The Description Of Gerund Used In Veronica Roth’s Novel “Four”

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THE DESCRIPTION OF GERUND USED IN VERONICA ROTH’S NOVEL “FOUR”

A PAPER

BY

SHELLA BURVIANA REG. NO. 122202020

DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN

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It has been proved by

Supervisor,

NIP : 195611131986011 001 Drs. M. Syafi’i Siregar, M.A.

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Study, University of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English

Approved by

Head of Diploma III English Study Program,

NIP : 19521126198112 1 001 Dr. Matius C.A.Sembiring, M.A

Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program

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Accepted by the Board of Examination in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Diploma III (D-III) of English Study Program, Faculty of Cultural Study University of Sumatera Utara

The examination is held on July 2015

Faculty of Cultural Study, University of Sumatera Utara

Dean,

NIP : 19511013197603 1 001 Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A

Board of Examiners: Signature

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, SHELLA BURVIANA, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where the reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : ...

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : SHELLA BURVIANA

Title of Paper : THE DESCRIPTION OF GERUND USED IN

VERONICA ROTH’S NOVEL “FOUR”

Qualification : D-III / Ahli Madya

Study Program : English

I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discrection of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Department Faculty of Culture Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

Signed : ...

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer I would like to thank to Almighty God who blessing and guidance in writing this paper. This paper can’t not be finished because there are some problems in writing this paper, but God is always besides to help me. This paper is written to fulfill one of the requirements order to achieve the degree of Diploma III at Faculty of Cultural Study, University of Sumatera Utara.

I wish to deliver deepest gratefulness and appreciation to:

1) The best gratitude and deepest appreciations to my beloved parents, H. Burhan and Siti Rohana for their praying, advices, support, time, and attention to accomplish my education, and also to my beloved brother and sisters: Topik Effendi, S.T, Sri Wahyuni, S.Pd, and Shelly Ermawati, thank you for praying, support and attention.

2) Dr. Matius C.A Sembiring M.A as my Academic Consultant, also Head of English Diploma Study Program, for his great advice.

3) Drs. M. Syafi’i Siregar, M.A as my supervisor, for his great patience, advice, support, guidance, encouragement and valuable time in completing the incorrect the paper.

4) Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum as reader, for his grate patience to read and correct this paper.

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6) All lecturers in Diploma III English Study Program for giving me advice and knowledges.

7) I would like to thank my bestfriends Anglika Natasya Saras Dewi, Sarah Amalia, and Anggi Rosalina for helping, support, and advices. Then, thank to Nanda Yustika, Florencia Pratiwi, Marlina Suryani, Shella Desriani and Fikri Hanafia for helping me to meet lecturers.

8) All my friends in English Diploma III of 2012 (SOLIDAS 2012).

I realize that there are still some mistakes in writing this paper. Therefore, I wish to accept all critism and suggestion to improve and complete this paper.

Finally, I wish this paper be useful to all of the readers and all people who read this paper.

Medan, July 2015 The Writer

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1. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of Study ... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ... 3

1.3 Scope of the Study ... 3

1.4 Purpose of the Study ... 4

1.5 Significant of the Study ... 4

1.6 Method of Study ... 4

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 6

2.1 Definition of Gerund ... 6

2.2 Form of Gerund ... 7

3. THE DESCRIPTION OF GERUNDS ... 14

3.1 The Function of Gerund ... 26

3.2 The Precentage of Gerund ... 34

4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 36

4.1 Conclusion ... 36

4.2 Suggestion ... 36

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 37

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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1. INTRODUCTION 1.1Background of the Study

Language is the ability to acquire and use complex system of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. Language is more than the apparently simple stream of sound that flows from the tongue of the native speaker; it is more than the native speaker thinks it is. It is a complex system of communication with various levels of complexity involving intricate selection and ordering of meanings, sounds, and larger units and arrangement. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Human use language in order to communicate with each other, to express their personal reactions toward the situations, and how to convey other person about what they mean. Language is closely related to descriptive analysis, the study of a gerund its mean that we study in structuring.

Stork (1982 : 9) says, “ Language, however, is not a natural phenomenon; it is a creation of man’s social needs. Like all other living creatures we depend on the air, water and earth around us, and in the same way society depends upon language for its very existence.”

Stork’s opinion about language is different with Burgess’s opinion. Burgess (1980 : 66) says, “We all know about language, because we all use language. No similar conclusion is drawn from the fact that we all use kidneys, nerves and intestines.”

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describes the kinds of words in language and the ways the word are fitted together into meaningful groups. On the other hand, grammar is description of language. However, there are so many parts of grammar. Gerund is included in English Grammar.

Schmidt (1995:322) gerund is used when abstract noun phrases exist or to express movement and activity in some kind of process. Gerunds have stonger verbal force than noun clauses, infinitives, or abstract noun phrases. That means they put an emphasis on some kind of action.

While, Wisthon and Burks (1980:268), a gerund is the –form of the verb used as a noun. The gerund has the same form as the present participle. However, if functions defferently in the sentence. It is always a noun and it can in any noun position.

From the meaning of gerund above according to experts can be explained that gerund is a verb + ing form that is used as a noun. Gerund is also found in writings, for example; letter, poem, magazine, novel, etc.

