VERBAL BACKCHANNELS IN ENGLISH CONVERSATION BETWEEN DANIEL RADCLIFFE AND J.K ROWLING
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
In Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One
RAHMAT EDI SUTANTO NIM. 1111026000075
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
i ABSTRACT
Rahmat Edi Sutanto, 1111026000075, Verbal Backchannels in English
Conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and J.K. Rowling. Thesis: English Letters
Department. Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2015.
The aim of the research is to find out how backchannels works during the conversation and to determine the functions of those backchannels using conversation analysis theory. The data in this research are collected from the transcript of the conversation and it limits into 14 data.
The analysis shows that the works of backchannels are similar with turn. Hence, before determining backchannels, it is really important to separate the utterance which role either as backchannels or turn, because turn is not backchannels and it could be as simple as backchannels.
As for result, in the conversation, backhannels often uttered both of simultaneously with part of ongoing talk (overlap) and within the possible completion (TRP) without any gap. Furthermore, those backchannels, mostly functioned as continuers, agreement, and understanding content.
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher education, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the thesis.
South Tangerang, November 2015
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In The Name of Allah, The Most Gracious, The Most Merciful
All praises be to Allah SWT, the Lord of the Universe, who give
the writer an extraordinary power, patience, spirit and every single idea
that the writer writes in this thesis. Peace and bless be upon the prophet
Muhammad SAW who had changed the world into the better place to live.
The writer would like to give the greatest and the deepest gratitude
to his beloved parents, his mother and father, and two lovely annoying
sisters who give mentally total support until this thesis is finished.
Furthermore, the writer also would like to give a thanks and the
greatest gratitude to:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.A, the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty.
2. Drs. A. Saefudin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department.
3. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department.
4. Mrs. Sholikatus Sa‟diyah, M.Pd, as the advisor of the writer, for her extraordinary guidance, patience, and caring to guide him doing the
research.
5. All the lecturers of English Letters Department, who have dedicated to
educate and teach him the knowledge as long as his study.
vi
7. Student Executive Board of English Letters Department.
8. 2011 English Letters Students, classmates in ELD C and Linguistic
Fantastic.
9. All the RusaBesi members and the advisor Akhmad Zakky, M.Hum.
10.Fahmi Oji who introduces the writer to the research issue and Kak Chicha
who wants to discuss about the research because we have the same issue.
11.The Kostan Haji Hadromi Squads (Bewok, Aki, Item, Chipung, Jaisy, Lay,
Aab, Umar, Satria, Ade, Hanif, Rego, Wahid, and Iik).
12.All friends and relatives that are not mentioned by one.
May Allah SWT give a blessing for them all. And may we have a
brighter future. Amin.
South Tangerang, November 2015
vii
THE LIST OF TABLE
[image:8.595.153.443.307.534.2]TABLE I ... 22
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ... i
APPROVAL SHEET ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
THE LIST OF TABLE ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of The Study ... 1
B. Focus of The Study ... 4
C. Research Question ... 4
D. Significance of The Study ... 5
E. Research Methodology ... 5
1. The Objectives of Research ... 5
2. The Method of Research ... 5
3. The Instrument of The Research ... 6
4. The Unit of Analysis ... 6
ix
CHAPTER II. THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION ... 7
A. Previous Research ... 7
B. Concept ... 9
1. Conversation Analysis ... 9
2. Turn Taking ... 10
3. Overlap ... 13
4. Backchannels ... 14
5. The Functions of Backchannels ... 16
6. Key of Transcription ... 22
CHAPTER III. DATA ANALYSIS / FINDINGS ... 24
A. The Data Description ... 24
B. The Data Analysis ... 29
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 46
A. Conclusions ... 53
B. Suggestions ... 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 56
1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
During conversation, people have to be cooperative in order to get
the purpose of communication. Cooperation during a communication is
important. A communication is not going well if the participant could not
cooperate with each other. However, communication shares some
information which is the main thing for participants to know.
There are many ways used by people to communicate and one of
them is through a conversation. Conversation is a part of communication
when people try to share information with other people. Conversation is
the people way to sustain their relationship with others. It involves two
members in a conversation, doing the different role as speaker and hearer.
According to Pridham, conversation is categorized according to the
situation: situated, semi, and natural conversation.1 In a situated
conversation, often the conversation structure proceeds step by step in
order to develop the topic and interaction between each participant is
unnatural because the interaction depends on a script, for examples:
1
conversation in a movie and drama. Moreover, semi conversation has a
flexible and fluid structure, for examples: talk show and interview. As a
semi conversation, talk show contains the structure which is usually
organized and it can be set in an interview guide. Furthermore, natural
conversation occurs spontaneously, without any planning or prompting
beforehand and also the participants have not set the topic before, so topic
change or shift can occur.2
In daily conversation, people unconsciously have been tied to a
basic concept of an interaction. They tend to obey the communication
rules during a conversation. The rules might be some knowledge that
speaker and hearer have already know. For instance, they have to make
some feedback and respond or they have to listen to the speaker and wait
till they have a right to speak during a conversation. Those problems are
some mechanisms that occur in conversation.
When people getting involves in conversation, they do a respond to
the speaker indicate that they are listening, the respond through a feedback
both verbal and non-verbal. The feedback is given by participant of
conversation such as yeah, uh-huh, right and so on, called backchannels.
Backchannels occur in both direct and indirect conversation such as
face-to-face and telephone conversation. People use this signal in conversation
because they have to convince the speaker that the information has
received and they understand what the speaker talk about.
There are many different ways of doing the signal, including head
nods, smiles, and other facial expressions and gestures, but the most
common vocal indication. Some of these are present in Mary‟s contribution in conversation below.
Caller: If you use your long distance service a lot than you‟ll
Marry: uh-uh
Caller: be interested in the discount I‟m talking about because
Marry: yeah
Caller: it can only save you money to switch to a cheaper service
Marry: mmm
These type of signals („uh-uh‟, „yeah‟, „mmm‟) provide feedback
to the current speaker that the message is being received.3 The absence of
backchannels is typically interpreted as significant. During telephone
conversations, the absence of backchannels may prompt the speaker to ask
if the listener is still there. During face-to-face interaction, the absence of
backchannels may be interpreted as a way of withholding agreement,
leading to an inference of disagreement.4
Furthermore, as the mechanism in conversation, backchannels is
really related to both of turn taking system and overlap. The difference
between backchannels and both of them is that backchannels do not
3
George Yule, Pragmatics, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 75-76.
