ethical, social, and religious. People who smoke marijuana refer to this activity as a prayer).
2.2. Bob Marley: The Spirit of Freedom by Nando Baskara
Reggae is a combination of traditional music and modern music develop in Jamaica. The word ‘reggae’ came from Africans language ‘ragged’ means move or beat. Reggae rise in ghetto or poor people in Kingston, Jamaica, when many social problems and protests occurred in 1960s. Nando Baskara (2008:58) in Bob Marley: The Spirit of Freedom states that faktor utama lahirnya reggae adalah soal kondisi ekonomi Jamaika. (The main factor of reggae’s arise is about Jamaica economic condition)
The music of reggae is influenced by rocksteady, ska and bluesbeat. Baskara (2008:57) states that musik reggae lahir karena pengaruh-pengaruh Ska, R&B, music Karibia, music rakyat, musik gereja Pocomania, Jonkanoo, upacara-upacara petani, dan
Mento. (Reggae music was born because of the effects of Ska, R & B, Caribbean music, folk
music, church music Pocomania, Jonkanoo, ceremonies farmers, and Mento). From the statement, it is clear that reggae has close relationship with Africa culture, it is proved by Poncomania and Jokanoo which are traditional ceremonies of Africans while practice of slavery occurred. Characteristically reggae has slow beat and make its listener dancing. Reggae developed into Roots Reggae and Dancehall Reggae in 1970s. Baskara (2008:62-63) explains that nama roots reggae diberikan oleh kalangan Rastafarian, yang berarti sebuah musik spiritual yang diperuntukan bagi Jah, tuhan kaum Rasta. (The name of roots reggae is
given by Rastafarian, which means a spiritual music for Jah, God of Rasta people).
Reggae is kind of music which has special history about horrible experience of Blacks people and its struggle for liberation and freedom. Baskara (2008:67) says, “Reggae menjadi jawaban orang kulit hitam atas kemiskinan, keputusasaan, dan eksploitasi”. (Reggae became
proves that Reggae not only an entertainment music played by Jamaicans, but it has deeper meaning about the struggle and the resistance. Campbell (1987:351) says, “Bob Marley focused in reggae session named Reggae Sunsplash, which alwayspromotes his arguments about liberation and struggle”. Reggae Sunsplash firstly introduced by Bob Marley in his several songs which were contain of critical and protest lyrics, it is why reggae cannot be separated with rebellion. Baskara (2008:63) concludes, “Jadi, dapat dikatakan bahwa music Reggae merupakan sebuah music bagi para pemberontak”. (So, it can be said that Reggae
music is music for rebels). In addition, Campbell (1987:299) states, “Not only consists of idealism aspect and liberation, those songs also criticize the racial hierarchy among people”.
In fact, reggae is familiar with one name, he is Robert Nesta Marley, or famous with Bob Marley. Baskara (2008:58) says Marley memang menjadi sosok awal yang berpengaruh dalam perkembangan music reggae karena gaya bermusik dan aksi panggungnya yang
kreatif. (Marley has become an early influential figure in the development of reggae music
because music style and creative action stage). Marley introduced the Reggae Sunsplash in reggae music which are consist of brave lyric about protest and rebellion for liberation, and he also adopted many Rastafari’s beliefs in his song lyrics or known as Roots Reggae type. It is why Bob Marley regarded as the prophet of Rastaman. Baskara (2008:58) says, “Marley kemudian menjadi superstar internasional dan dianggap sebagai nabi oleh para penganut
keyakinan Rastafari”. (Marley became an international superstar and is regarded as a prophet
by followers of the Rastafari faith).
Even though Marley is dead in 1981, reggae develops broadly. Now, reggae is not always identic with Jamaica musician, such as Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer, etc. Baskara (2008:59) says, “Reggae berkembang di Skandinavia, Jerman, Inggris, dan Jepang, juga di negara-negara lainnya”. (Reggae develops in Scandinavia, German, England, and Japan,
2.3.From Slavery to Freedom by John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr
Theoretically human rights are something absolute owned by everyone. But in fact, human rights are only powerful at theoretical but does not have a strong basis for implementation to some certain groups. Some groups do not absolutely be able to feel equal rights that causes inequalities in social and political among people. They should be treated with the divergence rights and inequality.