Gerund is also often called noun verbal. Gerund is almost like present participle, and both of them are part of verb. The difference of them is that gerund is kind of noun, but present participle is kind of adjective. The gerund and present participle has defferent character each other. There is a case history from this form. In ancient English, Noun Verbal form and Adjective Verbal is very different: writung (gerund), writende (present participle). Then the two endings – ung and –ende, both of them are slowly using the form –ing, and because of it,

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Writing (Gerund), writing (Present Participle). Gerund is double part of speech –

noun and verb are amalgamated. Not only the character of gerund is as a kind of noun but also gerund is a part of verb. As part of verb, the characteristics of the verb can be still seen from some examples who will be described by writer. Then, there is the patterns of gerund and there are some functions like gerund is as a subject, as an object of the sentence, as an object of certain verb, as an object of preposition, as a predicate complement, as a modifier of noun, gerund with their subjects, and gerund with “it...ing”. They will be described in this paper clearly.

The writer chooses novel “Four” who is written by Veronica Roth as an object of study of gerund. Writer chooses this novel because this novel has interesting story. Besides, gerund is one of the grammatical case which is difficult to study. Many people are confused about what the gerund is. Gerund is almost like infinitive or present participle. Whereas gerund sees very different than them. If we can know definition and function with its examples, we can find difference between gerund with other grammar forms.

1.2Problem of the Study

The problem of this study are as the following: 1) Functions of gerunds used in the novel.

2) The precentage of the gerund used in Veronica Roth’s novel “Four”. 1.3Scope of the Study

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gerund used in Veronica Roth’s novel “Four” which will be described in this paper.

1.4Purpose of the Study

1) Give the descriptions of gerunds.

2) To find out the precentage of the gerund usage. 1.5 Significance of the Study

There are some significances of the study:

1) To let the reader understand about the usage of gerunds in the novel.

2) It can be made by the junior students as reference to a writing of english grammar.

1.6 Method of Study

The writer used Library Research in writing this paper. Library research is the technique of data collection by research to gather as much information relevant to the topic. Sourced can be gotten from literature : scientific books, journals, and other sources of suitable like internet.

The data is sentences used gerunds found in a Veronica Roth’s novel “Four”. There are about 89 gerunds found in Four novel as the data source.

The writer used descriptive method in analyzing the data. Descriptive method of research is where the person doing the research presents it in a descriptive manner. The descriptive research designs enable researchers to describe or present the picture of a phenomenon or phenomena under investigation.

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1. Reading Four novel.

2. Identifying the sentences contain gerunds. 3. Classifying the gerunds.

4. Analyzing the data by counting the dominant gerunds and the frequency of each variable of gerunds into percentages of their usage in the articles. To get the precentage the writer applies this formula.

The Formula :

X = The percentage of each kind of the gerund Y = The total number of each kind of gerund N = The total of kind of gerund

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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Definition of Gerund

Grammar is the natural, inherent, meaning-making system of the language, a system that governs the way words come together to form meanings; grammar is also the study of that system, the various theories or prespectives that attempt to understand and describe it. A popular idea of grammar – and one that we are discarding – is that grammar is the set of prescriptive rules that limit the language we have available.

Burch (2003:1) says, “Grammar is a way of organizing what we know about language so that we can talk and manipulate this knowledge. It means that by grammar we can organize language and make us comfort to talking about it. Not only to talking but also we can learn, because grammar is also a knowledge”.

Chalker and Weiner (1994 : 174) say that gerund is the – ing form of the verb.

From the above statement, it can be concluded that a gerund is the –ing form of the verb used as a noun. Notice that the gerund has the same form as the present participle. However, it functions differently in the sentence. It is always a noun and can function in any noun position.

Example:

Making model airplanes is a good hobby for young children.

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the sentences as a whole; it is the subject of the verb “is”. Gerund is a noun derived from the verb + ing. It is used as the subject of a sentence. It is called a singular noun. There are also two or more gerund that are joined by conjunction like “and”; it will be a plural noun. Meanwhile, gerund has the same form with the present participle. However, there are difference between them. Like we’ve known that gerund is a verb in –ing form more like a noun. While present participle is a verb in –ing more like a verb or an adjective.

2.2 Form of Gerund 1) The simple gerund

Gerund is a verb in –ing form that is used as a noun, because its function as a noun. There are some functions of gerund.

1) Subject of verb

A gerund can be used as a subject like a noun. Usually, the subject in gerund sentence located in the beginning of the sentences. Gerund is used as the subject of a sentence on its basis have the following characteristics:

1) Verb + ing.

2) In front of the predicate. 3) The subject of the sentence. 4) It is usually singular noun

4) It has the meaning of an object that is the subject of the sentence. Examples:

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c) Sleeping is necessary to life. d) Being a teacher is her ambition.

e) Having good education can be a future capital. 2) Object of verb

Gerund as object can be found after certain verb. The form of an object in a gerund phrase may depend on what precedes the gerund. Gerund is used as the object of the sentence has the following characteristics:

1) It is behind a predicate

2) it functions as an object that describes the predicate of a sentences. 3) It has the meaning of a noun which is the object of the sentence. Examples:

a) He stopped smoking to please his parents. b) We should avoid cheating during examination. c) My uncle likes fishing on the river.

d) She can go on writing until she’s 60 years old.