4
purloin the speaker shift. People do backchannels in order to give a
feedback to what speaker says. Thus, backchannels do not legitimate the
speakership.
As previously mentioned, conversation is necessity for people in
their daily life and backchannels always occur in their daily conversation
in order to give contribution during conversation. Thus, the issue interests
the writer to do this research by analyzing a conversation which contain
backchannels.
B. Focus of The Study
In this study, the writer will limit the discussion in backchannels
which occur during the conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and J.K
Rowling. The video of the conversation downloaded from Youtube in 25
January 2015.
C. Research Question
Based on the background of study and focus of the study, the
writer will formulate the following questions:
1. How backchannels works during the conversation between Daniel
Radcliffe and J.K Rowling?
D. Significance of The Study
This research is expected to give contribution and benefit in
linguistics, especially in the branch of linguistics which is conversation
analysis discuss about backchannels. Besides, this research is also
expected to give a reference for the next researcher who discuss about
backchannels using conversation analysis theory.
E.Research Methodology
1. The Objectives of The Research
This research is aimed to analyze the works of backchannels and
those functions which occur in the conversation between Daniel Radcliffe
and J.K. Rowling.
2. The Method of Research
The method of this research is descriptive qualitative method
focuses on the utterance in the conversation as the research object. The
research will answer the research problems with the description of theory
which is related to the issue of this research.
3. The Instrument of The Research
Main instrument of the research is the writer himself by watching
repeatedly. Then, the writer will identifies and analyze the selected data
using relevant theory.
4. The Unit of Analysis
The analysis unit of this research is selected utterance which
contains backchannels collects from the video of conversation between
Daniel Radcliffe and J.K. Rowling randomly. The topic of the
conversation is “The Story of Harry Potter book and film”.
5. The Technique of Data Analysis
The writer uses the technique of descriptive analysis by watching
the video through some steps. First, the writer makes the transcript from
the video. Next, the writer identifies the utterance which is as a
backchannels. Then, the writer analyses the works and the functions of
backchannels which occur in conversation between Daniel Radcliffe and
7 CHAPTER II
THE THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
A. Previous Research
In this research, there are some studies who already researched
about backchannels and using conversation analysis theory as an approach.
First, the research about “Analysis on Backchannels Used in SBS
(The Special Broadcasting Service) Insight Talk Show Episode Designing Babies” which researched by Nisa Fitria Ansori (2014) in State Islamic
University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The research discusses
backchannels sign that occur in conversation between Jennie Brockle as
host and some participants. The aim of the research is to find out the types
of backchannels that occurred and to categorize the functions in that
conversation. The results of the research are that there are twelve verbal
backchannels and seven non-verbal backchannels. The others, there are
four functions of those backchannels, they are as continuers, convergence
tokens, engaged response tokens and information receipt tokens.
Second, the research about “The Use of Back Channels between
Native and Non-native Speakers in English and Japanese” which
researched by Shigeo Uematsu (2000) in Setsunan University. The
research discusses back channels use in conversation between native and
the Japanese female is highly proficient in English and utilized a wide
variety of backchannels in both English and Japanese.
Third, the research about “Effect of Native-Language and Sex on
Back-channel Behavior” which researched by Marilyn S. Feke (2003) in
University of Pittsburgh. The research is aimed to compare the usage of
channel responses and the effect of gender on the production of
back-channel responses among native-English speakers (from the United State
and Canada) and native-Spanish speakers (from Chile and Argentina) in
conversations conducted by interlocutors with the same native language.
The results of the research are the native-Spanish-speaking females show
the greatest difference in back-channel behavior between single and mixed
conversations, followed by English-speaking females, the
native-English-speaking males, and native-Spanish-speaking males.
In addition, the differences between this research and those
previous researches are located on the research problems and unit of
analysis. This research focuses on the works of backchannels and those
functions which occur in natural conversation between Daniel Radcliffe
B. Concept
1. Conversation Analysis
Conversation analysis developed as a field of study in the 1960s
through intense collaboration among the late Harvey Sacks, Emanuel
Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson. It seeks to describe the underlying social
organization which conceived as an institutionalized the basics of
interactional rules, procedures, and conventions through which orderly and
intelligible social interaction is made possible.5 According to Liddicoat,
Conversation Analysis is an approach to the study of talk in interaction
which grew out of the Ethnomethodological tradition in sociology.6
In addition, conversation analysis focuses on how people produce
utterances, assuming that hearers can make sense of them by using special
methods and procedures. It approaches consider the way participants in
talk construct solutions to recurrent problems in conversation in order to
create social order.7 Besides, Goodwin and Heritage explain that
conversation analysis has focused primarily on ordinary conversational
interaction and conversation between acquaintances, friends, and siblings.8
In the framework of „conversation analysis‟ (CA), the various mechanisms determining people‟s use of language in an extended, open
5
Charles Goodwin & John Heritage, Conversation Analysis Vol. 19, (Los Angeles: Annual Reviews inc, 1990), p. 288..
6
Anthony J. Liddicoat An Introduction to Conversation Analysis, (New York: Continuum, 2007), p. 2.
7
Karin Aijmer & Anna-Brita Stenstrom, Approaches to Spoken Interaction, (Journal of Pragmatics 37, 2005), p. 1744.
8
conversational setting are explored: who holds the right to speak (often
called the „floor‟); what kind of rules are there for taking, yielding, or
holding the „floor‟; what makes a particular point in the conversation particularly appropriate for a „turn‟; and so on.9
However, there are many mechanisms in talk occur in
conversation. In any social life, people have different interpretation about
language and how they give responses when they get involve in interaction
with others. Thus, in simple definition, conversation analysis (CA) is the
study of social interaction and the other forms of talk of interaction.
2. Turn Taking
One of the most noticeable features of conversation is that speakers
change. In fact, in most cases, only one person speaks at a time and
transition from speaker to speaker occurs fluidly with few gap and little
overlap.10The basic unit of the conversation is the „turn‟, that is, a shift in
the direction of the speaking „flow‟ which is characteristic of normal
conversation.11
In any situation where control is not fixed in advance, anyone can
attempt to get control, it called turn-taking.12 Speaker change is a
normative process which must be achieved by participants in the
9
Jacob L. Mey, Pragmatics: An Introduction 2nd ed, (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2001), p. 150.