Africa is the third largest continent after Asia and America and this continent has abundant wealth of natural resources. On the mainland, Africa has a mountain named Kilimanjaro (5.895 meter above sea level) in Tanzania, and a desert named Sahara, the largest in the world, and the longest river in the world, named Nile. Besides, Africa is also flanked by two oceans, the Atlantic and Indian. Based on the history of civilization, Africans has worst experience that occurred long time ago.
Africans have horrible story about the practice of the slavery for long time. Recorded in the history when ancient kingdom in Africa has a regulation about the slavery system, it is based on some traditional culture like the slavery for prisoner of war and sacrifice ritual for God. John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr. in From Slavery to Freedom (1947) explain many information and portrayal of Africans slavery. Hope (1947:28) says, “Long before the extensive development of the slave trade in the hands of Europeans, many of the basic practices of the international slave trade had already been established”. Further, the system of slavery develops largely in life of Africans after European arrived and colonized the people and then caused the slave trade of Blacks people.
The colonization in Africa region is done by some European nation after their each sailor found and landing there about fifteenth century. In Africa, the colonist exploited natural resources and commodity beside looked for opportunity will find another advantages included slaves. The necessary of labor which cheaper, stronger and can be obey their rules easy are the reasons of Europeans trading the slave. The last half of the fifteenth century may be considered as the years of preparation in the history of the slave trade. Hope (1947:30) says,
and its undeveloped regions that could make slavery and the slave trade profitable, if indeed it could be profitable anywhere”.
The Blacks who regarded as slavery would be exported to foreign especially Europe. The slave trade was a horrible story for the Blacks people when they were be sold and sent to other island by ship sailed crossed Atlantic oceans. Hope (1947:36) states, “At the post and from the Africans the traders obtained supplies for the western voyage across the Atlantic”. Many the people dead in the ship before arrived to destination place and only stronger people can survive. Hope (1947:37) also states,
“Perhaps more than half the slaves shipped from Africa ever became effective workers in the New World. Many of those that had not died of disease or committed suicide by jumping overboard were permanently disabled by the ravages of some dread disease or by maiming, which often resulted from the struggle against the chains”.
The slave ship was also like a nightmare for the Blacks people, considering they faced reality to be sold as slaves into stranger land and also struggled to save their life in the horror ship from disease and breathing trouble among the people because overcrowded. Hope (1947:36) states that the voyage to the Americas, popularly referred to as the middle passage was a veritable nightmare. Overcrowding was most common. It would be imagined by us about the situation in the ship from Hope (1947:36) statement that says, “There was hardly standing, lying or sitting room. Chained together by twos, hands and feet, the slaves had no room in which to move about and no freedom to exercise their bodies even in the slightest”.
The survive Blacks would be placed in various sectors based on slave’s master who bought the slaves, and commonly they works as servants in a plantation, industry, and house. Hope (1947:50) explains,
“The urban slaves worked as servants in the town homes of planters, in shops, at the docks, and in numerous other capacities. On the whole, their lot was not difficult. Some were especially skilled in arts and craft and performed invaluable services in helping to improve living condition in the urban areas. Others were kept in the homes to render personal service”.
states that there was never any profitable future for Negro slavery in Europe. Besides, Hope (1947:44) also reinforces the fact of the situation by his statement that says, “In the famous investigation of 1790-1791 no plantation was found where a slave received more than nine pints of corn and one pound of salt meat per week”. In reality, when the Blacks people didn’t get profit, it was differ to Europeans. In addition, Campbell (1947:37) also says, “The slave trade was still one of the most important sources of Europeans wealth in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries”.
The master of slaves is often provide some crazy rules for slaves, like Hope (1947:44) explanation that says, “The investigations brought out the fact that pregnant women were forced to work up to the time of childbirth and that a month was the maximum amount of time allowed for recovery from childbearing”. Food was, on the whole, not sufficient for slaves. In some case, the landlord did not often encourage any type of diversified agriculture which would have provided food for the workers. It was the landlordism that constituted one of the most important factors in the development of practice that are manifestly destructive of health and life among slaves. Hope (1947:44) also says, “Another favorite type of punishment was to suspend the slave from a tree by ropes and tie iron weights around his neck and waist”. In West, slaves were sent to the farm at daybreak and they labored all day except for a thirty minutes period for breakfast and two hour period in the hottest portion of the day. From the statements, we found a fact that slave mostly live oppressed and not only for men felt it, but also for women. These atrocities caused rebellion among the slave and begin emergence much reactions and protest to stop the slave trade.
