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A DESIGN OF AN AIR IONIZER USING THE COCKCROFT – WALTON VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER
SUZI BINTI MUHAMAD
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronics) With Honours
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4. Sila tandakan ( √ ) :
SULIT*
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD* (Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
__________________________ ___________________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap: KG PERMATANG MACHANG JELAWAT,16070 BACHOK KELANTAN
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“I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own works except for quotes as cited
in the references.”
Signature :……… Name : SUZI BINTI MUHAMAD Date :………
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“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in
terms of scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering
(Electronic Industrial) with Honours”
Signature : ……….
Supervisor‟s Name : EN.ZULKARNAIN BIN ZAINUDIN
Date : ……….
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Special dedicated to my beloved parent, family, lecturer, friends, who had strongly encouraged and supported me in my entire journey of learning.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have completed my thesis which is a partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of Bachelor in Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronic).
On this opportunity, I would like to express my gratitude to the Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka generally and especially to my supervisor En.Zulkarnain Bin Zainudin for her help, advice and guidance throughout the process of searching, collecting information, analyzing and completing the report.
To my parent, I would like to express million of thanks to them for their support and always understanding in everything. Hence, I would like to thanks to all my friends especially 4 BENE student for their great cooperation and supports and also to everyone who involve in this project either direct or indirect.
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ABSTRACT
Air Ionizer is a project that required design by using the Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier to generate negative ion. The air ionizer will produced negative ions in the air for a small room such as the tutorial room in FKEKK. This project will develop an air ionizer which can produce the negative ions to the air. The development of the air ionizer will involve electronic circuit. The Cockcroft-Walton design is based on the Half-Wave Series Multiplier. By using only capacitor and diodes, these voltage multipliers can step up relatively low voltage to extremely high value. This project will focus on the generation of a massive amount of negative ions. The advantages of this project will using a low cost component and easy to insulate. The problem statements are the quality of air is reducing and causing many health problems to mankind. Beside that, now there is green house effect that will cause the damage to a human such as skin effect, asthma and other illness related to the air. This circuit is design to solve the problem related to the low quality air in a small room. The main objectives of this project are to generate negative ions by exposing air to a high negative voltage and to converts AC or pulsing DC electrical power from a low voltage level to a higher DC voltage level. Through this project, the characteristic of the Cockcroft-Walton Multiplier circuit will discussed and the related circuit will be design and simulated.
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ABSTRAK
Projek ini dibuat bagi mereka satu litar yang boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan ion negative didalam udara dengan menggunakan pendarab voltan Cockcroft-Walton. Pengion negative ini akan digunakan bagi menghasilkan ion negative untuk kawasan yang kecil seperti bilik tutorial di FKEKK. Pengion yang direka ini akan menghasilkan ion negative di dalam udara. Projek ini memerlukan rekaan dan binaan litar elektronik keseluruhannya. Dengan hanya menggunakan capacitor dan diod akan menaikkan voltan yang rendah kepada voltan yang tinggi. Kebaikan projek ini adalah ianya menelan belanja yang murah bagi kos komponen dan mudah untuk di reka. Pengion ini direka berdasarkan teori Cockcroff-Walton yang membuktikan bahawa ion negative dapat dipisahkan daripada udara sekiranya voltan yang tinggi dialirkan pada satu konduktor pada udara. Pengion negative ini penting bagi mengurangkan ion-ion positif dalam udara yang mana sekiranya terlalu banyak ion akan memberi kesan negative kepada kesihatan manusia. Pernyataan masalah bagi projek ini adalah kualiti udara yang semakin berkurang dan kesan rumah hijau yang akan mendatangkan kemudaratan kepada manusia seperti masalah kulit, lelah dan lain-lain penyakit. Objektif utama projek ini adalah untuk mereka satu litar pengion yang dapat menghasilkan ion-ion negative dalam udara yang dapat mendedahkan udara kepada negative voltan yang tinggi berdasarkan teori Cockcroft-Walton. Melalui projek ini, ciri-ciri pengganda Cockcroft-Walton dapat dikenalpasti dan dibincangkan manakala litar yang terlibat akan dibuat simulasi bagi memperoleh voltage keluar yang memenuhi syarat teori tersebut.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
PROJECT TITLE i
REPORT STATUS CONFIRMATION FORM ii