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1. Admit

Reference List of Verbs That Can Be Followed by Gerunds Object

2. Advise 3. Anticipate 4. Appreciate 5. Avoid 6. Begin* 7. Can’t bear* 8. Can’t help 9. Can’t resist 10. Can’t stand* 11. Carry on 12. Celebrate 13. Complete 14. Consider 15. Delay 16. Deny 17. Deserve 18. Detest 19. Discuss 20. Dislike 21. Enjoy 22. Escape 23. Finish 24. Forget** 25. Imagine 26. Hate* 27. Keep 28. Like* 29. Love* 30. Mention 31. Mind 32. Miss 33. Neglect* 34. Postpone 35. Practice 36. Prefer* 37. Prevent 38. Prohibit 39. Put off 40. Quit 41. Recall 42. Recollect 43. Recommend 44. Regret* 45. Remember** 46. Resent 47. Resist 48. Risk 49. Smell 50. Start* 51. Stop** 52. Suggest 53. Support 54. Talk about 55. Think about 56. Tolerate 57. Try

58. Understand

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The below is the meaning of symbol * and **:

1) May be followed by a gerund or an infinitive: *without a change in meaning/ ** with a change in meaning.

2) May be followed by an object: + and infinitive. ( They suggest me to go to his house)/ ++ and a gerund. (She avoids you for your doing.)

3) May be followed by a that-clause.

Examples:

Subjunctive verb

a) He considers changing his present job. b) We detest playing with naughty kids.

c) Would you mind closing the window, please? d) She never imagines having a luxurious car. e) They practice speaking Chinese every Monday. f) I finish working on time.

g) The government postpones rising the oil price. 3) Object of a preposition

Any verb used as the object in a prepositional takes the form of a gerund. most gerund after prepositions are subjects, especially those in adverbial prepositional.

Examples:

a) They went on arguing.

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e) Mika is bored with his working.

f) We are clever at repairing the machine car. g) I came here for helping you.

4) Subjective Complement

Subjective Complement as a predicate noun. Examples:

a) My father’s hobby is fishing. b) His favourite pastime is swimming. 5) Appositive

The function of appositive is to give explaining about the information in the gerund sentence.

Examples:

a) Her dream, studying at Oxford University in London, was realized. b) She doesn’t like shopping, it is wasteful.

2) The Gerund Phrase

As we know that gerund functions as a noun, it is also retains some of the characteristics of a verb. Although it may have adjective modifiers like a noun (usually before it), it may also have adverbial modifiers like a verb (usually after it). If a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, it must be in the possesive, or adjectival, form. In this section and the next, the gerund phrase is italicized; the simple gerund is bold.

Examples:

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The simple gerund and its object and modifiers make up the gerund phrase. Look the example above that the gerund phrase is making model airplanes and it is put as subject in the sentence. The gerund is making and model airplanes

b) Jackie enjoys camping in the mountain.

is about adverb what the object making is. They are subject in the sentence and is a good hobby for young children is their complement.

The gerund above is functioned as direct object. Then there are some main subject about gerund phrase:

As a noun verbal, gerund in a gerund phrase can be limited by : 1) An adverb or adverb phrase

Examples:

a) Studying intelegently can make you success.

b) Practicing english conversation everyday can make you speaking english fluently.

2) An adjective and/or noun or possesive pronoun Examples:

a) We are happy because of his singing. b) He want me being secretary in his office.

Gerund phrases in a sentence can function as subject, object, object of the preposition, and appositive.

Example of gerund phrases as subject:

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Example of gerund phrases as object: a) I like reading the romantic novels. b) He do his working well.

Example of gerund phrases as objects of the preposition: a) I am tired of arguing with my advisor.

b) After finishing my homework, I went to my friend’s house. Example of gerund phrases as appositive :

a) His hobby, juggling flaming torches, is not expensive.

b) Her dream, getting many gifts from her friends, was never realized.

As a noun, gerund phrases often use the possessive adjective in front of it. Example:

a) Your eyes say that you love him. b) Thank you for your coming.

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3. THE DESCRIPTION OF GERUNDS

Gerund can assume the familiar patterns of verbs in sentences. The following gerund phrases mimic the basic sentence patterns of verbs in sentences. The patterns of gerund is gotten in Azar’s book “Fundamentals of English Grammar” in 1941.

1) Adjective + Preposition + Gerund

Some these words are used in gerund, they are : afraid of, good at, interested in, excited about, responsible of, tired of, clever at, crazy about,

excited about, nervous about, fond of, worried about.

Examples:

a) I am afraid of drinking a cup of coffee. b) We are excited about going to Lombok. c) My mother is good at cooking.

d) They are interested in dancing competion. e) I begin worried about your acting in this film. 2) Noun + Preposition + Gerund

Some these words are used in gerund, they are : advantage of, choice of, problem of, intention of, possibility, reason for, method for, excuse for, solution

to, difference between.

Examples:

a) The advantage of drinking milk everyday is good for your bone healthy. b) They have many choice of making cake.

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d) John has excuse for coming to her parents’ house. e) it is method for designing this gown.