Early in the nineteenth century antislavery group resumed their efforts to secure stringent federal legislation against the slave trade in United States. Campbell (1947:85) says, “In January 1800, the free Blacks of Philadelphia led the way by requesting Congress to revise the laws on the slave trade and on fugitives”. From the statement above, we know that there was serious effort to abolish the slave trade in the Congress, but the fact proved that the practice of imported from Africa to Europe and America still done. It can be proved by statement of Campbell (1947:85) that explains, “When South Carolina reopened the ports to the trade in 1803, the antislavery forces began to press for action”. Resolutions were introduced in the Congress condemning the slave trade, but no conclusive steps were taken. Campbell (1947:85) also says,
“The question of the slave trade was brought dramatically before the country in December 1805, when Senator Stephen R. Bradley of Vermont introduced a bill to prohibit the slave trade after January 1, 1808. In February 1806, Representative Barnabas Bidwell of Massachusetts introduced a similar measure, but nothing was done about it”.
Antislavery interests both in England and United States rejoiced in the year 1807. England had outlawed the slave trade; and in the same year United States had followed. There was little real reason for rejoicing in the United States, however, for from the beginning, the law went unenforced. Campbell (1947:85) states,
“In his message to the Congress, December 2, 1806, President Jefferson called the attention of the Congress to the approaching date on which the slave trade could be prohibited. On March 2, 1807, the law prohibiting the African slave trade was passed. Persons convicted of violating the act were to be fined and imprisoned. The fines ranged from $800 for knowingly buying illegally imported Negroes to $20,000 for equipping a slaver”.
The practice of slave trade had agreed to be closed by government in Europe and America, included stop imported-exported Africans slave trade. But, the practice of slavery is not finish in that time. There remains the practice of import-export of slaves illegally in the small port of United States. Dependence on slave assessed as a trigger for slave traders take advantage of the situation without regard to existing regulations. It reinforces the fact that the struggle of Black people still long and winding. Campbell (1947:85) states,
Even in the New England states, where laws were putting an end to the institution, the Negroes could not express much optimism or any great faith in the future, for it was well known that New England merchants were still taking slaves into the South and there was still no great moral indignation against the institution except in isolated areas and groups.”
Until at the late nineteenth century,there were still indications of the practices of slavery against the Blacks. In 1926, Slavery Convention, an initiative of the League of Nations, was a turning point in banning global slavery. And the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948 by the UN General Assembly, explicitly banned slavery. After the closing era of slave trade or in early 20th century, arose new problems for the people all over the world throughout racial cases such as discrimination and segregation of human race. This fact proved that the human rights has longer story on the world.
Contemporary international human rights law and the establishment of the United Nations (UN) have important historical antecedents. Efforts in the 19thcentury to prohibit the slave trade and to limit the horrors of war are prime examples. In 1919, countries established the to their rights, including their health and safety. Concern over the protection of certain minority groups was raised by the League of Nations at the end of the First World War. However, this organization for international peace and cooperation, created by the victorious European allies, never achieved its goals. The League floundered because the United States refused to join and because the League failed to prevent Japan’s invasion of China and Manchuria (1931) and Italy’s attack on Ethiopia (1935). It finally died with the onset of the Second World War (1939).
2.4. Education, Equality and Human Rights; Issues of Gender, ’Race’, Sexuality, disability and Social Class by Mike Cole
In a book entitled Education, Equality and Human Rights; Issues of Gender, ’Race’, Sexuality, disability and Social Class ( 2000) by Mike Cole, we found many explanations
Human rights are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behavior, and are regularly protected as legal rights in municipal and international law. They are commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights. (Cole, 2000:23). They are applicable everywhere and at every time in the sense of being universal, and they are egalitarian in the sense of being the same for everyone. They require empathy and the rule of law and impose an obligation on persons to respect the human rights of others. They should not be taken away except as a result of due process based on specific circumstances, and require freedom from unlawful imprisonment, torture, and execution.
Documents asserting individual rights, such the Magna Carta (1215), the English Bill of Rights (1689), the French Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789), and the US Constitution and Bill of Rights (1791) are the written precursors to many of today’s human rights documents. Yet many of these documents, when originally translated into policy, excluded women, people of color, and members of certain social, religious, economic, and political groups. Nevertheless, oppressed people throughout the world have drawn on the principles these documents express to support revolutions that assert the right to self-determination.
