APPENDICES
Table.23. Data Description of Logical Semantic Relation and Interdependence Analysis of the Article Indonesia Naval Captain Says May Have Located Missing Plane’s Tail Section’s New Straits Times
Cl.
No. T Ranking Clause El Ex En L I
A.1 “2 α An Indonesian naval
patrol vessel has found [[what could be the tail of a crashed Indonesia AirAsia passenger jet]],
lo/ hy/ fi
=β the section where the
crucial black box voice and flight data
recorders are located,
el/ hy/ fi
1 officials said today.
A.2 α News of the possible
breakthrough [[came as the transport ministry in Jakarta]] said
“β some officials on duty
at the time of the accident will be moved to other roles.
lo/ hy/ fi
A.3 α It also announced
“β it was tightening rules
on pre-flight procedures.
lo/ hy/ fi
A.4 α Ships and aircraft
Java Sea for debris and bodies from the Airbus A320-200]] have widened their search to allow for currents eight days
xβ after Flight QZ8501
plunged into the water en route from
Indonesia’s second-biggest city of
Surabaya to Singapore with 162 people on board.
en/ hy/ fi/ te
A.5 “2 “Wefound [[what has a
high probability of being the tail of the plane,]]”
lo/ pa
1 Yayan Sofyan, captain
of the patrol vessel, told reporters.
A.6 α 1 He was speaking
xβ after his ship returned
to the port in Surabaya today,
en/ hy/ fi/ te
+2 α and it was not
immediately clear
ex/ pa/ ad/ po xβ if he was referring to
one of the five large
objects [[pinpointed by search vessels over the weekend]].
fi/ cd
A.7 α Indonesia’s
meteorological agency has said
“β 1 seasonal tropical
storms probably contributed to the Dec. 28 crash
lo/ hy/ fi
+2 and the weather has
persistently hampered efforts [[to recover bodies and find the cockpit voice and flight data recorders [[that should explain why the plane crashed into the sea]] ]].
ex/ pa/ ad/ po
A.8 α The recorders are
housed in the tail section of the Airbus,
+β making retrieval of that
part of the aircraft crucial.
ex/ hy/ n-f
A.9 “2 α “Iam not saying lo/
pa
“β it’sthe tail yet, lo/
hy/ fi
1 the head of Indonesia’s
agency, Fransiskus Bambang Soelistyo, told a news conference in Jakarta.
A.10 “Thatis suspected.
A.11 Now we are trying [[to
confirm it.]]”
A.12 α The transport ministry
said
“β α some officials at the
country’s airport operator and air traffic control agency [[who were involved with the AirAsia flight]] will be moved to other duties
lo/ hy/ fi
xβ while the accident
investigation is completed. en/ hy/ fi/ te
A.13 The ministry gave no
reason.
A.14 α It also said
“β that three days after
the crash, it had issued a directive [[making it mandatory for pilots [[to be briefed in person by an airline official on weather conditions and other operational issues
before every flight]] ]].
A.15 “2 α “A circularhas been
signed by the transport ministry on December 31,
lo/ pa
+β α stating el/
hy/ n-f 1 “β that pilots must have a
face-to-face briefing with a flight operation officer
lo/ hy/ fi
x2 so the briefing officer will know [[the pilot is in a healthy condition and so on]],”
en/ pa
1 α said Djoko
Murjatmodjo,
=β acting director general of air transportation.
el/ hy/ n-f
A.16 α Aviation experts said
“β 1 this was a common
practice in the industry,
lo/ hy/ fi
+2 α but it was not
immediately clear
ex/ pa/ ad/ av
xβ if it has been normal
procedure in Indonesia.
cd
A.17 α The main focus of the
search is about 90 nautical miles off the coast of Borneo island,
=β 1 where five large
objects believed to be parts of the plane
el/ hy/ fi
=2 - the largest [Ø] about
18 metres (59 feet) long el/ pa/ xm /Ø-p
=3 - have been located in
shallow waters by ships using sonar. el/ pa/ cl/ Ø-s
A.18 α xβ While experts say en/
hy/ fi/ cc
“β the shallow sea should
make the recovery fairly straightforward in good weather,
lo/ hy/ fi
α strong winds and big
A.19 “2 1 “The seas haven’tbeen very friendly,
lo/ pa
+2 but the black boxes
have a 30-day life
ex/ pa/ ad/ av
+3 and they will be able to
find them,”
ex/ pa/ ad/ po
1 said Peter Marosszeky,
a senior aviation research fellow at the University of New South Wales in Sydney.
A.20 “It’sthe weather [[that
is causing the delay.]]”
A.21 α Thirty-seven bodies of
the mostly Indonesian passengers and crew have been recovered,
+β including some still
strapped in their seats.
ex/ hy/ n-f
A.22 Many more may be
trapped in the body of the aircraft.
A.23 α Indonesia AirAsia has
come under pressure from authorities,
Surabaya-Singapore licence,
hy/ fi
+β α saying ex/
hy/ n-f
“β the carrier only had
permission to fly the route on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays
lo/ hy/ fi
A.24 Flight QZ8501 took off
on a Sunday.
A.25 1 It was not immediately
clear [[what difference, if any, the day of the week had on the Dec. 28 flight]],
+2 and Murjatmodjo made
clear [[that the investigations of the route and the crash were separate]].
ex/ pa/ ad/ po
A.26 “2 “Pleasedifferentiate
between the probe into flight licences and the air crash investigation,”
lo/ pa
1 he said.
A.27 α Singapore’s civil
aviation authority and its Changi Airport Group said
necessary approvals [[to operate a daily flight between Surabaya and Singapore]].
hy/ fi
A.28 α Indonesia AirAsia is 49
percent [[owned by Malaysia-based budget carrier AirAsia]],
=β whose shares fell
nearly 5 percent today. el/ hy/ fi
A.29 xβ While the licence
investigation could have serious
consequences for the airline’s operations,
en/ hy/ fi/ cc
α α insurance industry
experts said
“β α insurers were expected
[[to pay claims]]
lo/ hy/ fi
xβ whether or not the
airline was properly licensed [[to fly on the day]].
en/ hy/ fi/ cd
A.30 α The crash was the first
fatal accident [[suffered by the AirAsia budget group]],
=β whose Indonesian
affiliate flies from at
least 15 destinations across the archipelago.
fi
Table.24. Data Description of Logical Semantic Relation and Interdependence Analysis of the Article AirAsia Tail Section Located, Blackbox Still Missing’s The Jakarta Post.
Clause
No. T Ranking Clause El Ex En L I
B.1 The discovery of the
tail section of AirAsia QZ8501’s Airbus A320-200 jet has raised hope [[that the
aircraft’s blackboxes will soon be recovered and used by the
country’s National Transportaion Safety Committee (KNKT) [[to determine the cause of the crash]] ]].