DECLARATION iii 1.1 Introduction of the Project 1 1.2 Objective of Project 2
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Scope of Project 4 1.5 Project Methodology 5
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II PROJECT BACKGROUND
2.1 Literature Study on Air Ionizer 7 2.2 Literature Study on Cockcroft-Walton Voltage
Multiplier 9
2.2.1 Cockcroft-Walton Application 11
2.2.2 Voltage Multiplier 12
2.2.3 How it works 16
2.2.4 How Negative Ions Purify the Air 17
2.2.5 About Air Ion 18
2.4 Literature Study on Ionizer Technology 20
2.4.1 AC Ionizers 21 3.2.2 Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier 25
3.2.3 Output Voltage 25
3.3 Design of Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier 26 3.3.1 Regulation and Ripple Calculation 27 3.4 Analyzed of Voltage Multiplier Circuit 28 3.4.1 Example of Air Ionizer Circuit 33
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IV RESULT
4.1 Calculation Result 34
4.2 Simulation Result 37
4.2.1 Simulation circuit, where Vdrop0
under no load condition 38
4.2.2.1 Graph for Simulation Circuit 47 4.2.2 Simulation circuit, based on Frequency
Value 50
4.2.3 Design a Cockcroft-Walton Voltage
Multiplier 67
4.2.4 Output Waveform 70
4.3 Measuring Result 70
4.3.1 Measuring Result for Output Voltage 70 4.3.2 Measuring Result after Charging Capacitor 73
4.4 Component Layout 74
4.5 Design of Air Ionizer 75
4.5.1 Air Ionizer Circuit Diagram 75
4.5.2 Air Ionizer Circuit Model 78
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LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Application of the Cockcroft-Walton Voltage
Double circuit 11
4.1 Simulation result, where Vdrop0 under no load
Condition 48
4.2 Simulation result using a difference frequency 65
4.3 Measuring Results for Output Voltage 70
4.4 The Output Voltage for Charging Capacitor 73 4.5 Output Voltages and Sum of Ions Per Cubic Centimeter 80
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LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier 10
2.2 Voltage Multipliers circuit 12
2.3 Cascade Voltage Multipliers 12
2.4 Positive and Negative Cockcroft-Walton
Multiplier circuit 13
2.5 Cockcroft -Walton x8 voltage multiplier 14
2.6 Cockcroft-Walton (x8) waveforms. Output is v(8). 15 2.7 Two Stage of Cockcroft Walton Multiplier 16
2.8 The curve showing CW output voltage 17
2.9 Schematic diagram of an AC-type ionizer 21
2.10 Schematic of a DC-type ionizer. 22
3.1 Flow chart of Project Progress 24
3.2 Block Diagram of Air Ionizer 25
3.3 Simulation of a 3 stage CW multiplier 26
3.4 Cascade circuit according to Cockcroft Walton 29 3.5 Waveform of potentials at the nodes, no load 30 3.6 Loaded cascade circuits, definitions of voltage drop
Vo
and ripple 2V 32
3.7 Negative Ionic Generator Circuit 33
4.1 Simulation for 8 stages CW circuit using 10pFcapacitor 38 4.2 Simulation for 8 stages CW circuit using 300pFcapacitor 39 4.3 Simulation for 8 stages CW circuit using 3.3nFcapacitor 40
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4.4 Simulation for 8 stages CW circuit using 10nFcapacitor 41 4.5 Simulation for 8 stages CW circuit using 51nFcapacitor 42 4.6 Simulation for 8 stages CW circuit using 100nFcapacitor 43 4.7 Simulation for 8 stages CW circuit using 300nFcapacitor 44 4.8 Simulation for 8 stages CW circuit using 750nFcapacitor 45 4.9 Simulation for 8 stages CW circuit using 1uFcapacitor 46 4.10 Simulation for 8 stages CW circuit using 10uFcapacitor 47 4.11 Graph for Capacitor (Farad) versus Output Voltage (Volt) 49 4.12 Simulation for 8 stages of CW circuit using
HZ
V 10
240 Input Voltage 50
4.13 Simulation for 8 stages of CW circuit using
HZ
V 20
240 Input Voltage 51
4.14 Simulation for 8 stages of CW circuit using
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4.44 Air Ionizer Model Design 79
4.45 Negative Ion Measured in the 130m3room 81
4.46 The Handheld Air Ion Counter 81
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LIST OF ABBREVATION
CW - Cockcroft – Walton
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LIST OF APPENDIX
NO TITLE PAGE
A Datasheet Diode IN4001-IN4007 88
B Datasheet Ceramic Disc Capacitor 91
C Journal Air Ion Counter 94
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is about to brief introduction of the „ Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM) thesis. This thesis will introduce what the whole project is all about. The project is to design an air ionizer using the Cockcroft-Walton Multiplier. Chapter 1 is about the introduction of the project, the objective of the project, problem statement, scope of project and simple explanation of methodology. It will give the overview on about this project.
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT
This project is about design of an Air Ionizer by using Cockcoft-Walton Voltage Multiplier is to generate negative ions by exposing air to a high negative voltage. This circuit is design to solve the problem related to the low quality air in a small room. The ionizer will produce negatives ions and neutralize the ions in the air.
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the classic multistage diode/capacitor voltage multiplier. By using only capacitors and diodes, these voltage multipliers can step up relatively low voltages to extremely high values. The Cockcroft-Walton is design based on the Half-Wave Series Multiplier, or voltage doublers. The biggest advantage of such circuit is that the voltage across each stage of this cascade is only equal to twice the peak input voltage.