10
Anthony J Liddicoat (2007), Op. cit, p. 51. 11
Jacob L Mey (2001), Op. cit, p. 139. 12
conversation. That is to say, turn-taking behavior is socially constructed
behavior, not the result of an inevitable process.13 Though speaker change,
it is overwhelmingly true that one party talk at a time in conversation. The
feature‟s preservation must take a work, the taking of turns must be organizationally achieved.14
Turns occur normally at certain well-defined junctures in
conversation.15 A model of turn taking can only account for the facts of
turn-taking if it deals with the „randomness‟ of turn-taking in terms of what is said, for how long and by whom. In order to achieve this, a model
of turn-taking needs to be sensitive to each „next bit‟ of talk, rather than trying to describe or prescribe behavior over a whole conversation.16
Furthermore, Sacks et al. as cited in Lerner explain that for turn-taking in
conversation, some way of integrating the two techniques is required in
order to minimize both gaps and overlaps between turns. It can be
described in a set of rules:
1. If the current speaker selects next speaker, then he or she must stop
speaking and the selected speaker must speak.
2. If the current speaker selects next speaker but he or she is
constructing, then transition should occur. He or she should stop
and next speaker should start.
13
Anthony J Liddicoat (2007), loc. cit. 14
Gene H. Lerner, Conversation Analysis: Studies from the first generation, (Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2004), p. 35.
15
Jacob L Mey (2001), loc. cit. 16
3. If current speaker of a next has not been done, self-selection may
be instituted and the current speaker may continue speaking.
4. If the current speaker has finished his or her turns which describe
in third rule, then the selected speaker must speak.17
Moreover, turn-taking is a natural mechanism which always occurs
in a conversation. It is a cooperation form that should be done by
participants in a conversation. According to Lerner, one massively evident
social organizationally relevant is orderliness at talking.18
In addition, it is important to distinguish turn and backchannels,
because backchannels is not turn, and vice versa. Nevertheless, turn could
be as simple as backchannels. The only thing that separates them into two
different terms is that backchannels do not purloin the speaker shift, there
is no speaker change at that moment. Turn is only belong to the primary
speaker, any utterances even it is simple like backchannels which
produced by primary speaker must be serve as turn, not backchannels.
3. Overlap
Mostly, conversation consists of two, or more, participants taking
turns, and only one participant speaking at any time in conversation.19
When people in conversation, and there are participants who talk at the
same time, then overlap is occurs. Yule explain that overlap is when both
17
Gene H. Lerner (2004), loc. cit. 18Ibid,
p. 35. 19
speakers trying to speak at the same time.20 Overlapping talk occurs in
places which are just prior to possible completion, that is, within the
transition space, and produce very short overlaps.21
Besides, overlap is related to features of the turn-taking system.22 It
is not seen as competitive, it is a way for people to grabbing the turn.23
More than one person speaking at a time can be an interactional problem,
and this problem can only be resolved by a return to one person speaking
at a time. Schegloff as cited in Liddicoat maintain that common overlap is
indicated by increased volume, higher pitch, and faster or slower pace of
talk.24
Moreover, overlap must not be confused with backchannels. People
do overlap in order to grab the turn from the primary speaker that is why
overlap is related to features of turn taking system. Nonetheless, if those
overlap is not aimed to grab the speakership, it is only serve as a signal to
what speaker says, then it is not overlap but backchannels. The difference
between both of them is that backchannels is not a way to grab the turn.
4. Backchannels
During a conversation, speakers, within an extended turn, still
expect that their conversational partners to indicate that they are listening.
20Ibid, p. 72. 21
Anthony J Liddicoat (2007), Op. cit, p. 87. 22
Ibid, p. 89. 23
T. Givon, Conversation: Cognitive, Communicative, and Social Perspectives vol 34, (Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing V, 1997), p. 64.
24
Backchannels provide feedback to the current speaker that the message is
being received.25 Wales maintain that feedback refers to process where a
receiver‟s reactions to a message are picked up by the sender.26
The receiver‟s reactions can be in different ways, including head
nodes, smiles, and other facial expressions and gestures, but the most
common is vocal indication such as („uh-huh, „yeah‟, „mmm‟) when
someone is talking.27 Furthermore, backchannels are utterances as well as
turns, but it is not purloin the speaker‟s floor during a conversation. People
use backchannels to acknowledge what the current speaker says and
generally encourage him or her to go on.28 Yule gives the example of
backchannels as below,
Caller: If you use your long distance service a lot than you‟ll
Marry: uh-uh
Caller: be interested in the discount I‟m talking about because
Marry: yeah
Caller: it can only save you money to switch to a cheaper service
Marry: mmm
25
George Yule (1996), Op. cit, p. 75.
26
Katie Wales, A Dictionary of Stylistics. 2nd ed., (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. 2001), p.147.
27
George Yule (1996), loc. cit. 28
Moreover, backchannels occur in both face-to-face and telephone
conversation. It indicates that the listener is following and not objecting to,
what the speaker is saying.29 It is perhaps more often inserted at syntactic
and semantic, and occurs naturally. Stenstrom explains that backchannels
as a means of helping the complex transaction. People use backchannels to
let the current speaker continue his or her speaking.30
The absence of backchannels during a conversation is typically
interpreted as significant. During telephone conversation, the absence of
backchannels may lead the speaker to ask if the listener still there. Besides,
during face-to-face conversation, the absence of backchannels may be
interpreted as a way of withholding agreement, leading to disagreement.31
In conclusion, Stenstrom describes support moves, which can be
nowadays, with a few restrictions, reclassified as backchannels. The
characteristics of those support moves are,
1. They are no turns in their own right and thus do not involve
speaker shift.
2. They may be inserted almost anywhere during a conversation.
3. They are often uttered simultaneously with part of ongoing talk
(overlap).