B.2 =β The discovery of the
jets tail, marked with part of the airline logo,
el/ hy/ n-f
α α “β was made early
Wednesday
lo/ hy/ fi
xβ α when the ship KN Geo
Survey detected the item in the waters of Karimata Strait,
=β which separates the Bangka Belitung Island from Kalimantan,
el/ hy/ fi α said National Search
and Rescue team (Basarnas) chief Air Chief Marshal FH Bambang Soelistyo.
B.3 “2 α “At 5 a.m. our Geo
Survey ship found the object,
lo/ pa
=β α which measured 10 by
5 by 3 metres,
el/ hy/ fi/ +β 1 using its side-scan
sonar system
ex/ hy/ n-f x2 and then the image
from the side-scan sonar was confirmed by multibeam
echosounder,”
en/ pa
1
he told a press
conference at his office in Kemayoran, Central Jakarta.
B.4 α A side-scan sonar
system is used to create an image of large areas of the sea floor,
+β while an echosounder
is used to determine the
depth of water and the nature of the seabed.
fi
B.5 “β α After the detection of
the image, the joint search and rescue (SAR) team initially planned [[to only deploy a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) [[to get a
clearer image of the tail section to confirm]] ]]
lo/ hy/ fi
xβ if the part belonged to the crashed aircraft,
en/ hy/ fi/ cd
α Soelistyo said.
B.6 1 “Then Iasked about the
weather condition there
+2 and they turned up to
be conducive.
ex/ pa/ ad/ po
B.7 Therefore we
dispatched more divers [[to start the operation to get a clearer
image)]].
B.8 “2 As a result, I was able
to get confirmation at 10:30 a.m. of the result of the finding,”
1 he said.
B.9 α Images [[taken by
divers]] show the letters “PK-AXC”,
=β which was the
registration code of the aircraft, as well as “Ai” from “AirAsia”.
el/ hy/ fi
B.10 The exact location of
the tail section is within the second priority zone of the search operation.
B.11 =β The second priority
zone, which is 10 by 10 nautical miles in size,
el/ hy/ fi
α is outside the initial
search area.
B.12 α Former KNKT
investigation Ruth Hanna Simatupang said
“β the discovery of tail
section could make it easier for the SAR team [[to locate the plane’s blackboxes]].
lo/ hy/ fi
B.13 The blackboxes contain
(FDR), two important elements for the investigation of the accident.
B.14 “2 “(The blackboxesare
kept) at the bottom part of the tail section of the plane,”
lo/ pa
1 Ruth told the Jakarta
Post on Wednesday.
B.15 “(But the boxes) could
be detached from their place from the crash.
B.16 +β Following the
discovery,
ex/ hy/ n-f
α α Basarnas came up with
a new plan [[to retrieved the blackboxes]],
=β suspected to be not far from the location of the tail section of the downed plane.
el/ hy/ n-f
B.17 “2 α “Wehave to
immediately look (for the blackboxes) from the location of the tail with a pinger locator
lo/ pa
xβ so that we can
determine
pu
xγ where the blackboxes
are,”
en/ hy/ fi/ sp
1 he said.
B.18 Six ships were
immediately stationed within a range of two nautical miles of the location of the tail [[to start working on a plane [[to retrieve the blackboxes, as well as the plane’s fuselage]].
B.19 α The location of the tail
section has been marked with buoys,
+β 1 while divers have made
attempts [[to retrieve samples from the discovered parts]]
ex/ hy/ fi
+2 but they failed because of strong currents.
ex/ pa/ ad/ av
B.20 α Also on Wednesday,
site]]
xβ α where the AirAsia jet
was thought
en/ hy/ fi/ sp
‘β to have crashed id/
hy/ n-f
B.21 The bodies were earlier
designated with the numbers B007, B010, B011, B012, B014, B017, B023, B032.
B.22 “2 =γ “Based on primary
identification data, such as teeth and matching DNA with the father,
el/ hy/ n-f
lo/ pa
α the body [[labeled
B007]] is Ratri Sri Andriyani,
=β a 30-year-old woman
who lived in Surabaya (East Java),”
el/ hy/ fi
1 the head of East Java
Police’s medical and health department, Brig. Gen. Budiyono, told a press briefing on Wednesdat in
Surabaya.
B.23 The bodies [[labeled
said [[to be those of Jou Christine Yuanita and Soetikno Sia,
respectively]].
B.24 α Jou Christine Yuanita
was a 62-year-old female,
+β while Soetikno Sia was
a 60-year-old male.
ex/ hy/ fi
B.25 Both lived in Surabaya.
B.26 The body [[labeled
B010]] was that of Ruth Natalia Made Puspitasari, a 26-year-old female from the East Java city of Blitar.
B.27 “The body[[labeled
B014]] is Indah
Juliansih, a 44-year-old woman from Surabaya.
B.28 “2 1 We found matching
antemortem and postmortem data
lo/ pa
+2 α and we also found a
necklace with a
pendant with the initial L on her body,
ex/ pa/ ad/ po =β which the family
confirmed belong to Indah,”
el/ hy/ fi
+β adding [[that B017 was a 17-year-old male student named Nico Giovani from Surabaya]].
ex/ hy/ n-f
B.29 The bodies [[numbered
B023 and B032]] were those of Rudy
Soetjipto, a 54-year-old from Malang, and Stephanie Yulianto, a 14-year-old from Probolinggo (East Java).
B.30 So far, the police have
identified 26 of 40 bodies [[that have been recovered from the Karimata Strait]].
Legend:
el/hy/fi: hypotactic elaboration of the finite type relation el/hy/n-f: hypotactic elaboration of the non-finite type relation
el/pa/cl/Ø-s: paratactic elaboration clarification type relation with ellipsed subject el/pa/xm/Ø-p: paratactic elaboration exemplification type relation with ellipsed predicate
ex/hy/fi: hypotactic extension of the finite type relation ex/hy/n-f: hypotactic extension of the non-finite type relation ex/pa/ad/av: paratactic extension addition adversative type relation ex/pa/ad/po: paratactic extension addition positive type relation id/hy/n-f: hypotactic idea of the non-finite type relation
REFERENCES
Bogdan, R.C. & Biklen, S.K. (1998). Qualitative Research in Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods (3rdedn.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Charnley, M.V. (1975). Reporting. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research Design: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. United.States: Sage.
Gerot, L. & Wignell, P. (1994). Making Sense of Functional Grammar. University of South Australia, Sydney: Gerd Stabler.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Great Britain: Edward Arnold Ltd.
(1994). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd edn.) London: Edward Arnold Ltd.
& Matthiessen, C. (2004). Introducing Functional Grammar. New York: Edward Arnold Ltd.
Henshall, P. & Ingram, D. (1991). The News Manual: A Training Book for Journalists. Sydney: Poroman Press.