3) Verb + Preposition + Gerund

Some these words are used in gerund, they are : gave up, insisted on, thought of, objected to not, forward to, confessed to, keep on.

Example:

a) He gaves up playing football, because his leg is injury. b) She is walking forward to visiting you.

c) Denny insisted on taking the car intead of the motorcycle. d) The boy kept on screaming.

e) No one has confessed to losing her wallet yet. 4) Preposition + Gerund

Some these words are used in gerund, they are : before, by, after, without, besides, while, as well as, instead of.

Examples:

a) After painting this view, he took a breakfast. b) Before going to home, we went to Supermarket.

c) She read the newspaper without hearing my suggestion. d) Besides watching television, she also listen music. e) He sings as well as his speaking.

5) Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund

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Examples:

a) We thank for your helping. b) She want to stop for smoking.

c) She accuse of stealing her jewelry to her sister. d) He forgives for breaking your glass.

2.4 The Function of Gerund

Gerund always function or work as nouns. Therefore, you will find them in places where nouns are typically found in eight function of other sentences. Source is found in Hartanto, Koentjoro and Seputro’s book “Accurate, Brief, and Clear” in 2009. There are eight function of gerund in a sentence:

1) A gerund functions as a subject of sentence. It is put in front of sentence and also be singular. The state is same like Pyle and Ellen’s statement, they says, “If a sentence begins with (verb + ing) (gerund), the verb must also be singular”. (2002: 74)

Examples:

a) Smoking is not good for our health b) Being successman is everyone’s dream. c) Seeing him doesn’t make me happy.

2) A gerund functions as an Object of sentence. This below is some example of gerund as an object of sentence.

Examples:

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c) They get working in the hotel very luxurious.

3) A gerund functions as a complement. It is found when the v-ing as located after the auxiliary (am, is, are, was, were, etc).

Examples:

a) My chief delight is riding. b) My mother hobby is cooking. c) Her favorite sport is skating.

4) A gerund functions as object after a preposition. The following bellow are preposition before a gerund. They are such as : after, before, to, about, with, without, at, on, by.

Examples:

a) After shopping, we will go to your home.

b) I’m sorry because I come here without telling you. c) Before leaving this cafe, he must pay the bill cafe.

5) A gerund functions as object after certain verbs. Some verbs always following with gerund are : admit, complete, consider, discuss, finish, hope, mind, practise, postpone, stop, tolerate.

Examples:

a) Kenny has already considered continuing his studies.

b) He does’t mind helping you to do your homework tomorrow. c) She hope looking you when she arrives at the airport.

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Examples:

a) I can’t stop thinking of you.

b) She can’t stand staying with you in this home. c) I take pleasure in reading.

7) A gerund functions as object after possesive adjectives. There are some examples for it.

Examples:

a) Her performing is very awesome.

b) His acting will be wacthed by his parents c) Our working has finished.

8) There are gerunds to show short prohibition. Examples:

a) No screaming ! b) No talking ! c) No camping ! d) No jumping ! e) No fishing ! f) No smoking

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The Data

(1) The Choosing Ceremony will be tomorrow at the Hub. (page 6)

(2) The Abnegation and Erudite quite down right away, but it takes her shouting “Quite!” for the Dauntless, Amity, and Candor to notice her. (page 6)

(3) The Candor are talking loudly, as always. (page 6)

(4) The Amity are laughing, smiling, pulling, food from their pockets and passing it around. (page 6)

(5) They could be there for over an hour letting other people get on in front of them. (page 7)

(6) It feels like the entire city is rushing past me in a blur, the buildings blending together. (page 7)

(7) The building smells like cooked food and smoke and sweat. (page 8)

(8) I feel strange, standing in this dank place that smells like live bodies and smoke, among these empty cans that suggest poverty and the failure to fit in. (page 11)

(9) “I’m nobody. That’s what being factionless is.” (page 12)

(10) Your Choosing must be coming up tommorow, for you to look so worried (page 12)

(11) I get up, brushing flecks of cement from my gray slacks, and push the door open. (page 13)

(12) I pull up straight, tall, so that he can’t scold me for slouching. (page 13) (13) But I learned something else from watching her too, which is that the free

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(14) I cross the room, stepping carefully over a stack of papers on the carpet, and sit where he points, right on the edge of the cushion so I can stand up quickly. (page 14)

(15) I don’t even think about refushing to tell him. (page 14) (16) I’m sure you have some thinking to do. (page 15) (17) I can see it happening to me (page 17)

(18) It looked like falling water, but it was really glass, perfectly clear, polished, flawless. (page 18)

(19) Instead of thinking about my aptitude test result, I pick up each object and turn it in my hands so I’ve memorized every part of every one. (page 18) (20) But instead of reaching for me, he bends down and pulls the trunk from

beneth the bed, tries the lid. (page 20)

(21) I know better than to think he’ll leave and mull things over and come back apologizing. (page 21)

(22) “It’s your Choosing Day, after all.” (page 22) (23) “It’s your Choosing Day, after all.” (page 22)

(24) The thought feels like poison working through me. (page 23)

(25) I feel its strenght ringing inside me like the toll of a bell, so I think it again. (page 24)