The development of the air ionizer will involve mechanical and electronic circuit. An air ionizer is a device which used high voltage to ionize, or electrically, air molecules. Ionizers create ions by either adding electrons to atoms/molecules or stripping electrons from atoms/molecules. The basic part of this project is to generating high voltage from a low voltage AC. This project will focus on the generation of a massive amount of negative ions.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT
The objectives of this project are:
1. To converts AC or pulsing DC electrical power from a low voltage level to a higher DC voltage level.
2. To generate negatives ions by exposing air to a high voltage.
3. To solve the problem related to the low quality of air in a small area such as a lecture room.
The first objective is to converts AC or pulsing DC electrical power from a low voltage level to a higher DC voltage level. To achieve the objective, this project is used some basic electronic knowledge and Cockcroft Walton theories to design an air ionizer which will produce negative ion. The Cockcroft Walton is basically a voltage multiplier that converts AC or pulsing DC electrical power from a low voltage level to a higher
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DC voltage level. The second objectives are to generate negatives ions by exposing air to high voltage. To achieve this objective, the fundamental of the voltage multiplier such as the principle, concept, types and characteristics of each type and the output waveform of each circuit is study. To solve the problem related to the low quality of air in a small room such as a lecture room, the suitable circuit by using Cockcroft Walton voltage multiplier is design, simulate and construct to prove the theoretical that has been covered.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Nowadays, the quality of air is reducing many health problems to the mankind. Before the issues of air pollution became a hit, many scientists and researchers had noticed that the ionizations of even clean air can improve the quality of air. Basically, the clean air is consists of 78% nitrogen and 21% of oxygen, typically contain negative and positives ions in approximately 4-to-5 ratio. Those researchers found that whenever this ratio is charging, it will affect the biological system especially human.
The idea about the negative ions effect on human was popularized by a scientist
named Fred Soyka, whom in 1970‟s had written a book title „The ion effect‟. In this
book, he discussed about the natural occurrence of negative and positive ionized air. From his finding, he demonstrated that negatively ionizer air had substantial health benefits. He summarized hat the negatives ions helps elevate mood, enhance physical performance and training, and sterilized harmful airborne bacteria. On the other hand, the abundance of positives ions causing numbers of low grade medical problem, such as fatigue, headache and anxiety.
According to the research, many other scientists try to see other effect of the negative and positive ions to human and all the results showed that negatives ions give
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many benefits compare to positives ions which give more bad effect to human. Here, this report tried to discuss about developing the negatives ions in a very practical method using Cockcroft-Walton voltage regulator circuit. The reason of this circuit is deign is to solve the problem related to the low quality air in a small area such as in a tutorial room or an office.
1.4 SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of work is very important for the execution of a project or a thesis. In this project, this section is divided into four sections.
1. To analyzed the fundamental of multiplier
i. Search for information in books, internet sources and other. ii. To study about advantages and disadvantages of multiplier.
iii. Analyze the information and make problem solving for the project development.
iv. To study about the output waveform based on theory.
2. Design the related circuit for Cockcroft Walton Voltage Multiplier i. Change the value of component
ii. Calculated the expected output.
3. Simulate the design circuit
i. Using the Pspice and Multisim or other simulation programming. ii. The connection of each component will be checked.
iii. Get the output value.
iv. Determine the advantage and the disadvantage of the circuit.
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4. Construct the circuit
i. Construct the prototype of the circuit.
ii. Compared the output with the simulation result. iii. Calculate the percentage different
5. Overall Test
i. To make sure the air ionizer can operate as planned.
ii. To make modification and development to the air ionizer if any
Firstly, search a literature review to collect more information about this project. The literature review will take journal, report, internet and books as it reference. To design a negative ionizer using the Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier circuit, the theory and all application about CW Voltage Multiplier circuit has been studies and understanding. Make a research about circuit theory and the characteristic of each component to redesign the CW circuit. Later, some literature review will used to compare this project with previous experiment and related project for this title.
Then, the circuit of CW Voltage Multiplier has been design by refer the literature review have found. To design the circuit, make sure the capacitor and diodes will used is more suitable for CW circuit to generate a high voltage. The design circuit will be simulated using the Pspice and Multisim software. The output voltage will be
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measured and the calculated of the voltage is very important because it will determine the sum of component and stage that the circuit required to get the right output voltage.
After the design is successful, the circuit will be constructed on strip board. Make sure all connection of component at strip board is right. Then, check the circuit output voltage by using the multimeter and the value is compared with simulation output value. Then, the circuit has been constructed on PCB board. All connection in circuit is confirmed right before the soldering process. For last inspection, test the hardware if function or not. If not function, the circuit will be troubleshooting. If the circuit already functions, the model has been designed.