Indonesia naval captain says may have located missing plane tail’s section. (2015, January 5). Retrieved from http://www.nst.com/my
Jong, H.N. (2015, January 8). AirAsia tail section located, blackbox still missing. The Jakarta Post, p3.
Marchelina, F. (2014). Taxis and Logico-semantic Relation Consisting in Clause Complexes in Business Articles on The New York Times Newspaper: A Study of Functional Grammar. Unpublished Thesis.Universitas Komputer Indonesia. Maryam, E. (2007). Analisa Klausa Kompleks Dalam Novel “No Greater Love”
Karya Danielle Steel. Unpublished Thesis. Universitas Komputer Indonesia.
Matthiessen, C. & Thompson, S.A. (1988). The Structure of Discourse and ‘Subordination’.Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Rukmini, D. (2010). The Logico-Sematic Relation of Clause Complexes in The Abstract of The Final Reports Produced by The English Department Students of Semarang State University. Unpublished Thesis. State University of Semarang.
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
3.1. Research Design
In this research, the design used is a qualitative descriptive method. This design is known relates to grounded-theory, data analysis, and qualitative research method. The research design is qualitative due to the descriptive data which is in the form of words, in this analysis, newspaper texts. Then, this is also descriptive because it obtains information by describing the phenomena through descriptive data, generally characterized by simultaneous data collection and analysis.
Regarding to qualitative research method, Lexy (2005) argues that qualitative research is all about exploring issues, understanding phenomena, and answering questions. These things will eventually lead to the goal of the research. The goal of qualitative research is to “better understand human behavior and experience...grasp the processes by which people construct meanings and to describe what those meanings are” (Bogdan & Biklen, 1998:38). So, by describing the phenomena, the goal of the research is achieved to understand what the phenomena are meant to be.
According to Merriam (2009:13), qualitative research is chosen because the researcher is interested in understanding the meaning people have constructed, that is, how people make sense of their world and the experiences they have in the world. She offered the following four characteristics to describe qualitative research. Those characteristics are:
b) The primary instrument used to collect and analyze data is the researcher himself.
c) This research method is regarded as an inductive process as it is often being used to gather evidence in order to establish a theory and a hypothesis that previous research has neglected.
d) This research method provides highly descriptive data in the form of words and pictures rather than the numbers.
So, the qualitative descriptive method identifies and describes the phenomena regarding to the topics and brings it to human experience in order to achieve a better understanding towards the issue.
Qualitative findings are sometimes presented together with quantitative result to facilitate interpretations of the instances. The analysis of data involves the constant comparing of instances of one category with another in an attempt to “saturate” (Creswell, 1994:156). Therefore this qualitative descriptive method also counts the data percentage in order to merely obtain the presentation of the analysis result.
3.2. Source of Data
The object of the research is the clause complexes in sentences. The sources of data are both Indonesian and Malaysian newspapers. Indonesian newspaper chosen is a printed The Jakarta Post whereas Malaysian newspaper is an online New Straits Times. The number of texts collected is two articles, or one article from each newspaper. The articles are similar texts commenting about AirAsia QZ8501. They are:
b) AirAsia tail section located, blackbox still missing (Jong, 2015), The Jakarta Post, January 8, 2015.
The case of AirAsia accident killing all the passengers on December 28 brought many questions and speculations on how the accident happened and what made the airplane crashed. People tried to search facts and created their own perspectives. This is why it is important to see the decision of media in presenting their report. It is whether they tend to expand the information they got or project people’s opinion on their works in order to serve the better information to the readers.
From the heading of the articles, both articles show a logical relation in the sentence. Indonesia naval captain says may have located missing plane tail’s section’s New Straits Times shows a projection relation marked by the verbal process says, while AirAsia tail section located, blackbox still missing’s The Jakarta Post shows an expansion relation. It is also very interesting to see whether the headings of the articles determine the whole or the dominant logical relations appeared in the text.
Furthermore, the comparison between Jakarta Post and New Straits Times is also due to know how these most popular and oldest English newspapers in both countries construct the text based on its logical semantic relation. Moreover, both newspapers are consistently exposing news of AirAsia QZ8501, a Malaysian-company airlines which crashed while flying with mostly Indonesian passengers.
3.3. Data Collection Procedure
The articles are determined based on preliminary observation. Both articles are about similar topic. The number of sentences in each article is 30 sentences. 2. Collecting the Data
The first article is an online article taken from newspaper website www.nst.com.my, an official website of New Straits Times. On the other hand, the second article is collected from printed The Jakarta Post which is published daily. The data collected are clause complexes from valid sentences contained in both articles.
3. Classifying the Data
Both articles are then re-observed. Each sentence of the text is then classified either it is a clause or a clause complex of two, three or more clauses. Both clauses and clause complexes are presented.
3.4. Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the techniques used are based on procedures for a Systemic Functional Linguistic analysis, an investigation into clause complexing relations. The data analysis includes:
a) Displaying all the clause complexes in a table, b) Numbering each clause complex,
c) Identifying taxis relation
d) Identifying logical semantic relation and each marker,
e) Counting all the identified elements using a simple percentage formula. The formula is:
F
P = Percentage of logical semantic relation or taxis type F = The number of particular type found in clause complexes N = The number of clause complexes (data)
After the type of logical semantic relation and its interdependence are identified, the dominant type of logical semantic relation and interdependence is obtained. It is to know why that type of particular logical semantic relation appears rather than other types. Furthermore, it is interpreted to see the characteristics of the newspaper text based on logical semantic relation and its interdependence.
3.5. Research Procedure
This research goes through a procedure. They are: 1. Preparation
This preparation includes the theory, the data, research procedure and data analysis.
2. Collecting the data
The data are collected from the data source by following the data collection procedure. It includes classifying between clauses and clause complexes. After that, all the data are displayed onto the workplace.
3. Analyzing the Data
The data is analyzed by classifying the logical semantic relation type and its interdependence type. Procedure of analyzing is as follows:
Table.4. Labeling of Articles
Source Data Label Topic/Title
New Straits Times, January 5, 2015
A
Indonesia Naval Captain Says May Have Located Missing Plane’s Tail Section
The Jakarta Post, January 8, 2015
B
AirAsia Tail Section Located, Blackbox Still Missing
b) Each sentence is numbered for each ranking clause, for example, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, etc.
c) Some items are excluded from the analysis of the data. They are: the titles, sub-titles, reviews, images, captions of images, diagrams, timeline, authors’ name and source description.
d) Each clause in each sentence is displayed in a table to ensure both clauses and clause complexes. Embedded clauses are put in double square brackets. e) Verbal elements or processes are underlined.
f) The interdependence relation is identified in each clause complex.
g) Both markers and logical semantic relation of each clause complex is identified. The markers are typed in bold.
h) After precisely occupying its position, a symbol of each category such as “2 (paratactic locution), = (elaboration), xβ (hypotactic enhancement), etc is given to each clause complex.
i) All the classification is served in a table. j) Each category is calculated in percentage.