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(27) He finishes reading the news the Erudite release every morning, and I finish washing my own dishes, and we walk out of the house together without

speaking. (page 25)

(28) Beside me, Marcus wipes beads of sweat from his forehead, and all the other Abnegation close their lips to keep from breathing to loudly, lest they appear to be complaining. (page 26)

(29) We reach the right floor, and everyone pauses to catch their breath before entering. (page 26)

(30) I can almost see my father pressing his lips together with disdain at such a typical Dauntless speech. (page 27)

(31) Well, I didn’t see him limping around the kitchen this morning. (page 28) (32) The ceremony is moving too fast. (page 29)

(33) In them we find our sense of belonging, our sense of community, our very lives. (page29)

(34) But as I look at the people sitting in the section, in their reds and yellows, I see only whole, healed people, capable of cheering one another, capable of supporting one another. (page 29)

(35) Gregory Zellner holds his bleeding hand over the bowl of dirt, to choose Amity. (page 29)

(36) She accepts her knife with shaking hands and cuts her palm, and holds her hand over the Abnegation bowl. (page 30)

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(38) Her hair is pulled back, and I can see a tattoo creeping over her collarbone, toward her throat. (page 31)

(39) I have to clench my teeth to keep myself from apologizing as I elbow people a side, and the momentum of the crowd presses me up the steps. (page 34) (40) Standing off to the side are the Erudite boy from before, an Amity girl, two

Candor boys, and a Candor girl. (page 39)

(41) I grew up here, and three years ago, I passes initiation with flying colors, which means I get to be in charge of the newcomers for as long as I want. (page42)

(42) Amar announces without looking up. (page 43)

(43) She stands, looking dorn and suffles out of the room without waiting for Amar to dismiss her. (page 46)

(44) Searing, white –hot pain rushes through me, just for a second. (page 48) (45) Someone who doesn’t put up with cutting comments from Erudite

know-it-alls. (page 55)

(46) The training room smells like effort, like sweat and dust and shoes. (page 59)

(47) I didn’t know to beat her without hitting her, and I couldn’t hit her –at least, not until she had me in a choke hold and my vision was starting to go black at the edges. (page 59-60)

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(49) “Joining a faction is about more than getting through initiation, you know,” Amar says, and he hooks his fingers in the chain that the punching bag dangles from, testing its strength. (page 60-61)

(50) Sitting across from me is Zeke, the first jumper, and a girl with brown hair and bangs cut straight across her forehead, and pierced lip. (page 62)

(51) “Visiting Day is coming up, you know. “ (page 68) (52) My father will not come on Visiting Day. (page 68)

(53) I’m not going to back out of the dare, not after watching everyone else do theirs. (page 73)

(54) “If I get in trouble for turning on lights at this hour, I’m going to claim it was vandals and name names.” (page 73)

(55) Rubbing alcohol bites into the still –healing skin of my back, and I wince. (page 76)

(56) The Abnegation say, in hushed voices, that the problem with many Erudite is their selfishness, but I think it is their arrogance, the pride they take in knowing things that others do not. (page 80)

(57) I keep getting humiliated in the arena. (page 82) (58) “Do you miss living at home?” I say. (page 84)

(59) She stops wiping her forehead with the back of her hand. (page 85)

(60) He tells us to sit against the wall, and then dissapears behind the door without saying anything. (page 88)

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(62) He scolded me for embarrassing him in front of the Abnegation all the time, but he had never hissed warnings in my ears or taught me how avoid a misstep before. (page 97)

(63) I feel pain and my pounding heart and I kick as hard as I can, hitting only air. (page 91)

(64) I never tire of seeing inside a person’s mind-every detail suggests so much. (page 104)

(65) I must have succeeded at pretending to be normal, because he doesn’t look worried anymore. (page 104)

(66) I grind my teeth, I jump at small noises, my hands go numb without warning. (page 106)

(67) Usually he looks like he’s constantly on the verge of making a joke, but not right now. (page 107)

(68) We gather by the chasm, and Zeke passes me a cup of dark liquid, and I swallow it all without thinking. (page 109)

(69) I think losing his grandparents really took a toll on him. (page 110)

(70) I went into the examination thinking I didn’t care anymore, not about passing, not about doing well, not about being Dauntless. (page 112)

(71) The others, like Zeke and Shauna, grew up surrounded by Dauntless community, and to them the silence and the stillness of living alone would be unbearable. (page 121)

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(73) “The remaining four of us think it would be a good idea to get some new blood in leadership. (page 124)

(74) “ The training program will last at least a year,” Max says. (page 124) (75) “Training will start very soon –tomorrow morning, in fact.” (page 124) (76) I nod without thinking. (page 124)

(77) I may have an aptitude for fighting, but that doesn’t mean I want to do it all day, every day. (page 125)

(78) Beating him up again isn’t going to prove that he’s a faction traitor. (page 129)

(79) I sit in one of the rickety chairs, hard, without moving my eyes from the paper. (page 145)

(80) Zeke mentioned the control room’s lacation in passing a few days ago. (page 146)

(81) I don’t object, even though I didn’t find out what I needed to know –it was my own fault for getting distracted anyway. (page 150)