The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law, global and regional institutions. Actions by states and non-governmental organizations form a basis of public policy worldwide. The idea of human rights suggests that if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights.
Many of the basic ideas that animated the human rights movement developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and the atrocities of The Holocaust, culminating in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. Ancient peoples did not have the same modern-day conception of universal human rights. The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval natural law tradition that became prominent during the Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean Jacques Burlamaqui, and which featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution. From this foundation, the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the twentieth century, possibly as a reaction to slavery, torture, genocide, and war crimes, as a realization of inherent human vulnerability and as being a precondition for the possibility of a just society.
As currently formulated, the concept of human rights is a comparatively recent phenomenon. The President of The United Nations General Assembly, Dr. E.H Evatt, observed at the proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 1948 that this was the first occasion on which the organized world community had recognized the existence of human rights. The although eight nations choose to abstain.
The UDHR, commonly referred to as the international Magna Carta, extended the revolution in international law ushered in by the United Nations Charter, namely that how a government treats its own citizens is now a matter of legitimate international concern, and not simply a domestic issue. It claims that all rights ar Preamble eloquently asserts that,“Recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world”. (www.human rightshistory.com, accessed on June, 2015)
and voting. The ICESCR focuses on such issues as food, education, health, and shelter. Bot of 1997, over 130 nations have ratified only the ICCPR, and even that with many reservations, or formal exceptions, to its full compliance. (Cole, 2000:3)
In addition to the covenants in the International Bill of Human Rights, the United Nations has adopted more than 20 principal treaties further elaborating human rights. These include conventions to prevent and prohibit specific abuses like torture and protect especially vulnerable populations, such as refugees (Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951), wome 1989).
In Europe, the Americas, and Africa, regional documents for the protection and promotion of human rights extend the International Bill of Human Rights. For example, African states have created their own Charter of Human and People’s Rights (1981), and Muslim states have created the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990). The dramatic changes in Eastern Europe, Africa, and Latin America since 1989 have powerfully demonstrated a surge in demand for respect of human rights. Popular movements in China, Korea, and other Asian nations reveal a similar commitment to these principles.
2.5. Poetry as Literature
The words of poetry derived from the Greek word, ‘poiein’ means to make or to construct. According to Robert Frost, poetry is rhythmical composition of words expressing attitude, designed to surprise and delight and to arouse an emotional response. Wordsworth in Peck and Loyle (1984: 11) states that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling, expression of emotion, and it is always concerned with ordinary human concerns, with the daily matters of one’s life.
2.5.1. Song – Poetry Connection
We know that song has some major elements, they are lyric and melody. A singer combined lyric and melody to express his feeling in term of music. In some case, lyric of the song are adapted from a literary work like poem. For example, there is song of Bob Marley entitled War which adapted from Haile Selassie’s speech and Iwan Fals’s song entitled Condet is adapted from poetry of Ronggo Warsito.
Characteristically, lyric and melody of song are similar to stanza and rhythm of poetry. A singer and a poet in common use selected words of their work, like song has words in the lyric and poetry has words in stanzas. In Literary Terms and Criticism (1984) by Peck and Coyle, it explains that poetry has specific structure usually written by a poet. Peck (1984:12) states, “Most poems are written in lines of the same length; usually these lines are arranged into the symmetrical groups we call stanzas; often the poem has a repeated rhyme pattern running through each stanza which is usually fairly conspicuous”.
2.5.2. The Kind of Poetry
There are ten kinds of poetry; they are ballad, ode, elegy, pastoral, sonnet, epic, dramatic monologue, satire, confessionals, free verse, (Kasim, 2007). Martha Pardede in her book Understanding Poetry (2007) also wrote many of information about poetry explanations. The poetry has characteristic based on each kinds.
Ballad is a short narrative song preserved and transmitted orally among illiterate or semiliterate people. Some characteristics of ballad are: first, ballad focus on a single crucial episode or situation. The ballad begins usually at a point where the action is decisively directed towards its catastrophe. The second, ballads are dramatic. We are not told things happening, we are shown them happening. The third, ballads are impersonals. The narrator seldom allows his own subjective attitude toward the events to intrude ballads often contain dialogues between characters.