4. Making Conclusions and Suggestions
CHAPTER IV
DESCRIPTION AND FINDINGS
4.1. Data Description 4.1.1. Taxis
Table.5. Distribution of Interdependence Relation
Interdependence Text A Text B
Parataxis 14 10
Hypotaxis 31 24
In text A, 14 clause relations are paratactic while 31 clause relations are hypotactic. Single parataxis links occur in 3 clause complexes while single hypotactic links occur in 12 clause complexes. 3 multi clause complexes contain more than one paratactic link whereas 7 multi clause complexes make more than one hypotactic link. Meanwhile, 7 multi clause complexes occur both paratactic and hypotactic links. Six clauses are not credited as having either interdependence or logical semantic relation because they are single clauses and with an embedded clause(s).
4.1.2. Logical Semantic Relation
Table.6. Distribution of Logical Semantic Relation
Logical Relation Type Text A Text B
Elaboration 8 9
Extension 10 9
Enhancement 9 6
Locution 18 9
Idea - 1
Total 45 34
Text A does not contain any idea relation but many locution relations. They are showed through 16 of 24 clause complexes. The number of elaboration, extension, and enhancement is closely equal. The elaboration relation makes 8 links, extension relation makes 10 links and enhancement relation makes 9 links. Single logical semantic relations of either expansion or projection also make 11 links of the entire clause complexes.
Table.7. Distribution of Logical Semantic Relation Combined with Systems of Interdependence
Logical Relation Text A Text B
Paratactic Elaboration 2
-Hypotactic Elaboration 6 9
Paratactic Extension 6 3
Hypotactic Extension 4 6
Paratactic Enhancement 1 1
Hypotactic Enhancement 8 5
Paratactic Locution 5 6
Hypotactic Locution 13 3
Paratactic Idea -
-Hypotactic Idea - 1
Hypotactic elaboration in text B leads the distribution through 7 clause complexes. There is no paratactic elaboration identified. The number of hypotactic extension in 6 clause complexes is two times of paratactic extension in 3 clause complexes. It also happens for hypotactic locution. It occurs in 3 clause complexes. Otherwise paratactic locution occurs in 6 clause complexes. Hypotactic enhancement is seen in 4 clause complexes while paratactic enhancement is seen only in 1 clause complex. Hypotactic idea only appears in 1 clause complex while paratactic idea does not at all.
4.2. Findings
The analysis produces a clear identification on the number of clause relations found in the two articles. In text A, 24 of 30 sentences are found to have logical semantic relations and interdependences. This number is more compared to text B which has 17 of 30 sentences. Nevertheless, the exact number of logical semantic relation and interdependence can be more because some sentences contain more than two ranking clauses. The followings are the answers of the analysis:
4.2.1. Interpretation of Taxis
Table.8. Distribution of Taxis Relation
Interdependence Text A Text B
Parataxis 31,11% 29.41%
Hypotaxis 68,89% 70.59%
Both paratactic and hypotactic relations play their significant role in those two text. From the result above, it is undeniable that the portion of hypotactic links is bigger than paratactic ones. The comparative percentage of each text shows an evenly close number from any interdependence category. This number describes that the use of hypotactic links is two times from the use of paratactic links in text A, and almost three times in text B. It is also known that hypotactic relation is the dominant interdependence appeared in the analysis. It means that both texts use more clause complexes which utilize subordinate or dependent clauses to either expand or project.
Further comparative presentation between the two texts is explained on the representative analysis below:
a) Paratactic Relation
Table.9. Distribution of Paratactic Relation
Interdependence Text A Text B
Parataxis 14 31,11% 10 29.41%
[image:33.595.209.501.613.677.2]which construct independent clausal relations. The examples of paratactic relation from both texts are as follows:
Data A.7 1 …...seasonal tropical storms probably contributed to the Dec. 28 crash
2 and the weather has persistently hamperedefforts……… Data B.28 1 We found matching antemortem and postmortem data
2 and we also found a necklace with a pendant with the initial L on her body,
Both primary and secondary clauses in data A.7 and B.28 above are independent clause. The independent secondary clauses are marked by conjunction and and and also, so it makes up a paratactic relation.
[image:34.595.208.502.473.537.2]b) Hypotactic Relation
Table.10. Distribution of Hypotactic Relation
Interdependence Text A Text B
Hypotaxis 31 68,89% 24 70.59%
For hypotactic relation, Text A has less relation compared to text B. The difference is also not significant. It indicates that text A has little less clause complexes which construct dependent secondary clauses. The examples of hypotactic relation from both texts are as follows:
Data A.21 α Thirty-seven bodies of the mostly Indonesian passengers and crew have been recovered,
β while Soetikno Sia was a 60-year-old male.
Both texts have a dependent secondary clause. It is indicated by a non-finite clause with gerund in data A.21 and a conjunction while in data B.24. So, the dependent clause makes up a hypotactic relation
4.2.2. Interpretation of Logical Semantic Relation
[image:35.595.175.475.414.589.2]Logical semantic relations of expansion and projection are found in single relations as well as in sub-complexes or multi clause complexes. The identification is helped by conjunctions and verbal elements of a clause. The analysis is also focused on finite and non-finite type of relation but neglecting embedded clauses. The number of expansion and projection type is summarized as follows:
Table.11. Distribution of Logical Semantic Relation
Logical Relation Type Text A Text B
Elaboration 17.78% 26.47%
Extension 22.22% 26.47%
Enhancement 20% 17.65%
Locution 40% 26.47%
Idea - 2.94%
In other case, text B shows a more supportive distribution of elaboration and extension type compared to enhancement relation. It shows that clause complexes in text B expand using less circumstantial features. In projection relation, locution relation from text B is as strong as elaboration and extension type. In indicates that the clause complexes which are projected are as equal as being elaborated and extended.
[image:36.595.177.452.415.504.2]Incredibly, locution relation sits at the highest position with 40% in text A compared to text B. Contrary to its partner, idea relation represents least contribution with only 2.94% in text B and none in text A. It shows that text A contains more projected clauses rather than text B. The projections are more in form of wordings rather than ideas.
Table.12.Total Percentage of Logical Semantic Relation
Logical Semantic Relation A (%) B (%)
Expansion 60% 70.59%
Projection 40% 29.41%
4.2.3. Interpretation of Taxis and Logical Semantic Systems a) Paratactic Elaboration
Table.13. Distribution of Paratactic Elaboration Relation
Logical Relation Text A Text B
Paratactic Elaboration 2 4.44% -
-Text A has covered only a small number of paratactic elaboration relations whereas text B does not contain any. It shows that text A minimally has little more clause complexes which the independent secondary clause elaborates the meaning of the primary clause. The example of paratactic elaboration relation from text A is as follows:
Data A .17 1 …..- the largest [Ø] about 18 metres (59 feet) long
=2 - [Ø] have been located in shallow waters by ships using sonar.