(82) The streets that surround the Dauntless sector of the city are empty; my faction lives hunddled together, like a pack of sleeping dogs. (page 152) (83) “Four, how would you improve Dauntless, if not by making initiation more

competitive?” (page 170)

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(85) But then I stopped allowing myself to dream, because it was more painful to long for things and never get them than to deal with whatever was in front of me. (page 164-165)

(86) Watching someone else’s fear simulation is strange. (page 200) (87) I’ll have to start by telling her my name. (page 229)

(88) Her racing heart, her body againts mine. (page 250) (89) For helping me forget how awful the world is. ((page 285) 3.1 The Function of Gerund

There are some functions of gerund namely: 1) Gerund as Subject of Sentence

There are some gerund sentences which function as subject of sentence. There are fifteen gerund as subject sentences:

1. (1) The Choosing Ceremony will be tomorrow at the Hub. (page 6) 2. (7) The building smells like cooked food and smoke and sweat. (page 8) 3. (40) Standing off to the side are the Erudite boy from before, an Amity girl,

two Candor boys, and a Candor girl. (page 39)

4. (44) Searing, white –hot pain rushes through me, just for a second. (page 48) 5. (46) The training room smells like effort, like sweat and dust and shoes.

(page 59)

6. (48) Beating him will take more than a clever move, or persitence. (page 60) 7. (49) “Joining a faction is about more than getting through initiation, you

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8. (50) Sitting across from me is Zeke, the first jumper, and a girl with brown hair and bangs cut straight across her forehead, and pierced lip. (page 62) 9. (51) “ Visiting Day is coming up, you know.” (page 68)

10. (55) Rubbing alcohol bites into the still – healing skin of my back, and I wince. (page 76)

11. (73) “The remaining four of us think it would be a good idea to get some new blood in leadership. (page 124)

12. (74) “ The training program will last at least a year,” Max says. (page 124) 13. (75) “Training will start very soon –tomorrow morning, in fact.” (page 124) 14. (78) Beating him up again isn’t going to prove that he’s a faction traitor.

(page 129)

15. (86) Watching someone else’s fear simulation is strange. (page 200) 2) Gerund as Object of Sentence

There are eighteen sentences using gerund, they are:

1. (5) They could be there for over an hour letting other people get on in front of them. (page 7)

2. (8) I feel strange, standing in this dank place that smells like live bodies and smoke, among these empty cans that suggest poverty and the failure to fit in. (page 11)

3. (9) “ I’m nobody. That’s what being factionless is.” (page 12)

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5. (14) I cross the room, stepping carefully over a stack of papers on the carpet, and sit where he points, right on the edge of the cushion so I can stand up quickly. (page 14)

6. (16) I’m sure you have some thinking to do. (page 15) 7. (17) I can see it happening to me (page 17)

8. (18) It looked like falling water, but it was really glass, perfectly clear, polished, flawless. (page 18)

9. (21) I know better than to think he’ll leave and mull things over and come back apologizing. (page 21)

10. (22) “It’s your Choosing Day, after all.” (page 22)

11. (24) The thought feels like poison working through me. (page 23)

12. (25) I feel its streghth ringing inside me like the toll of a bell, so I think it again. (page 24)

13. (30) I can almost see my father pressing his lips together with disdain at such a typical Dantless speech. (page 27)

14. (31) Well, I didn’t see him limping around the kitchen this morning. (page 28)

15. (38) Her hair is pulled back, and I can see a tattoo creeping over her collarbone, toward her throat. (page 31)

16. (57) I keep getting humiliated in the arena. (page 82) 17. (58) “Do you miss living at home?” I say. (page 84)

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There are four sentences using gerund, they are: 1. (3) The Candor are talking loudly, as always. (page 6)

2. (4) The Amity are laughing, smiling, pulling, food from their pockets and passing it around. (page 6)

3. (6) It feels like the entire city is rushing past me in a blur, the buildings blending together. (page 7)

4. (32) The ceremony is moving too fast. (page 29) 4) Gerund After Preposition.

There are some gerund sentences after preposition. There are fourty three sentence of gerund after preposition.

1. (12) I pull up straight, tall, so that he can’t scold me for slouching. (page 13) 2. (13) But I learned something else from watching her too, which is that the

free moments always have to end. (page 13)

3. (15) I don’t even think about refusing to tell him. (page 14)

4. (19) Instead of thinking about my aptitude test result, I pick up each object and turn it in my hands so I’ve memorized every part of every one. (page 18) 5. (20) But instead of reaching for me, he bends down and pulls the trunk from

beneath the bed, then tries the lid. (page 20)

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7. (28) Beside me, Marcus wipes beads of sweat from his forehead, and all the other Abnegation close their lips to keep from breathing too loudly, lest they appear to be complaining. (page 26)

8. (29) We reach the right floor, and everyone pauses to catch their breath before entering. (page 26)

9. (33) In them we find our sense of belonging, our sense of community, our very lives. (page 29)

10. (34) But as I look at the people sitting in the section, in their reds and yellows, I see only whole, healed people, capable of cheering one another, capable of supporting one another. (page 29)

11. (36) She accepts her knife with shaking hands and cuts her palm, and holds her hand over the Abnegation bowl. (page 30)