4. They are mostly uttered with low intonation.
29
George Yule (1996), loc.cit. 33
Anna –Brita Stenstrom (1994), op. cit, p. 6. 31
5. They may be accompanied by body-motion.
6. They may be replaced by body language.32
5. The Functions of Backchannels
Several researchers have contributed to determine backchannel
functions. Fries, Yngve, and Orestrom believe that backchannels are a
means for the non-primary speaker to give a signal to the primary speaker
that he or she understands and agrees.33 Furthermore, Tottie claims that
backchannels have several functions, which normally occur
simultaneously. They signal understanding and agreement, what can be
termed the supportive function and encourage the speaker to continue his
or her turn. Backchannels may end up as a turn, if the previous speaker
shows no willingness to continue speaking.34
Moreover, Maynard classified the functions of backchannels into
six functions as follows,35
1. Continuers
According to Schegloff, backchannels functions as a continuer
whereby the hearer, by using backchannels cues, they mandating
32
Anna –Brita Stenstrom, Impromptu Speech: A Symposium. Abo: Abo Akademis Kopieringscentrtal 1st ed, 1982, p. 321.
33Pino Cutrone, “The Backchannel norms of Native English Speakers: A Target for
Japanese L2 English Learners”, (Language Studies Working Papers vol. 2, 2010), p. 4. 34
Gunnel Tottie, Conversational Style in British and American English: The case of backchannels, (New York: Longman, 1991), p. 256-257.
35
the current speaker to continue speaking.36 The main functions of
this type of backchannels are for the non-primary speaker to signal
the primary speaker that they are listening, and allow the primary
speaker to continue his or her turn. This can be seen in the
following example below,
A. I‟ll pick it up from his place
B. Mm hm
A. At around 7 o‟clock.37
Gardner explains that items such as „Mm-hm‟ and „Uh-huh‟ with a
fall rising intonation are indicated as continuers. Besides, items
such as „Yeah‟ and „Mmm‟ are called acknowledgement tokens
and also serve as continuers.38
2. Display of understanding of content
This function of backchannels occurs when non-primary speaker
feels it is necessary to show that he or she understands about the
primary speaker is talking about, as in the following example,
A: You have to go two blocks.
B: Mm hm.
A: then turn left at the video store.
36In Ron White, “Backchannelling, repair, pausing, andprivate speech”, ( Applied Linguistics Vol. 18, no. 3, 1997), p. 323.
37
Pino Cutrone (2010), loc. cit. 38
B: Uh huh.
A: It‟s a few stores down on the right side.
B: I see.
A: You can‟t miss it.39
Yule maintains that the types of signal („uh-huh‟, „yeah‟, „mmm‟)
indicated that the non-primary speaker is following, and not
objecting to, what speaker is saying.40 „Yeah‟ is thought to serve several functions, one of the functions is to show understanding of
content.41
3. Agreement
This function of backchannels occurs when the non-primary
speaker reacts to a question or question like utterance made by the
primary speaker, as in the example below,
A: You mean you heard the news already.
B: Ya
C. I was going to tell you.42
In example such this, it may be difficult to distinguish between the
agreement and understanding categories. According to Tao and
Thompson, a distinction by pointing out that the non-primary
39 Ibid. 40
George Yule (1996), Op. cit, pp. 75-76. 41
speaker gives a claim of understanding when the primary speaker
provides some new and previously unknown information to the
non-primary speaker. In the other hand, acknowledgement of
agreement does not involve unknown information.43
4. Support and empathy toward the speaker‟s judgment
This function of backchannels occurs when the non-primary
speaker respond with a show of support and empathy to a
statement produced by the primary speaker, as in the following
example below,
A: He quit his job again
B: It‟s going to be hard to find a new one
A: Yeah
B: He‟ll have to apply...
Geaney mantains that backchannels is vocal cues that signify that
the primary speaker still has the non-primary‟s interest.44 Maynard
identifies „Yeah‟ as a backchannel form that can be used to express support and empathy towards the primary speaker‟s judgment.45
43
In Ibid. pp. 5-6. 44
Declan Geaney, Discourse Analysis and Related Topics for Teachers of English as a Second Language 1st ed. (Praha: Karolinum, 1996), p. 69.
45
5. Strong emotional response
This function of backchannels occurs when the non-primary
speaker responds emphatically to a statement produced by the
primary speaker, which indicate more than simple continuer,
understanding or support, as in the following example,
A. I got an A+ on my Chemistry test.
B. Fantastic!
A. I hope I can keep it up all semester.
Goodwin has suggested assessment such as „Wow‟ or „Great‟
serves as strong emotive responses.46
6. Minor addition or request for information
This function of backchannels occur when the non-primary speaker
corrects something the primary speaker has just uttered, when the
non-primary speaker needs clarification or when the non-primary
speaker attempts to add a word in completing the utterance of the
primary speaker, as the example below,
A: John will likely be back in April.
B: Really.
A. Yeah, the government is reducing troops in the gulf.47
46 In Ibid. 47Ibid.
Maynard has pointed out that the item such as „Really‟ is a
common backchannel form to request confirmation.48 However, the
intonation is important to produce backchannels. Stenstrom
describes that the backchannels can reflect empathy, enthusiasm,
and indignation, but they can also reflect a lack of interest,
indifference, and impatience.49
6. Key of Transcription
In conversation analysis study, transcription serve important role
because the transcript is a representation an event in conversation which is
constructed by the researcher.50 Transcription is not simply a
representation of talk, but an analytic tool which help the researcher to
notice the features of talk in conversation.51 The table below could explain
[image:31.595.128.511.303.728.2]the trancription convention based on Liddicoat.
Table of transcription key
Key Explanations
[words] with
alignment
Overlap; uttered simultaneously
with part of ongoing talk
Words Stressed on the utterance
Full stop (.) Falling intonation; complete turn
Comma (,) Slight falling/rising intonation,
48
In Ibid.
49
Anna –Brita Stenstrom (1994), loc. cit. 50
Anthonny J Liddicoat (2007), op.cit, p. 13.
51
incomplete intonation
>words< Faster than surrounding talk
<words> Slower than surrounding talk
Degree sign (°) Quite talk or whispering talk
(0,2) Pause less than a second, 2
millisecond. The millisecond is
located after comma, the second
is located before comma
word Falling intonation in utterance
within a turn
word Rising intonation in utterance
within a turn
Equal sign (=) Talk with no desirable interval (reducing TRP) between
participants or pause between
23 CHAPTER III
DATA ANALYSIS / FINDINGS
A. The Data Description
This chapter contains several selected-data that will be analyzed in
this research. The data are collected from the beginning section until the
end of section transcript. The collected data in this research will be
categorized and tabulated based on the research questions in chapter 1.