Even if there are occurrences of ellipsed subject and predicate, both of the clauses in data A.17 are independent. It is also showed by a dash (-) in the secondary clause.
b) Hypotactic Elaboration
Table.14. Distribution of Hypotactic Elaboration Relation
Logical Relation Text A Text B
Hypotactic Elaboration 6 13.33% 9 26.47%
[image:37.595.153.510.639.696.2]secondary clause elaborates the meaning of the primary clause. The examples of hypotactic elaboration relation from both texts are as follows:
Data A.29 α Indonesia AirAsia is 49 percent [[owned by Malaysia-based budget carrier AirAsia]],
=β whose shares fell nearly 5 percent today.
Data B.11 α The second priority zone, which is 10 by 10 nautical miles in size,
=β is outside the initial search area.
Both secondary clauses are dependent and they form a hypotactic elaboration relation. It is showed by a non-restrictive relative clause with a marker whose and which.
[image:38.595.152.511.472.529.2]c) Paratactic Extension
Table.15. Distribution of Paratactic Extension Relation
Logical Relation Text A Text B
Paratactic Extension 6 13.33% 3 8.82%
Text A has more paratactic extension relation compared to text B. It shows that text A minimally has more clause complexes which the independent secondary clause extends the meaning of the primary clause by adding something new rather than text B. The examples of paratactic extension relation from both texts are as follows:
Data B.6 1 “Then Iasked about the weather condition there +2 and they turned up to be conducive.
Data A.19 produces two parallel relation by markers but and then, while data B.6 only makes one relation by a marker and. This relation is paratactic extension due to additive and adversative conjunctions.
[image:39.595.151.511.305.363.2]d) Hypotactic Extension
Table.16. Distribution of Hypotactic Extension Relation
Logical Relation Text A Text B
Hypotactic Extension 4 8.89% 6 17.65%
For hypotactic elaboration relation, text B has a significantly higher number compared to text A. It shows that text B has more clause complexes which dependent secondary clause extends the meaning of the primary clause by adding something new rather than text B. The examples of hypotactic extension relation from both texts are as follows:
Data A.8 α The recorders are housed in the tail section of the Airbus, +β making retrieval of that part of the aircraft crucial. Data B.24 α Jou Christine Yuanita was a 62-year-old female,
+β while Soetikno Sia was a 60-year-old male.
e) Paratactic Enhancement
Table.17. Distribution of Paratactic Enhancement Relation
Logical Relation Text A Text B
Paratactic Enhancement 1 2.22% 1 2.94%
Both text A and text B have the same number of paratactic enhancement relation. It simply shows that both texts have the same number of clause complexes which the independent secondary clause is a circumstantial information enhancing the meaning of the primary clause. The paratactic enhancement relations from both texts are as follows:
Data A.15 1 that pilots must have a face-to-face briefing with a flight operation officer
x2 so the briefing officer will know [[the pilot is in a healthy condition and so on]],”
Data B.3 1 ….using its side-scan sonar system
x2 and then the image from the side-scan sonar was confirmed by multibeam echosounder,”
f) Hypotactic Enhancement
Table.18. Distribution of Hypotactic Enhancement Relation
Logical Relation Text A Text B
Hypotactic Enhancement 8 17.78% 5 14.70%
In text A, the number hypotactic enhancement relation is higher compared to text B. It indicates that text A has more clause complexes which dependent secondary clause is a circumstantial information enhancing the meaning of the primary clause. The examples of hypotactic enhancement relation from both texts are as follows:
Data A.6 α He was speaking
xβ after his ship returned to the port in Surabaya today,
Data B.20 α Also on Wednesday, the East Java Police’s Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) identified eight more bodies [[found near the site]]
xβ where the AirAsia jet was thought to have crashed
The hypotactic relations are identified from markers after and where. The relations are also an enhancement because the secondary clauses are circumstantial information. They are both a temporal relationship.
g) Paratactic Locution
Table.19. Distribution of Paratactic Locution Relation
Logical Relation Text A Text B
[image:41.595.151.511.693.751.2]Text B has more paratactic locution relation compared to text A. It shows that text B has more clause complexes which the independent primary clause projects the independent secondary clause by using a verbal process rather than text A. The examples of paratactic locution relation from both texts are as follows:
Data A.26 1 “Pleasedifferentiate between the probe into flight licenses and the air crash investigation,
“2 he said.
Data B.14 1 “(The blackboxes are kept) at the bottom part of the tail section of the plane,”
“2 Ruth told the Jakarta Post on Wednesday.
The data obviously shows a locution relation from a verbal process said and told. The relation is paratactic since the secondary clauses are projected by being quoted and the clauses are reversible.
[image:42.595.149.511.525.586.2]h) Hypotactic Locution
Table.20. Distribution of Hypotactic Locution Relation
Logical Relation Text A Text B
Hypotactic Locution 13 28.89% 3 8.82%
For hypotactic locution relation, text A has a significantly higher number compared to text B. It shows that text A has more clause complexes which the independent primary clause projects the dependent secondary clause by using a verbal process rather than text B. The examples of hypotactic locution relation from both texts are as follows:
=β it was tightening rules on pre-flight procedures.
Data B.12 α Former KNKT investigation Ruth Hanna Simatupang said =β the discovery of tail section could make it easier for the SAR
team [[to locate the plane’s blackboxes]].
The data above also obviously shows a locution relation from a verbal process announced and said. The relation is hypotactic since the secondary clauses are projected by being reported and the clauses are irreversible.
i) Paratactic Idea
Both text A and text B do not have any paratactic idea relation. It simply indicates that there is no clause complex which the independent primary clause projects the independent secondary clause by using a mental process.
[image:43.595.152.511.472.529.2]j) Hypotactic Idea
Table.21. Distribution of Hypotactic Idea Relation
Logical Relation Text A Text B
Hypotactic Idea - - 1 2.94%
Text B has covered only a small number of hypotactic idea relations whereas text A does not contain any. It shows that text B minimally has little clause complexes which the independent primary clause projects the dependent secondary clause by using a mental process while text A does not have any. The hypotactic idea relation from text B is as follow:
The data above shows an idea relation from a mental process thought. The relation is hypotactic since the non-finite secondary clauses are projected by being reported and the clauses are irreversible.