Ode is a lyric adopted from the Greek but altered greatly in form by various English poets. It tends to be rather formal and elevated and is often to a prominent person.Ode is the most formal, ceremonious, and complexly, organized form of lyric poetry, usually of considerable length. It is frequently the vehicle for public utterance on state occasion, such as a ruler’s birthday, accession, etc.
Elegy is the words derive from the Greek word “elegeia” which means “lament”. Elegy is formal in tone and diction; it usually contains the commemoration of the death of actual person or the poet’s contemplation of the tragic aspects of life. Elegy is also written to express felling of sorrow or loss.
Pastoral is a type of poetry that describes rural life. It often deals with the love of shepherd and shepherdesses.
Owen). The sonnet uses a single stanza of (usually) fourteen lines and an intricate rhyme pattern.
Epic is the most ambitious kind of poetry which deals with great heroes whose action determines the fate of their nation or of mankind. Epics usually operate on a large scale, both in length and topic, such as the founding of a nation (Virgil’s Aeneid) or the beginning of world history (Milton's Paradise Lost), they tend to use an elevated style of language and supernatural beings take part in the action.
Dramatic monologue is a type of poetry in which a person expresses the though and feeling which are uppermost in his mind to another person who keeps silent all the time with a view to convincing to hearer of what he thinks. It is essentially a study of character, of mental states or moral crisis, made from inside. It is predominantly psychological, analytical, meditative, and argumentative. In a dramatic monologue, the speakers speaks and addresses his argument to another person who generally keep mum, which infuses great dramatic quality into it.
Satire is a type of ridicule and criticism, and it can be erected against many different object universal human vices of follies, social evils or political short coming. It is often engendered by the desire to improve society, to right a wrong.
The confessional poems are basically autobiographical in nature. It is the poet speaking specifically about himself. And free-verse it is the kinds of poetry an author doesn’t use either rhyme- scheme or metrical devices.
2.5.3. The Aspects of Poetry
Poetry has four main aspects. Pardede (2009:11) says, “The aspects of poetry are sense, feeling, tone, and intention”. The fourth aspect is important one of poetry.
Sense is the subject matter of poetry. A sense related to a poem’s meaning conveyed by its author. Sometimes, poetry’s tittle gives some indication of its general meaning or the theme.
Tone is the attitude of the writer toward the reader. We can understand it by giving our attention to the writer’s words or diction used in his poetry.
Intention is undoubtedly a writer writes certain poetry for he has a special intention. It is about motivation of the writer, at least for himself to express his feeling.
2.5.4. The Devices of Poetry
There are some devices used in poetry. Pardede (2009:18) states, “In writing a poem, a poet uses three devices, they are structural devices, sense devices and sound devices”. The third devices would be described as follow:
1. Structural Devices a. Repetition
A Poet often repeats single lines or whole stanza at intervals to emphasize a particular idea. Repetition is found in poetry which is aiming a special musical effect or when a poet wants to pay very close intention to something.
Example: water, water everywhere (the Ancient Mariner) b. Contrast
This is one of the most common of all structural devices. It occurs when the readers find two completely opposite pictures side by side. Sometimes the contrast is immediate obvious and sometimes implied.
Example: Round the decay
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away
c. Illustration
This is an example which usually takes the form of a vivid picture by which a poet may make an idea clear.
Examples: the picture given in Ozymandias illustrates the idea of the vanity of human wishes. The description of the broken statue of a cruel and powerful king gives the lines
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!
3. Sense Devices a. Imagery
Imagery is a description which makes the reader imagines how things, sounds, or even smell feel like. Imagery refers to the pictures that the readers see in their minds as they read. Good images are created by using specific details that appeal to the sense and make a dominant impression. The ability to uses imagery stems from being a good observer of the world.
b. Symbol
Symbol is a trope that combines a literal and sensuous quality with abstract or suggestive aspect but it is not literal meaning but uses that meaning to suggest another. A symbol is something that is itself and also stands for something else as the letters.
c. Figures of Speech
Figures of speech are phrases or words that compare one thing to another unlike thing. Figures of speech can enhance style and make ideas distinct. There are some kinds of figures of speech, they are Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Metonymy, Antithesis, Irony, Allegory, etc.
4. Sound Devices a. Rhythm
Rhythm is essentially a mother of repetition. Rhythm is achieved by repeating some combination of intervals between sounds or of light and strong beats. In other words, rhythm is the pulse or beat felt in a line of poetry.