[image:33.595.144.516.311.758.2]The utterances from both participants are below:
Table of The Utterance and Backchannels between Participants
No Data Backchannels
1 Radcliffe: David should ask my dad if I
would [audition] =
Rowling: [mm-hm]
Radcliffe: = and the original deal was
that we‟d heard…
Mm-hm
2 Rowling: I had written you know a
strong female charac[ter] who was
primarily =
Radcliffe: [yeah]
Rowling: = about brain.=
Radcliffe: = ye[ah]
Rowling: [and] that she chose to
become a nickel. =
Radcliffe: = ye[ah]
Rowling: [more] groom and
glamorouses
3 Radcliffe: You were around a lot at the
beginning and early on [very] very
involve=
Rowling: [yeah]
Radcliffe: = and as you kind of saw…
Yeah
4 Radcliffe: The contact lenses there is
very small percentage of people
apparently who have very uh (0,8)
Rowling: ex[treme reaction]
Radcliffe: [extreme reac][tion] =
Rowling: [yeah]
Radcliffe: = to ehm [contact lenses] =
Rowling: [You poor thing]
Radcliffe: = and I was one of them. =
Rowling: = I feel really bad
Extreme reaction, yeah,
you poor thing and I feel
really bad
5 Rowling: He was telling me things I
needed to hear [sometimes] I‟m really like that. =
Oh really? and that’s
Radcliffe: [oh really,]
Rowling: °Yeah°.=
Radcliffe: = That‟s amazing.=
Rowling: = Yeah I miss him.
6 Rowling: It was a relief to say right there
the films and I‟m over here with the books and that‟s fine and I trust these
people and I did and I do, =
Radcliffe: = and that‟s wonder[ful]
Rowling: [a:nd] you
know I think and I have to say
that it was...
And that’s wonderful
7 Radcliffe: >I can explain this to you in
two minutes but I don‟t know if that‟s possible< because I remember I had to
re read = the end of seventh [at] fe:w
time =
Rowling: [yeah]
Radclifffe: = It‟s to: much the end of
seventh the epilo:gue,
Yeah
8
owling: Rowling: I saw so clearly in my mind I
knew I could help I knew I genuinely
could help [and] I could help them =
Radcliffe: [yeah]
owlinh: Rowling: = to make it right for the
readers and I felt a huge uhm
protectiveness
9 Rowling: And just physically Hagrid
being so big and fatherly=and Harry
being lame in his arms so that‟s why we
were all was going. =
Radcliffe: = That‟s amazing.
That’s amazing
10 Radcliffe: As the books when own,=
Rowling: = mm-hm. =
Radcliffe: = <and you realize that =
actually there we:re> (0,5) suddenly was
getting a massive about our fan base as
well. =
Rowling: = mm-hm.
Mm-hm
11 Radcliffe: It‟s almost become part of, (0,3)
Rowling: the legend. =
Radcliffe: = the legend of Harry [Potter]
you knew all of it.
Rowling: [yeah]
The legend and yeah
you know <if we did make> a six hour
Harry potter film there would be, (0,2)
Rowling: there would be [an audience
for it,] =
Radcliffe: [there would
be an audience] yeah.
Rowling: = and they would still be
complaining that things were wr[o:ng] =
Radcliffe: [yeah]
Rowling: = and they would still want
director‟s cut. =
Radcliffe: = Yeah.
Rowling: = so so let‟s not even go down that route
audience and yeah
13 Rowling: There was always logic to the
magic euh however strange it became.=
Radcliffe: = yeah.
Rowling: = and I know it‟s intriguing to
go through the mouth
Yeah
14 Rowling: So we had a bit of a
°discussion about that°. =
Radcliffe: = okay,
Rowling: = sometimes I will dig my
heels in about the funniest things
B. The Data Analysis
In this section, those selected data which tabulated in the previous
section will be analysed in this research. There are 14 selected data which
taken from the transcript of conversation between J.K Rowling and Daniel
Radcliffe. The data will be analyzed one by one in order to answer the
research questions in chapter 1. The data can be analyzed as follows,
Datum 1
Radcliffe: David should ask my dad if I would [audition] and the
original deal was that we‟d heard…
Rowling: [mm-hm]
In this part, before identifying backchannels, it is really important
to determine the turn which occur in the conversation above, because
backchannels is not a turn. Based on the theory, datum 1 shows that there
is only one turn occur in the conversation and it belongs to Radcliffe.
Radcliffe‟s utterances David should ask my dad if I would an audition and
the original deal was that we’d heard is a turn which makes him as the
primary speaker. Besides, Rowling‟s utterance mm-hm produces when
Radcliffe still taking his floor is not a turn, it is overlap. Overlap often use
when the non-primary speaker tries to grab his/her floor in order to make
However, in this case, overlap which occur in Rowling utterance is
not seen as her way to grab the floor because she only produces simple
utterance mm-hm as a feedback to what Radcliffe says. The type of signal
which given by Rowling as a feedback to Radcliffe known as
backchannels. One characteristic of backchannels is that they often uttered
simultaneously with part of ongoing talk (overlap). The distinction
between overlap and backchannels is that backchannels is not seen as a
way to grab the speaker floor. Thus, because Rowling simple utterance is
only a feedback to what Radcliffe says, then it is backchannels, not turn.
Furthermore, based on the context of the conversation, Rowling
does backchannels as a signal to Radcliffe indicate that she is listening and
allowing him to continue his turn. Schegloff mantain that backchannels
functioned as a continuer whereby the hearer, by using backchannels cues,
they are mandating the current speaker to continue speaking. Therefore,
that backchannels functioned as continuer.
Datum 2
Rowling: I had written you know a strong
female charac[ter] who was primarily about brain.=
Radcliffe: [yeah] = ye[ah]
Rowling: [and] that
Radcliffe: = ye[ah]
Rowling: [more] groom and glamorouses.
Different with datum 1, datum 2 is more complex. Some
mechanisms in conversation occur in the conversation above; they are
turn, overlap, and backchannels. In the beginning of the transcript,
Rowling produces the utterance I had written you know a strong female
character who was primarily about brain to take the floor. Meanwhile,
when Rowling is still taking her turn, Radcliffe does overlap by producing
the simple utterance yeah. It is seen neither as his way to grabs the turn nor
to takes his own turn, but it is backchannels. In turn, there is transition
relevance places. Transition relevance places (TRP) occur when the
utterance have completion of grammatical, semantical, and intonational in
order to make the speaker shift and to make the flow of the conversation.