12. (37) It’s the most loyal faction, in terms of Choosing Ceremony statistics. (page 30)

13. (39) I have to clench my teeth to keep myself from apologizing as I elbow people aside, and the momentum of the crowd presses me up the steps. (page 34)

14. (41) I grew up here, and three years ago, I passed initiation with flying colors, which means I get to be in charge of the newcomers for as long as I want. (page 42)

15. (42) Amar announces without looking up. (page 43)

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17. (45) Someone who doesn’t put up with cutting comments from Erudite know-it-alls. (page 55)

18. (47) I didn’t know to beat her without hitting her, and I couldn’t hit her –at least, not until she had me in a choke hold and my vision was starting to go black at the edges. (page 59-60)

19. (52) My father will not come on Visiting Day . (page 68)

20. (53) I’m not going to back out of the dare, not after watching everyone else do theirs. (page 73)

21. (54) “If I get in trouble for turning on lights at this hour, I’m going to claim it was vandals and name names.” (page 73)

22. (56) The Abnegation say, in hushed voices, that the problem with many Erudite is their selfishness, but I think it is their arrogance, the pride they take in knowing things that others do not. (page 80)

23. (60) He tells us to sit against the wall, and then dissapears behind the door without saying anything. (page 88)

24. (61) He sticks the needle into my neck without warning and presses down on the plunger. (page 89)

25. (62) He scolded me for embarrassing him in front of the Abnegation all the time, but he had never hissed warnings in my ears or taught me how avoid a misstep before. (page 97)

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27. (65) I must have succeeded at pretending to be normal, because he doesn’t look worried anymore. (page 104)

28. (66) I grind my teeth, I jump at small noises, my hands go numb without warning. (page 106)

29. (67) Usually he looks like he’s constantly on the verge of making a joke, but not right now. (page 107)

30. (68) We gather by the chasm, and Zeke passes me a cup of dark liquid, and I swallow it all without thinking. (page 109)

31. (70) I went into the examination thinking I didn’t care anymore, not about passing, not about doing well, not about being Dauntless. (page 112)

32. (71) The others, like Zeke and Shauna, grew up surrounded by Dauntless community, and to them the silence and the stillness of living alone would be unbearable. (page 121)

33. (72) “I’d like to do something with teaching. (page 123) 34. (76) I nod without thinking. (page 124)

35. (77) I may have an aptitude for fighting, but that doesn’t mean I want to do it all day, every day. (page 125)

36. (79) I sit in one of the rickety chairs, hard, without moving my eyes from the paper. (page 145)

37. (80) Zeke mentioned the control room’s lacation in passing a few days ago. (page 146)

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39. (82) The streets that surround the Dauntless sector of the city are empty; my faction lives hunddled together, like a pack of sleeping dogs. (page 152) 40. (83) “Four, how would you improve Dauntless, if not by making initiation

more competitive?” (page 170)

41. (84) I would improve Dauntless by fostering true bravery instead of stupidity and brutality. (page 170)

42. (87) I’ll have to start by telling her my name. (page 229) 43. (89) For helping me forget how awful the world is. (page 285)

5) Gerund After Certain Verbs

There are some gerund sentence which funtion as object after certain verbs. There are four gerund as object after certain verbs sentences.

1. (27) He finishes reading the news the Erudite release every morning, and I finish washing my own dishes, and we walk out of the house together

without speaking. (page 25)

2. (59) She stops wiping her forehead with the back of her hand. (page 85) 3. (85) But then I stopped allowing myself to dream, because it was more

painful to long for things and never get them than to deal with whatever was in front of me. (page 164-165)

4. (88) Her racing heart, her body againts mine. (page 250) 6) Gerund After Possesive Adjective

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1. (2) The Abnegation and Erudite quite down right aaway, but it takes her shouting “Quite!” for the Dauntless, Aminity, and Candor to notice her.

(page 6)

2. (10) Your Choosing must be coming up tommorow, for you to look so worried,” (page 12)

3. (23) “It’s your Choosing Day, after all.” (page 22)

4. (35) Gregory Zellner holds his bleeding hand over the bowl of dirt, to choose Amity. (page 29)

5. (63) I feel pain and my pounding heart and I kick as hard as I can, hitting only air. (page 91)

3.2 The Precentage of Gerund Used in Four Novel

To get the precentage applied the formula. From the formula, we will get the most dominant gerund usage. The dominant gerunds can be seen through the precentage of their usage in the articles.

The Formula:

X = The percentage of each kind of the gerund Y = The total number of each kind of gerund N = The total of kind of gerund

The precentage of gerunds found in Four novel can be seen through the following table.

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Table

No Gerund Number Percentage

1 As subject Fifteen 16,8 %

2 As object Eighteen 20,2 %

3 As a complement Four 4,5 %

4 After preposition Fourty three 48,3 %

5 After certain verb Four 4,5 %

6 After possesive adjective Five 5,7 %

Total Eighty nine 100 %

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4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 4.1 Conslusion

Based on the analysis above, it concluded that are:

1) Gerund has many functions in the sentences, such as : gerund as subject, gerund as object, gerund as a complement, gerund after preposition, gerund after certain verb, and gerund after possesive adjective.