Example: Day by day, day after day
We stuck, nor breath nor motion (The Ancient Mariner)
readers use letter to indicate a sound that is repeated a b c d. Rhyme can point up certain words and make these key terms strike.
b. Masculine Ending
Masculine ending is a line which has a final stressed syllable. c. Feminine Ending
Feminine ending is a line which has a final unstressed syllable. d. Alliteration
Alliteration means that the repetition of initial consonant in another word is the repetition of the same sound at frequent intervals.
Example: O Wild West Wind e. Assonance
Assonance is the repeating of stressed vowel sound. Example: In behind you auld fail dyke
f. Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia imitates actual sounds being described. Example: hiss, buzz, whirr, sizzle, cuckoo.
g. Euphony
Euphony is a pleasantness of sound which describes light and graceful. h. Cacophony
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1. Research Design
According to George in the book entitled The Elements Library Research: What Every Students Needs to Know(2008:6), there are some kinds of methodology researches,
namely Library, Experimental, Explicatory, Field, Observational, Interview, Survey, Longitudinal, Archival, Qualitative, Quantitative, Empirical, and Theoretical. In completing this thesis, I am performing the descriptive qualitative method. The method is applied by describing the data and analyzing them. Johannsen and Kajberd in their book entitled New Frontiers in Public Library Research (2005:11) states, “In Qualitative research, the
generalizability of research result does not depend on the sample and data gathering procedures but on the method of analysis and the formulation research questions”. In addition, George (2008:7) also states, “Qualitative research designates any research whole result are capture in words, image, or nonnumeric symbol, for instance research on dreams”.
Different from Quantitative research that serve data into tables, numbers, or diagram, Qualitative research does not need to use tables or numbers. I choose Qualitative research because data which will be analyzed in words and does not need tables or numbers to present the data. There are two kinds of data, namely Primary data and Secondary data. Primary data is a data directly taken by the researcher through interview or filling out the questionnaires. Secondary data is a data indirectly taken by the researcher. The data is taken by some written sources, such as books, articles from internet to support this analysis. In this thesis, I will only use Secondary data.
There are some stages of procedures. First is to collect the data. I have to collect Bob Marley’s song that related to the Rastaman’s concept of the rights equality and freedom. Second, all data are described, and the last I will further analyze it and draw the conclusion of the thesis.
3.2. Data Collecting Procedure
collected should contain vast information about analysis. The books which are used in this thesis collected from several sources such as library and book store. And for the song lyrics, I accessed some sites or internet to collect the data. All the data will be selecting in next step. 3.3. Data Selecting Procedure
The second step is selecting the data. All of the information that I had collected were being selected. Only the very significant data are use in this thesis. After selected the data, I decides to analyze six songs from Bob Marley related to subject matter of this thesis, they are War, Zimbabwe, So Much Things to Say, Africa Unite, Exodus and Redemption Song. They
are some books that I used to be the data, they are Rasta and Resistance (1947) by Horace Campbell, Bob Marley;Spirit of Freedom (2008) by Nando Baskara and Education, Equality and Human Rights; Issues of Gender, ’Race’, Sexuality, disability and Social Class ( 2000)
by Mike Cole.
3.4. Data Analyzing Procedure
The last step is analyzing the data. This procedure is the process of describing and analyzing data into the thesis’s analysis. Wellek and Warren in their Theory of Literature (1991) also proposed two approaches in analyzing literary work, they are intrinsic approach and extrinsic approach. Intrinsic approach is an approach which analyzes the literary work based on the text and the structural points of literary work which comprises the characters, plot, setting, theme, style, and point of view. Extrinsic approach is an approach which analyzes the literary work and its connection with other knowledge and external factors such as biography, history, culture, psychology, and sociology.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Bob Marley is not only an ordinary singer. He is a warrior and revolutionaries who regarded as icon of freedom and opponents of colonialism and slavery system. He always supports and suggests the people to be optimistic in their life. His messages through songs are never dies and still influencing the people even though he had gone.
Marley is a legend of Reggae. He had succeed to formulate the reggae music composition become something interest where social issue, story of the struggle, and philosophy was combined in amazing creations. Marley is also known as the man with dreadlock hairstyle, smoke marijuana, and simple appearance. Iconography about Marley is new universal language, rebellion symbol and freedom.