In the case of Radcliffe utterance yeah, although Rowling utterance could
be seen as grammatically and semantically complete, but it has an
incomplete intonation because Rowling still continue her turn. On the
other hand, Radcliffe simple utterance is not a way to grab the speakership
because after it, Radcliffe do not continue speaking. Thus, those simple
utterances is only serves as a feedback to Rowling; it is backchannels.
In addition, after Rowling finishes her first turn by making her
utterance intonationally complete with falling intonation, Radcliffe
indicate that there is a speaker shift. At any TRP, there are two basic ways
in which next speaker could gains the speakership, either the current
speaker can select the next speaker or a next speaker may self-select.52 In
the case of Radcliffe second yeah, it serves neither as the current speaker
select the next speaker nor speaker self-select. Schegloff argues that not all
verbalization serves as speaker self-select. Other forms of talk are
designed spesifically to show that a participant is not taking the floor.
Continuers, such as yes, mm-hm, uh-huh produced during an extended turn
do not taking up the speakership at this point.53 Radcliffe second utterance
occurs without no gap and overlap because he produces it immediately
when Rowling finishes her turn. Although he does so, his utterance could
not see as taking his floor because it is only simple utterance indicate that
he gives Rowling attention to the discussion. In sum, because Radcliffe
second utterances yeah do not serve both as turn and overlap, then it is
backchannels.
Furthermore, Rowling continues the floor early in Radcliffe
ongoing talk by producing and that she chose to become a nickel, which is
known as overlap. Rowling continues her early floor with the word and
simultaneously with Radcliffe utterance yeah. Obviously, Rowling
utterance is overlap because it is her way to grab her floor back and it
proved by her following utterance that she chose to become a nickel.
Therefore, those utterances serves both as turn and overlap.
52
Radcliffe produces his third yeah immediately when Rowling
finishes her turn because her utterance have gramatically and semantically
complete, and falling intonation. Radcliffe third yeah serves similarly with
his second one. He produces it as a response to what Rowling is talking
about; it serves as backchannels. In addition, Rowling third floor utterance
more groom and glamorouses serve similarly with her second one. He
produces it with overlap to take her turn back.
On the other hand, to determine the function of backchannels, it is
important to give attention about the context of the conversation, because
backchannels yeah is thought to serve several functions, it generally
functioned either as showing understanding content or give an agreement
about what the speaker says. In this case, based on understanding of the
context of their conversation, both of them are discussing about Hermione
Granger as supporting actress in Harry Potter film. Meanwhile, three
backchannels yeah which produced by Radcliffe is to respond a
judgmental utterance produced by Rowling a strong female character who
was primarily about brain and that she chose to become a nickel more
groom and glamorouses. Thus, that backchannels is functioned as an
agreement. Because when the speaker produces a question, question like
utterance or statement which is tend to be an opinion, then backchannels
Datum 3
Radcliffe: You were around a lot at the beginning and early on
[very] very involve and as you kind of saw…
Rowling: [yeah]
In datum 3, there is only one both backchannels and turn which
occur in the conversation. Radcliffe takes the floor by producing the
utterance you were around a lot at the beginning and early on very very
involve and as you kind of saw..., but when his utterance has not finish,
Rowling does the simple utterance yeah simultaneously with part of
Radcliffe ongoing talk which is known as overlap. Mostly, people do
overlap to grab the speakership from the current speaker and make s/he as
the primary speaker. However, in this case, Rowling‟s overlap could not see as grab the floor because she only produces a simple utterance in order
to respond Radcliffe utterance. Thus, her simple utterance yeah does not
belong to turn taking strategy, it belongs to backchannels. The distinction
between overlap and backchannels which produce with overlap is that
backchannels do not purloin the speaker shift. Therefore, after Rowling
produces yeah does not make her as the primary speaker immadiately.
Meanwhile, in this case, by understanding the context of their
conversation, although Radcliffe utterance you were around a lot at the
beginning and early on very very involve and as you kind of saw... does
that backchannels yeah which produced by Rowling is functioned as an
agreement. The context of their conversation is that both of them are
discussing about the process of making Harry Potter film; how much
Rowling involves during the process of making the film, so Radcliffe
produces you were around a lot at the beginning and early on vey very
involve and as you kind of saw, and Rowling produces backchannels yeah
indicates that she understands what Radcliffe talking about. Thus, because
they are sharing the same knowledge, the function of backchannels yeah
which produced by Rowling is as the display of understanding content, not
as an agreement.
Datum 4
Radcliffe: The contact lenses there is very small percentage of
people apparently who have very uh (0,8)
Rowling: ex[treme reaction]
Radcliffe: [extreme reac][tion] = to ehm [contact lenses] =
Rowling: [yeah] [You poor thing]
Radcliffe: = and I was one of them. =
The transcription above shows that there are several overlap occur
in the conversation. Overlap is related to features of the turn taking system
which means that people do overlap to grab the speaker floor. In contrast,
if people do overlap in order to respond about what speaker says and do
not aimed to grab the floor, then the overlap belongs to backchannels.
Furthermore, the transcription above shows that Radcliffe takes his turn by
producing the contact lenses there is very small percentage of people
apparently who have very. There is short pause less than a second occur in
Radcliffe utterance. Radcliffe short pause do not indicate the speaker shift
because there is no TRP. Radcliffe utterance have an incomplete
grammatical, semantical, and intonational.
However, in order to maintain the flow of the conversation,
Rowling as the listener needs to give a response to occupy Radcliffe short
pause so that the attributable silence which interpreted as significant could
not happened. Therefore, Rowling produces the utterance extreme reaction
as verbal fillers to occupy the short pause. Those verbal fillers do not serve
either as overlap or turn, but it is backchannels. White claims that
backchannels cues tend mostly to occupy short pauses, usually less than a
second.54 The argument that Rowling extreme reaction is backchannels
supported by one of backchannels functions which serve as sentence
completion. In the context of the conversation, Radcliffe produces short
pause because it seems like he forgets about the words that he wants to say
54
and because Rowling knows the context of the discussion, she produces
extreme reaction to complete Radcliffe utterance and to occupy the short
pauses.