Table.22. Distribution of Logical Semantic Relation Combined with Systems of Interdependence
Logical Relation Text A Text B
Paratactic Elaboration 4.44%
-Hypotactic Elaboration 13.33% 26.47%
Paratactic Extension 13.33% 8.82%
Hypotactic Extension 8.89% 17.65%
Paratactic Enhancement 2.22% 2.94%
Hypotactic Enhancement 17.78% 14.70%
Paratactic Locution 11.11% 17.65%
Hypotactic Locution 28.89% 8.82%
Paratactic Idea -
-Hypotactic Idea - 2.94%
The percentage of distribution of logical semantic relation combined with systems of interdependence shows very prominent differences and similarities. Basically, the distinct distribution of each relation amongst in a discourse or between texts is significant. Both texts do not contain paratactic idea. However, there is a few number of paratactic elaboration and hypotactic idea.
8.89% than text B by 17.65%. It shows that text A has paratactically more extended clause complexes and text B has hypotactically more extended clause complexes.
Hypotactic enhancement is identified as the second highest number of logical semantic relation in text A but less appeared in text B. It is then known that clause complexes in text A are hypotactically more enhanced by using circumstantial information compared to text B.
The absence of paratactic idea in both texts weakens the position of projection relation. It is known that both texts do not really project clause complexes by a mental process.
The number of hypotactic elaboration in text B is very significant. It is a dominant relation. It presents almost 2 times from the number in text A. It is enough to say that text B presents hypotactically more elaborative clause complexes compared to text A.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
An investigation of types of logical semantic relation combined with systems of interdependence has been made. The conclusions and suggestions are drawn as follows:
5.1. Conclusions
2. The dominant relation in both newspapers is hypotactic relation by 68.89% in text A Indonesia naval captain says may have located missing plane tail’s section’ New Straits Times and 70.59% in text B AirAsia tail section located, blackbox still missing’s The Jakarta Post. In this regard, the information about AirAsia QZ8501 accident in both articles is more constructed in complex sentences rather than compound sentences because they contain at least one dependent secondary clause attached to an independent primary clause. Combined with the taxis systems, dominant logical semantic relation appeared in text A is hypotactic locution relation by 28.89%. This percentage is higher than hypotactic locution found in text B. It shows that the article presents more projected verbal information or argumentations. The argumentations are mostly in reported speeches. On the other hand, text B is dominated by hypotactic elaboration relation by 26.47%. This percentage is higher than hypotactic elaboration found in text A. It simply shows that article in text B presents more information by specifying it into dependent secondary clause which is in a greater detail, restatement, exemplification, or comment. Furthermore, both texts have insignificant paratactic and hypotactic idea relations. It indicates that both articles do not sufficiently gather people’s cognitive opinion, although text B shows an effort to do so.
5.2. Suggestions
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Functional Grammar
Halliday (1985:xiii) argues that functional grammar is essentially a natural grammar, in the sense that everything in it can be explained, ultimately by the reference to how language is used. In this explanation, a grammar becomes a tool to figure out a meaning or a message obtained in a language.
Gerot & Wignell (1994:6) add that functional grammar views language as a resource for making meaning. These grammars attempt to describe a language in an actual use and so focus on texts and their contexts. They are concerned not only with the structures but also with how those structures construct a meaning. So, the meaning of a text is construed grammatically and functionally by following the context.
Ideational function, unlike two other functions, is the meanings by which people make sense of reality. They are meanings of phenomena about things, about goings on and the circumstances surrounding these happenings and doings. These meanings are realized in wordings through participants, processes, and circumstances. Meanings of this kind are most centrally influenced by field of discourse (Gerot and Wignell, 1994:120).
[image:50.595.119.483.463.637.2]This function is concerned with building and maintaining the theory of experience. It includes experiential function and logical function. Grammatically, the experiential function shows the process of making meaning from experience that language evolves through clauses, whereas the logical function is the systems of construing logical meaning between clauses. This logical function is realized through logical semantic relation and systems of interdependence combining clauses into a clause complex. The framework drawn is as follows:
2.2. Clause and Clause Complex
In Systemic Functional Grammar, a clause is functioned as a unit in which a transitivity, mood, and theme-rheme are considered to be mapped into its system. This clause is considered as the largest unit that its function and meaning are cohesively structured.
Gerot & Wignell (1994:89) state that a clause complex is comprised of two or more clauses logically connected, or put another way, a clause complex is a sequence of processes which are logically connected. From this viewpoint, it is clear that logical semantic relation is that logical connection used to construct a clause complex by having two or more processes engaging one another. This clause complex is also known as the more complex structure of clauses. The connection between clauses also has an equality or interdependency. For examples:
A1. You may come to my house
A2. You may come to my house whenever you want
Example A1 shows a simple sentence and is identified as a clause because this sentence only has one single clause which contains one subject (bold typed) and one predicate (underlined). Whereas, example A2 is a clause complex which the secondary clause whenever you want (bold typed and underlined) is a dependent clause and attached to expand the primary clause. The clause complex has two clauses and each clause has its own predicate.
2.2.1. Minor Vs Major Clauses
found in both written and spoken language. Some elements in minor clauses may be implied in some contexts.
Structurally, a minor clause does not have a predicator, on the other hand, a major clause does. For examples:
Address (vocatives) B1. Rhonda, sweety cakes
Greeting B2. Hi! Good afternoon!
Exclamations B3. Oh water!
The three examples above show minor clauses which have no predicator. Example B1 is a vocative (underlined) which is used to appoint something or someone. This clause does not have a complete form of a simple sentence and neither does example B2 (greeting) nor B3 (exclamation).
B4. Diana asked Annie to stay in her house B5. But she refused
B6. Which made Diana rather disappointed B7 As she had thought
B8. She was her best friend
Each of clauses above has a predicator and said as a major clause. Those five clauses contain both subjects and predicates. Each of the sentences is connected as a clause complex. Examples B5, B6, B7 and B8 show that secondary clauses in a clause complex are in a major-clause form.
2.2.2. Major Clauses: Independent Vs Dependent
Major clauses have two types based on their independency. There are independent and dependent clauses.
C2. Angelina studied hard. C3. However, she failed.
An independent clause is seen as a clause which can stand alone whereas a dependent clause cannot. At the example C1, although Angelina studied hard (bold typed) is a dependent clause because the clause cannot stand alone and is a member of a clause complex. If the clause is separated (example C2 and C3), both clauses are independent. In a clause complex, this independent clause is also called a primary clause whereas the dependent clause is called secondary clause.
There is a possibility of a clause to not being counted in a clause complex as a dependent clause if the clause does not function as a dependent clause but more likely a word which qualify or modify something. This occurrence is called as an embedded clause. For further explanation, look at the example:
Non-embedded clause C4. The prisoner, who was a serial killer, escaped. Embedded C5. The prisoner who was a serial killer escaped.
The clause who was a serial killer (underlined) in the example C4 preceded by a comma is identified as a dependent clause. This is also a non-restricted relative clause. Otherwise, in the example C5 (bold typed) are just words qualifying the meaning of the prisoner.