Music cannot be separated from Marley’s life. He is struggle by the music, and its makes Marley famous all over the world. His music creations are not sound like other, many of his song lyrics and musical arrangement are created to criticize the injustice against the people, especially for Blacks. His spirits of freedom and liberty are melting into the song melodies. Marley has proved that music can be used as effective medium to struggle and conveys the messages.
The social theme is also became the central idea in Marley’s songs. Zimbabwe, So Much Things to Say, Redemption Song, he shows critical response to the political injustice
which places the Blacks as lower class than the Whites. He also supports the freedom of Blacks community in the Third World or Africa continent society. In album Survival (1979), Marley many talks about struggle for Blacks rights reflected in Through Exodus,Africa Unite, Wake Up And Live, Babylon System and Zimbabwe. The concert in Amandla Festival in
Boston on July, 1979, showed his rebel against Apartheid system in South Africa through War. Meanwhile, the song Zimbabwe is created to support the independence of Zimbabwe
from British colony. Bob Marley and The Wailers are invited to the celebration of Zimbabwe’s independence declaration in 1980. It is the momentum of Marley who regarded as the icon of freedom of Africans.
with Rastafari followers. Actually, Rastafari is introduced by his wife, Rita, but Haile’s charismaticencourages Marley become one of the followers in 1967. He joined in Rastafari movement and began to grow dreadlock, the characteristic of Rastaman.
His great support in Rastafari movement through song makes himself as prophet of Rastafari by its followers. In album Rastaman Vibration (1976), for example, almost all songs talks about Marley’s belief in Rastafari such as Crazy Baldheads, Johnny Was, Who TheCap Fit, and Positive Vibration. Meanwhile, War is the song in this album created by
Marley based on Haile Selassie I’s speech in U.N assembly at United Nation Conferences on October 4, 1963, in New York, USA. It is a portrayal of Marley’s admiration for Haile, the emperor of Africans and Jah of Rastaman.
The song in reggae music consists of messages about world peace, the struggle of life and social critic based on political situation in Africa. The reggae song of Marley is identic with spirit of antislavery and desire to independence is similar to something in Rastafari belief. This spirit of liberation then broadly impacting people’s life, and since that time reggae is defined as Rastafari’s song.
Bob Marley is raised by inspiration of Marcus Garvey and Haile Selassie I. They figures who influenced Marley in creating his songs. The both figures are known as Blacks leader and warriors in the struggle of the Blacks people. They have their own way in leads their people to get rights and freedom. They are also the important figures in Rastafari, their struggle’s spirits are used by Marley in his several songs. And in this chapter, I will analyze some selected songs of Marley to find out Rastaman’s concept for the Blacks people’s liberation.
There are six songs that will be analyze to find the Rastaman’’s concepts ofhuman rights equality and freedom, namely War, Zimbabwe, So Much Things To Say, Africa Unite, Exodus and Redemption Song. The songs has lyrics consist of meaningful stanza created by
4.1. The Rastaman’s Concepts of Equalityas reflected in Bob Marley’s Selected Songs.
The historical background of Rastafari is related to the Blacks history influences the thoughts and inspires the songs of Bob Marley. His mind turned to be more concerned about Black people's struggle not only in Jamaica but also in Africa,the sacred continent of Rastaman. African people or Blacks has long story about the struggle for freedom and rights equality. In fact, they have long suffered and locked into a system of colonialism and slavery. Through belief in Rastafari and talent in the reggae music, Marley is trying to rationalize the mind set about freedom and rights equality.
Marley sees much of inequities against Blacks people in Apartheid system. It is the system which segregates the human class based on his skin color in Africa, where the Blacks regarded as inferior race and Whites regarded as superior. Every human being regardless of race, have same level and equal in rights, including the Blacks. This system clearly violates the equality of human rights that basically did not recognize the skin color in its implementation, so the system must be destroyed and abolished. As a Rastaman, Marley rejects the Apartheid system that shown by his song entitled War. The War song is representative of the Rastaman’s sound in conveys the concept of human rights equality.
War is the song listed in album named Rastaman Vibration which released on
October 3, 1976 by Island Record. This song has lyrics which adopted from the speech of Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I at United Nation Conferences on October 4, 1963, in New York, USA (Baskara, 2008:23). The emperor gave the speech as calling for world peace and reaction for colonization in Africa continent. This speech was spoken a few weeks after the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was founded in Ethiopian cap