In addition, Radcliffe continue his turn immadiately while Rowling
still speaking. Radcliffe produces extreme reaction with overlap in order
to grab the floor back. It proved by his following utterance to ehm contact
lensesand I was one of them. In this case, those Radcliffe utterances serve
as turn. He grabs his floor back by producing the forgotten utterance
extreme reaction from his previous utterance. Meanwhile, Rowling does
two overlaps yeah and you poor thing simultaneously with Radcliffe
utterance extreme reaction and contact lenses, but this overlap serve only
as a reaction to what Radcliffe says rather than to grab the floor. Then, the
overlap belongs to backchannels. Each backchannels produced by
Rowling functioned as continuers and support/empathy.
The other backchannels which occur in the conversation comes
from Rowling utterance I feel really bad. She produces it with no gap and
overlap. She decreases TRP, the beat of silence which is the normal value
of the transition space is not present. Although she does so, those
utterances do not serve as turn because Rowling produces it in order to
give a support and empathy to Radcliffe bad experience about the contact
Datum 5
Rowling: He was telling me things I needed to hear [sometimes] I‟m
really liked that.
Radcliffe: [oh really,]
Rowling: °Yeah°.=
Radcliffe: = That‟s amazing.=
Rowling: = Yeah I miss him.
Datum 5 contains that Rowling takes the first floor with the
utterance he was telling me thing I needed to hear sometimes I’m really
like that. Meanwhile, Radcliffe produces oh really with slight rising
intonation when Rowling still taking the turn, known as overlap. In this
datum, overlap does not see as grabs the floor or purloin the speaker shift.
Radcliffe only produces it to react toward Rowling utterance, functioned
as request for information. Therefore, for those reason, oh really produced
by Radcliffe serve as backchannels. In addition, Rowling utterance yeah is
not backchannels, it is turn. Those utterances rather provide as an answer
of oh really from Radcliffe than a feedback of it. Radcliffe continues the
conversation by producing his second backchannels that’s amazing.
Radcliffe produces it without no gap and overlap because he does it
immadiately when Rowling‟s talk stops. Although he does so, it does not
mean that he takes the floor. Rowling choose no one as the next speaker,
serve as speaker self-select. Radcliffe utterance rather provide as his strong
emotional response to a statement produced by Rowling than as a turn.
Furthermore, Rowling takes the floor through speaker self-select.
She produces yeah I miss him immadiately when possible completion
occur in Radcliffe utterance. In this case, those utterance serve as turn, not
backchannels, because from the beginning of the discussion, the only one
who gain the speakership is Rowling and backchannels only belong to
listener who does not take up the speakership. In sum, it is no way for
backchannels occur over backchannels.
Datum 6
Rowling: It was a relief to say right there the films and I‟m over here
with the books and that‟s fine and I trust these people and I did and I
do,=
Radcliffe: = and that‟s wonder[ful]
Rowling: [a:nd] you know I think and I have to
say that it was….
In datum 6, Rowling takes up the speakership by producing the
utterance It was a relief to say right there the films and I’m over here with the books and that’s fine and I trust these people and I did and I do,.
Those utterances could be seen both grammatically and semantically
utterance with slight falling intonation which indicate that she wants to
continue her floor. However, Radcliffe produces the utterance and that’s
wonderful in possible comnpletion of Rowling‟s utterance without no gap
and overlap. He produces it immadiately when Rowling talk stop. In this
case, Radcliffe utterance could not see as turn because he produces it in
order to make a signal of complex transaction that Rowling delivers in her
talk. It happened because as the listener, Radcliffe has to gives a cue
which indicates that he is following and not objecting to what Rowling
says. In conversation analysis study, it is known as backchannels.
Backchannels is a signal given by listener toward the speaker utterance.
Backchannels do not legitimate the speakership or floor because it does
not purloin the speaker shift. It has been proven that after Radcliffe
produces and that’s wonderful, it does not make him as the primary
sepaker because Rowling continues her utterance by grabbing the floor
back (overlap) by producing the utterance and you know I think and I have
to say that it was. Rowling produces her beginning utterance and
simultaneously with Radcliffe ongoing talk. Thus, it is a kind of turn
which she gains through overlap.
Moreover, backchannels produced by Radcliffe that’s wonderful is
a kind of his empathic response to a statement produced by Rowling,
which indicate more than simple continuer, understanding or support.
Radcliffe does that backchannels as a compliment to Rowling because he
that’s wonderful is functioned as strong emotional response. Besides,
several types of backchannels which have the same function are wow,
great, and amazing.
Datum 7
Radcliffe: >I can explain this to you in two minutes but I don‟t know
if that‟s possible< because I remember I had to re read=the end of
seventh [at] fe:w time it‟s to: much the end of seventh the epilo:gue,
Rowling: [yeah]
In the beginning of the transcription, Radcliffe takes up his floor by
producing a complex utterance. He produces the talk which is noticeably
faster than his surrounding talk indicated by (>words<). On the other side,
Rowling produces simple utterance yeah simultaneously with Radcliffe
ongoing talk, which is known as overlap. Overlap is a way for listener to
grab the turn from the current speaker. Furthermore, if the aim of overlap
is to grab the floor, then it relates to turn taking strategy. Nevertheless,
yeah produced by Rowling do not serve as her way to grab the turn
because after Rowling produces it, Radcliffe still taking up the
speakership. Therefore, in this case, those overlap belong to backchannels.
Rowling produces backchannels as a response to the issue of the
discussion delivered by Radcliffe.
In addition, as the important mechanism in conversation,
backchannels. The function of backchannels is really related to the context
of the conversation. However, by understanding the context of the
conversation, backchannels yeah used by Rowling functioned only as
continuers. Rowling produces it in order to give a signal that she is
listening and allowing Radcliffe to keep talking.
Datum 8
Rowling: I saw so clearly in my mind I knew I could help I knew I
genuinely could help [and] I could help them to make it right for the
readers =
Radcliffe: [yeah]
Rowling: = and I felt a huge uhm protectiveness
The conversation above consists only one both turn and
backchannels. Rowling takes up her turn by producing long utterance
which is the complex one. On the other hand, Radcliffe producing simple
utterance yeah while Rowling still taking up the floor. Those utterance
produces simultaneously with Rowling ongoing talk, so overlap occur in
this case. Nonetheless, this overlap does not belong to turn taking strategy,
but it belongs to backchannels. Radcliffe produces yeah in order to give a
reaction of the complex utterance delivered by Rowling. During a
conversation, speakers, within an extended turn, still expect that their
backchannels as a means of helping the complex transaction. Therefore,
yeah produced by Radcliffe could not see as turn, but backchannels.