2) The most dominant gerund in novel is gerund after preposition. There are fourty three sentences using gerund after preposition which show 48,3 %. 4.2 Suggestion

In relation to the conclusion above, the suggestion for the students who study about English are:

1) The students can analyse other aspects of the novel or some articles in the magazine or newspaper, such as noun clause, conjunction, tenses, punctuation, clause, conditional sentences, and preposition.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen, Stannard. 1974. Living English Structure. London : Longman Group. Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. 1984. Kaji Ulang Kata Kerja Bahasa Inggris. Bandung :

Angkasa.

Azar, B. Schrampfer. 1941. Fundamentals of English Grammar. New Jersey: Englewood Cliffs.

Burch, C. Beth. 2003. A Writer’s Grammar. New York : Longman.

Hartanto, John S., S. Koentjor., Manaf Asmoro Seputro. 2009. Accurate, Brief, and Clear English Grammar. Surabaya : Indah.

Hasibuan, Sofia Rangkuti. 2000. English Language Structure. Jakarta : Djambatan.

Murphy, Raymond. 1985. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Riyanto, Slamet. 2008. The 1st Student’s Choice TOEFL. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar.

Roth, Veronica. 2014. Four A Divergent Collection. New York : Harper.

Schrampfer, Azar Betty. 2006. Fundamentals of English Grammar. New York : Longman.

Sembiring, Matius C.A. 2015. Buku Panduan Program D3 Bahasa Inggris Fakultas Ilmu Budaya USU. Medan : Unpublished.

Stork, F.C. Learning about Linguistics: an introductory workbook. London: Hutchinson.

Thomson, A.J, A.V. Martinet. 1984. A Practical English Grammar. London : Oxford University

Wardani, Igak. 1997. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta : Universitas Terbuka.

Watson, George. 1980. The Discipline of English. Hong Kong : The Macmillan Press LTD

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APPENDICES Biography

Veronica Roth was born on August 19, 1988 in New York. She was raised primarily in Barrington, Illinois. Her mother, Barbara Ross, is a painter who resides in Barrington. She is the youngest of three children. Her parents divorced when she was five years old, and her mother has since remarried to Frank Ross, a financial consultant for landscaping companies. Her brother and sister live in the Chicago area. She is German and polish decent. Her maternal grandparents were concertration camp survivors, whose religious convictions pushed her mother away from religion. Veronica Roth graduated from Barrington High School. After attending a year of college at Carleton College, she transferred to Northwestern University for its creative writing program. She married photographer Nelson Fitch in 2011. They reside in the chicago area.

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Allegiant is Veronica’s the third novel which was released on October 22, 2013. Then, Four was release on July 8, 2014.

She is the recipient of the Goodreads 2011 Choice Award and the Best of 2012 in the category Young Adult Fantasy and Science Fiction and also Best Goodreads Author in 2012. Roth wrote her first book, Divergent, while on winter break in her senior year at Northwestern University. Her career took off rapidly with the success of her first novel, with the publishing rights sold before she graduated from college in 2010 and the film rights sold mid-March 2011.

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The Data

(1) The Choosing Ceremony will be tomorrow at the Hub. (page 6)

(2) The Abnegation and Erudite quite down right away, but it takes her shouting “Quite!” for the Dauntless, Amity, and Candor to notice her. (page 6)

(3) The Candor are talking loudly, as always. (page 6)

(4) The Amity are laughing, smiling, pulling, food from their pockets and passing it around. (page 6)

(5) They could be there for over an hour letting other people get on in front of them. (page 7)

(6) It feels like the entire city is rushing past me in a blur, the buildings blending together. (page 7)

(7) The building smells like cooked food and smoke and sweat. (page 8)

(8) I feel strange, standing in this dank place that smells like live bodies and smoke, among these empty cans that suggest poverty and the failure to fit in. (page 11)

(9) “I’m nobody. That’s what being factionless is.” (page 12)

(10) Your Choosing must be coming up tommorow, for you to look so worried (page 12)

(11) I get up, brushing flecks of cement from my gray slacks, and push the door open. (page 13)

(12) I pull up straight, tall, so that he can’t scold me for slouching. (page 13) (13) But I learned something else from watching her too, which is that the free

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(14) I cross the room, stepping carefully over a stack of papers on the carpet, and sit where he points, right on the edge of the cushion so I can stand up quickly. (page 14)

(15) I don’t even think about refushing to tell him. (page 14) (16) I’m sure you have some thinking to do. (page 15) (17) I can see it happening to me (page 17)

(18) It looked like falling water, but it was really glass, perfectly clear, polished, flawless. (page 18)

(19) Instead of thinking about my aptitude test result, I pick up each object and turn it in my hands so I’ve memorized every part of every one. (page 18) (20) But instead of reaching for me, he bends down and pulls the trunk from

beneth the bed, tries the lid. (page 20)

(21) I know better than to think he’ll leave and mull things over and come back apologizing. (page 21)

(22) “It’s your Choosing Day, after all.” (page 22) (23) “It’s your Choosing Day, after all.” (page 22)

(24) The thought feels like poison working through me. (page 23)

(25) I feel its strenght ringing inside me like the toll of a bell, so I think it again. (page 24)

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