2.2.3. Taxis
clause is dependent to the primary clause. The term parataxis is used when one clause follows another. It is called as coordination because both primary and secondary clauses are independent. Either the dependent or independent status determines whether clauses in a clause complex can stand individually when being separated.
2.2.3.1. Parataxis
Parataxis refers to clauses as being initiating or continuing. The relation between clauses in a paratactic clause complex is equal. It means when clauses in a clause complex are separated, those clauses can stand alone. Paratactic clauses are marked by number: 1, 2, 3 and so on. For example:
Paratactic 1 Diana asked Annie to stay in her house 2 but she refused
The relation of clauses is paratactic, each clause is equal and can stand individually. The secondary clause but she refused is attached by a coordinate conjunction but.
2.2.3.2 Hypotaxis
Hypotaxis refers to clauses as being either dominant or dependent. Halliday (1985:198) states that hypotaxis is the binding elements of unequal status. The dominant element is free, but the dependent element is not. Status is marked through Greek letters. Alpha marks the dominant clause. Clauses are marked alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), and so on. It is important to note that the alpha, or dominant clause, does not necessarily come first in a clause complex. For example:
Hypotactic α I tidied up my messy desk,
The relation of the above projection is hypotactic. The primary clause is an independent clause and the secondary clause is dependent on it.
2.2.4. Logical Semantic Relation
This logical semantic relation has been known as the relation between clauses in a clause complex, the relation between primary and secondary clauses. Halliday (1985:196) argues that semantic relation is a wide range of different logico-semantic relations any of which may hold between primary and secondary member of a clause complex. But it is possible to group these into a small number of general types, expansion and projection. The followings are logical semantic relations and their interdependency brought by Gerot & Wignell (1994:89-97) and Halliday (1985, 1994, & 2004) which become the main theoretical background of this research.
2.2.4.1. Expansion
The markers which join the clauses of logical semantic relation of expansion and their interdependence are as follows:
Table.1. Markers Which Join Clauses in Expansion (Gerot & Wignel, 1994:94)
No Taxis Relation Markers
Elaborating Extending Enhancing
1 Paratactic that is to say, or (rather), in other words, for example, for instance, in fact, like
and, but, not only, but also, except, or, yet
so, then, for thus, or else, still, otherwise
2 Hypotactic Which whereas, while,
instead,
besides, rather than
as, while, when, where, because, if, even though, despite
2.2.4.1.1. Elaboration
This type of logical semantic relation elaborates the clauses by specifying or describing it. This involves four relationships: specifying in greater detail, restatement, exemplification, and comment. Elaboration is shown through the sign =. The types of logical relationships covered under this category are the ‘i.e.’, ‘e.g.’ and ‘namely’ type or also called as exposition or restatement, exemplification and clarification or comment.
a) Exposition or Restatement
This elaboration type is by restating the primary clause and making it in a greater detail. For example:This stew is awful = it’s too salty. It is restated and given a greater detail.
b) Exemplification
(primary clause) = for instance you do not understand us (secondary clause). The secondary clause is obviously an example provided for the primary clause.
c) Clarification or Comment
This elaboration type clarifies the primary clause by adding an explanatory comment. For example: I’ve played in several orchestras (primary clause) = I’ve played in the Darwin symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia (secondary clause). The secondary clause is a clarification or information of the primary clause.
a) Paratactic Elaboration
When a clause complex contains clauses which the secondary clause is elaborating the primary clause and equal to the primary clause is called as Paratactic Elaboration. While elaboration is marked as = and parataxis is marked as number 1, 2, .., so, paratactic elaboration is marked as:
1 = 2 For example:
1 I tidied up my messy desk = 2 it needed it
The relation between the clauses above is paratactic elaboration because the secondary clause specifies the primary clause and both clauses are independent. b) Hypotactic Elaboration
This hypotactic elaboration happens when a clause complex contains clauses in which the secondary clause is elaborating the primary clause and dependent to the primary clause. While elaboration is marked as = and hypotaxis is marked as Greek lettersα,β, .. , so, hypotactic elaboration is marked as:
For example:
α I tidied up my messy desk,
= β which took the better part of the morning
The relation between the clauses above is hypotactic elaboration because the secondary clause specifies the primary clause and the secondary clause is dependent to the primary clause.
Hypotactic elaboration also comes through finite and non-finite clauses. The finite hypotactic elaboration is seen by the use of relatives who, whom, which, whose, when, where, why, and how. The dependent clause must be preceded by a comma to show it is not an embedded clause. It also happens to non-finite category which the dependent clause is in the form of present participle, past participle or gerund. For examples:
Finite D1. This is Nadya, whom you are looking for
Non-finite D2. He always does his daily activity, watering the garden
2.2.4.1.2. Extension
This relation extends the meaning of one clause by adding something new. It is divided into three types: addition, replacement, and alternation. The role of conjunctions is determining the relationship between the primary and the secondary clauses. They are such as additive (and, nor), adversative (but), replacive (instead), subtractive (except), and alternative (or) conjunctions. It involves ‘and’, ‘but’, and ‘or’ type relationships and marked or symbolized by a + sign. For example:
I play a guitar
+ but I’m less rapt with biola I could follow a course + or I could practice myself
In this case, the second clause adds a new, but related meaning to the first. It could be considered that extensionis as the ‘moreover’ or ‘furthermore’ relationship. a) Paratactic Extension
In paratactic extension, it is divided into two types: addition and variation. In addition type, it is by adjoining the clauses using additive and adversative conjunctions. Variation type is a replacement of other clause and using alternative and substractive conjunctions. This paratactic extension is marked as:
1 + 2 For example:
1 I tidied up my messy desk + 2 and I finished revising a paper
The relation between the clauses above is paratactic extension because the secondary clause is an addition or something new different from the primary clause, using a paratactic additive conjunction and and both clauses are independent.
b) Hypotactic Extension
Additive conjunction used for this type is beside. Some other conjunctions used are comparative (on the other hand, instead, whereas, while) conjunctions. This hypotactic extension is symbolized as:
α + β For example:
α I tidied up my messy desk
The relation between clauses above is hypotactic extension because the secondary clause is a variation or something new different from the primary clause, using a comparative conjunction whereas and the secondary clause is dependent to the primary clause.
