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,-.-“I hereby declared that I have read through this report and found that it has comply the partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial
Power)”
Signature : ……….
Supervisor’s Name : Mr. Azhar b Ahmad
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,-.-“I hereby declared that this report is a result of my own work except for the excerpts that have been cited clearly in the references”
Signature : ………
Name : NOR ASHIKIN BT MOHAMAD HANAFIAH
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For my mom, Kordina Sipayung Bangil, and my dad, Mohamad Hanafiah Derani—
No one has ever been given more loving and unconditional support than I have given by you both.
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I thanked to the Almighty Allah for giving me the strength, courage and inspiration to finish up this dissertation. In preparation of this work, I have availed myself to the help and kindness of many individuals. I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest regards to my supervisor, Mr. Azhar bin Ahmad for all the concerns, helps, and encourages to make it able for me to finish up this report on time.
I also would like to thanks to the other lecturers and all of my friends for their generosity in spending their time, providing a lot of commitment, sharing the experiences, giving the advices and opinions and encouraged me on my way to complete this report.
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2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Energy Efficiency 4
2.2.1 Importance of Energy Efficiency 6
ix
5.2.1 Test 1: Functionality of the circuit 35
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2.1 Example of illuminance readings 14
4.1 Result for Test 1 32
4.2 Result for Test 2 33
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4.3 The LDR is not trigger, the PIR is trigger 30
4.4 Both LDR and PIR are trigger 31
5.1 The LDR circuit 35
5.2 The relation of the illumination level with the variable
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A Gantt Chart of The Project 43
B General-Purpose Operational Amplifiers 44
C CD4073B, CD4081B, CD4082B Types 47
D L7800 Series 48
E PIR (Passive Infra-Red) Sensor 50
F NPN General Purpose Amplifier 51
1 energy efficiently and many more. Saving the energy not only will save the cost for billing, but also will help to increase the foreign exchange between countries and prevent pollutions.
People have to play their parts to save the energy but it is impossible that everybody in the world really concerned about this. They do not really concern about the amount of bill that should be paid every month especially for public buildings. “Efficient energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology or process rather than by changes in individual behavior” (Diesendorf,M., 2007). It is better to create an efficient technology rather than hoping all the people to realize the importance to save the energy.
The idea to do this project is based on some problems that occurred and has to be settled. The problems that lead to this project are:
i). Loads such as air conditioner, fan and lamp are still working even if there is no user
that uses the loads. Many people do not really responsible to switch off the loads whenever is needed.
ii). Energy consumed while nobody is around is wasting the energy.
iii). Lots of money is needed to be spent on the wasted energy. This will waste our
money to pay on the bills.
iv). Many electronic components can be used to improve the quality of our life. This
project will also discover what components and how it can be used to help us save the energy.
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There are several objectives that should be achieved by the end of this project. The purposes of the project to be done are as follow:
i). To develop a smart switch that can automatically operate only when human is
presents in that area and the ambient light level is low.
ii). To help people saving the energy.
iii). To study and understand the operation of components and circuits that can be used
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The scope of this project is to design and fabricate a smart switch that can operates only when there are presence of human in that area and the ambient light is also low. This project only covers the lighting system, not for the other loads.
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Literature review is studies that have been made of previous research on a topic related to a project. The literature review can be studied form journals, thesis, books and other reports on research projects. This chapter is showing the literature review that is related to this project. The study is focus on the energy efficiency, theory and information about major components in order to develop a new circuit
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changes that result in a reduction in the energy used for a given energy service (heating, lighting...) or level of activity (Anon., 2009).
Energy efficiency can also be defined as the ratio of output power against input
power,
.
In the other words, energy efficiency is simply the process of doingmore with less (Anon., 2009). The goal is to accomplish the same tasks and functions as before while using less energy.
Figure 2.1: Efficiency diagram
From Figure 2.1 above, we can relate the diagram with the energy consumed by people. People always use the energy and it can be represented by Ein while the energy
required to be used on that time can be represented as Eout. The excessive power that is not
required to be used is called energy loss.
people should be exposed to the urge of saving the energy.
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(i) To save fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are one of the sources of energy that we used today. They are depleting resources and become more expensive as they are exhausted. Using the energy efficiently will reduce the energy demand and this source of energy will be used only if necessary.
(ii) To preserve the environment
Other than saving the fossil fuels, we can preserve the environment since fossil fuels combustion emission can produce some kind of bad gasses to us. Those things not only affect the environment, it also may affect our health. This is some of ways that we can do to leave better environment for our future generations.
(iii) To save money on the energy not “wasted”
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(iv) To improve the foreign reserves of our country
Some of our fossil fuel is imported. Saving the usage of fossil fuels will allow us to export our own fuels. By exporting the unused indigenous fuel can earn foreign exchange of our country and the others. Besides, it also will reduce the import of generating plant.
(v) Environmental friendly
Fossil fuels are not only expensive, they also may harm the environment.
Combustion of fossil fuels will produce the green house gasses that may bake the mother
earth. Instead of that, fossil fuels also producing SO2 and NO2 that causing the acid rain.
By reducing the use of fossil fuels, we could save the earth and leave the children the better living.
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Figure 2.2: Typical configuration of PIR sensor
Figure 2.2 above shows a typical configuration of the PIR sensor. The FET source terminal pin 2 connects through a pulldown resistor of about 100K to ground and feeds into a two stage amplifier having signal conditioning circuits. Each of the two cascaded stages has a gain of 100 for a total gain of about 10,000. The amplifier is typically bandwidth limited to below 10Hz to reject high frequency noise and is followed by a window comparator that responds to both the positive and negative transitions of the sensor output signal. A well filtered power source of from 3 to 15 volts should be connected to the FET drain terminal pin 1.