Furthermore, Radcliffe produces backchannels yeah to respond
Rowling opinion about helping the readers of Harry potter book.
Backchannels which produced by listener toward the speaker judgment
could be seen as an agreement, which is more than simple continuers.
Thus, Radcliffe backchannels yeah functioned as an agreement.
Datum 9
Rowling: And just physically Hagrid being so big and fatherly=and
Harry being lame in his arms so that‟s why we were all was going. =
Radcliffe: = That‟s amazing.
Similar with the previous datum, this datum only contain one both
turn and backchannels. The turn is belong to Rowling, and backchannels
belong to Radcliffe. Rowling takes up the speakership by producing long
utterance. Her utterances have grammatically, semantically, and
intonationally completes. She finishes her utterance with falling intonation
on the word going. Those three characteristics of turn could legitimate
that the current speaker‟s floor is finished. In addition, Radcliffe produces
the simple utterance in possible completion or TRP. He produces it
the possible completion. Nevertheless, as long as the listener whose
utterance roles as a signal to what speaker is talking about, then it is not
turn, but backchannels. Thus, that’s amazing produced by Radcliffe is
backchannels.
Moreover, Stenstrom maintain that a listener is not allowed to
remain passive, nor allowed to provide silent feedback. Hence, Radcliffe
produces that utterance to show to Rowling as the speaker that he still has
an interest to what Rowling says. Based on Maynard described about the
functions of backchannels, that’s amazing is a backchannels which serve
to show an empathy or strong emotional response which is more than as a
continuers or agreement. In sum, if the listener produces backchannels
such as wow, great, amazing, fantastic, etc, they are probably functioned
as strong emotional response.
Datum 10
Radcliffe: As the books when own, =
Rowling: = mm-hm.
Radcliffe: = <and you realize that = actually there we:re> (0,5)
suddenly was getting a massive about our fan base as well. =
Rowling: = mm-hm.
The conversation between Radcliffe and Rowling above shows that
the flow is very goes well because the absence of overlap. In the beginning
compound sentence ended with slight falling intonation which indicates
that his floor has not finished yet. However, Rowling produces simple
utterance not to taking up her turn but only make a feedback which
indicates that she is listening and encouraging Radcliffe to keep talking.
Thus, Rowling simple utterance mm-hm is backchannels. The one who
produces backchannels in conversation do not legitimate him/her as the
primary speaker, s/he does not taking up the speakership at that moment. It
proved by the continuity of Radcliffe‟s turn by his following utterance
<and you realize that = actually there we:re> (0,5) suddenly was getting
a massive about our fan base as well.
Moreover, both of them are very well maintaining the flow of their
conversation. The transition between turns at talk is done smoothly.
Nevertheless, in this case, it is necessary to understand that the turn is only
belong to Radcliffe as the primary speaker. Any utterance produced by
Rowling as the listener considered not as turn, but backchannels. Although
Rowling produces her two utterances without no gap and overlap and
within TRP, but it is only serve as a response which functioned as
continuer to what Radcliffe says. According to Hatch, during
conversations, even when it is not our turn at talk, we may nod or make
encourages the speaker to continue. These signals do not take the turn
away from the speaker.55
Datum 11
Radcliffe: It‟s almost become part of, (0,3)
Rowling: the legend. =
Radcliffe: = the legend of Harry [Potter] you knew all of it.
Rowling: [yeah]
In datum 11, Radcliffe begins the discussion by taking up the floor.
There is a short pause occur in Radcliffe utterance less than a second. It is
a normal value in conversation. The short pause probably occurs because
he is thinking about the word that he wants to deliver in order to complete
his utterance. However, to avoid a long pause in Radcliffe utterance,
Rowling produces a word as verbal fillers. Verbal fillers aimed to occupy
the short pause. It is not a kind of turn because Rowling does not taking up
the speakership at that moment, but it is backchannels. Rowling produces
those utterances not only as verbal fillers, but also as a sentence
completion. She delivers the word the legend to complete Radcliffe
utterance because she knows about the context of the discussion. It proved
by Radcliffe following utterance the legend of Harry Potter you knew all
of it in his own turn. The legend word which delivered by Rowling is the
55
exact word that Radcliffe means. That is why Radcliffe produces it in the
beginning of his following utterance.
Furthermore, Rowling produces her second backchannels in this
conversation. She produces it simultaneously with Radcliffe ongoing talk.
The utterance yeah produced by Rowling indicates that she is following
and encouraging Radcliffe to go on. Rowling produces backchannels with
overlap, but it is not seen as grabbing the floor, it is only a response. In
sum, in this conversation, both of them have a good role as the speaker and
hearer. Radcliffe does the utterance to takes up the speakership as the
primary speaker, and Rowling does backchannels to give a feedback as the
listener.
Datum 12
Radcliffe: I do I do sometimes think that you know <if we did
make> a six hour Harry potter film there would be, (0,2)
Rowling: there would be [an audience for it,] =
Radcliffe: [there would be an audience] = yeah =
Rowling: = and they would still be complaining that
things were wr[o:ng] and they would still want director‟s cut. =
Radcliffe: [yeah] =Yeah.
Datum 12 contains several turn, overlap, and backchannels. In the
beginning of the conversation, Radcliffe takes up the speakership and
there is a short pause less than a second in his utterance. Radcliffe delivers
the utterance by producing the word be with slight falling intonation. The
slight falling intonation which followed by a short pause, however, lead
Rowling as the listener to takes up the turn because she knows the context
of the discussion. In the previous cases of the data in this research, the
listener who produces the utterance to fill the short pause serves as
backchannels. Nonetheless, in this datum, the utterance aimed rather to
take the turn than to fill the short pause. Then it is turn, not backchannels.
Rowling produces the utterance there would be an audience for it to take
up the speakership from Radcliffe as the current speaker. Rowling gain the
speakership through speaker self-select. The proof of this argument is that
the one who take up the speakership till the end of the discussion is
Rowling. Thus, there would be an audi