The finite category comes when the secondary clause uses a contrastive dependency while non-finite category applies for non-finite-formed dependency such as present participle, past participle or gerund. For example:
Finite E1. Sandra is a good student in her school, while Nadya is a troublemaker
Non-finite E2. The Indian was shot by the hunter, injured by an air gun
2.2.4.1.3. Enhancement
This involves circumstantial relationship where the circumstantial information is coded as a new clause rather than within a clause. This can be temporal, conditional, causal, concessive, spatial or manner. It is marked through an “x” sign. For example:
I went to rehearsal
x after I lectured all day (temporal) You don’t have time to practice
x if you teach both day and night (conditional) We didn’t havea rehearsal on Monday
x because it was a public holiday (causal) We had a rehearsal on Monday
x where we always rehearse (spatial) I’m developing a more pleasing sound
x by changing my embouchure (manner) a) Paratactic Enhancement
[image:61.595.115.532.356.739.2]Like extension, enhancement also does need the role of conjunctions. Some conjunctions used for paratactic enhancement are: temporal (meanwhile, when,), spatial (and there), manner (in that way, thus), causal (therefore), conditional (otherwise), and concessive (yet, still). The types of marker used are summarized below:
Table.2. Markers of Paratactic Enhancement (Saragih, 2007)
No Category Meaning Markers
1 Temporal -same time
-different time: later -different time: earlier
A meanwhile B A subsequently B A previously B
(and) meanwhile, (when)
(and) then, and + afterwards
and/but + before that/first
2 Spatial
-same place A there B and there
3 Manner -means -comparison
A is via/by means of B
A is like B
(and) in that way, (and) thus
(and) similarly, (and) so, thus
4 Causal-Conditional -cause ^ effect -effect ^ cause -condition: positive -condition: negative -concession ^ consequence -consequence ^ concession
because A so result B
because intention A so action B if A then B if not A then B if A then contrary to expectation B
contrary to
expectation A then B
(and) so, (and) therefore
for, because
(and) then, (and) therefore
This type of enhancement is marked as: 1 x 2 For example:
1 I tidied up my messy desk
x 2 so I have somewhere to write again
The secondary clause of enhancing relationship above is independent so both clauses can stand alone. This paratactic enhancement is attaching a causal conjunction so. b) Hypotactic Enhancement
Hypotactic enhancement is sometimes seen as an adverbial clause because the secondary clause qualifies the process in the primary clause. In deciding whether a clause complex is paratactic or hypotactic, it can be done by changing the order of the clauses. If the conjunction moves with the clause, it is most likely hypotactic. Hypotactic enhancement is symbolized as:
α x β For example:
α I tidied up my messy desk
x β because I couldn’t find the meeting agenda or x β because I couldn’t find the meeting agenda
α I tidied up my messy desk
In this case, the secondary clause because I couldn’t find the meeting agenda is an adverbial clause which qualifies the process tidied up in the primary clause. The relation is hypotactic due to its dependent status.
Table.3. Markers of Hypotactic Enhancement (Saragih, 2007)
No Category Finite Non-Finite
Conjunctions Preposition 1 Temporal
-same time: extend
-same time: point -same time: spread -different time: later -different time earlier
as, while
when, as soon as, the moment whenever, every time after, since before, until/till while when since until
in (in the course/process of on after before 2 Spatial
-same time: extend -same time: point -same time: spread
as far as where wherever, everywhere 3 Manner
-means
-comparison as, as if, like, the way
like by (means of)
4 Causal-Conditional -cause: reason -cause: purpose -condition: positive -condition: negative -condition: concessive
because, as, in case, seeing that, considering in order that, so that
if provided that, as long as
unless
even if, although
with, through, by, at, as a result, because of, in case of (in order/so as) to, for (the sake of), with the aim of, for fear of
in the event of
but, for,
without
despite, in spite of, without
2.2.4.2 Projection
links clauses by having one process projected through another either by quoting or reporting. Both meanings (ideas) and wordings (locutions) can be projected. A projected wording is marked with (“) and a projected idea is marked with (‘). Either propositions (information) or proposals (goods and services) can be projected. Projection occurs through Mental (idea projection) and Verbal Processes (locutions projection). For example:
Verbal:
The conductor said
“ The next concert is in July Mental:
I thought
‘ the next concert is in July
In the cases above, said is a verbal process and thought is a mental process, so the first clause is locution and the second clause is idea.
2.2.4.2.1. Idea
a) Paratactic Idea
Paratactic idea is commonly seen as a quoting projection because each clause can stand individually or independent. In addition, it mostly uses mental process of cognition. This type of projection is also reversible. Paratactic idea is marked as:
1 ‘ 2 For example:
1 I thought
‘ 2 ‘I can’thave dinner with you
Mental process thought is used.I can’thave dinner with you is an independent clause which follows the primary clause.
b) Hypotactic Idea
This type of projection is said as a hypotactic idea if a dependent status is attached in the secondary clause. It is marked with:
α ‘ β For example:
Idea: proposition α I thought
‘ β that I couldn’tmeet you again α I decided
‘ β to meet you again Idea: proposal
α I don’t want ‘ β to meet you again
process of cognition but also mental process of reaction (want, desire). That is why both proposition (information) and proposals (goods and service) can be projected.
The finite category happens when both clauses are finite or in the indicative mood, while the non-finite category occurs if the secondary clause is non-finite or in the form of gerund or to infinitive. For example:
Finite F1. They considered that the animals would be preserved Non-finite F2. He thought to finish it all
2.2.4.2.2. Locution
Locution is simply a classification of projection where verbal processes are required to be involved. Halliday (1994:252) explains that types of verbal processes are: (a) General process (say), (b) Specific verbs of statements (tell, observe, repot, announce) and Questions (ask, demand, inquire), (c) Verb say combined with circumstantial element such as explanation (explain), response (reply), reservation (protest) (d) Verbs with a connotation to various actions and feelings such as shout (say loudly), insist (say emphatically), complain (say irritably).
Based on the use, verbal processes are divided into reporting and quoting. Some verbs like insinuate, deny, imply, maintain are used only for reporting and others such as say, tell, remark, shout, demand, protest, announce are used for both reporting and quoting.
a) Paratactic Locution
1 “ 2 For example:
1 I said
“ 2 “I can’tmeet you again
In this case, a clause I said is a projecting clause and I can’t do this assignmentis a projected clause. Since both projecting and projected clause are reversible, the clause complex above is identified as paratactic locution.
b) Hypotactic Locution
It is not enough to differ between paratactic and hypotactic projection only by seeing at the dependent status of each. In fact, there is a type of a clause complex of hypotactic projection which both clauses are independent. An absolute identification is done by determining whether the clause is reversible or not. Then the role of quotation mark is also needed to make sure if the projection is quoting or reporting. This kind of condition is applicable towards both idea and locution type.
If the hypotactic locution has been identified accurately, then it is marked as: α “ β
For example:
α I said
“ β that I couldn’t meet you again
α He said
“ β He wouldn’t meet you again
2.3. Previous Work
In supporting this research, it is needed to look at the previous similar researches to work upon. The similar researches taken are presented to know what the study is all about, the method used, the findings, what they contribute to, and the difference between those works and this research.
Marchelina (2014
