2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 The Definitions of Gerund
As popular, people often state that linguistics is the study of language;
or science that makes the language as an object of study; or more accurately,
scientific study of the human language.
Finocchioro (1974: 3) that linguistics is a system change (changing),
which allows sound to human arbitrarily use in providing a culture, or others
who have studied the system of the culture, to communicate and interact.
Pei and Gaynor (1954: 119) divided that linguistics is with sound
communication system, i, e, as a tool in speech (talking) and heard. Among
humans use symbols community certainly sounds that have meaning changes
according to the culture (customs) respectively.
The conclusion that linguistics is the study of language structure,
language rules, a symbol of the sounds of language and everything related to
the language generally used by the public as a means of exchanging
information between the tribes of the tribe another or one country to another
country.
In linguistics, grammar is the set of structural rules governing the
composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language.
Grammar is very important to learn to be able to mastering English. Because of
Swan (2005:19) says that grammar is the rules that show how words are
combined, arranged or changed to show certain kinds of meaning.
One of many parts of grammar is Gerund. Gerund is a verb-ing form of the
verb that functioned as a noun (make into a verb) by adding –ing behind the
verb. Junaida said Gerund form as same as present participle form and both are
parts of the verb. The difference, Gerund is a noun, but the present participle is
an adjective.
There are some definition of the Gerund, include:
a. Gerund is a noun that comes from a verb (make into a verb) (verb-ing).
b. Gerund has the same form with present participle, but Gerund has other
meaning, that is (verb-ing) so it doesn’t mean ‘being’.
c. Gerund is a verb-ing form from a verb which functions as a noun. (make
verb to be noun).
2.2The Functions of Gerund
The use of Gerund in a sentence has a variety of functions. The use of the
Gerund can be distinguished as follows:
a. Gerund as a subject
Sentence patterns can be described generally as follows:
Subject Verb (be) + Object
Verb+ing ...
- Verb+ing
- In front of the predicate
- Be the subject of the sentence
- Has the meaning of an noun that as subject of the sentence
These are some examples of Gerund used as subjects :
- Reading is my hobby.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Swimming is a healthy sport.
- Climbing to the top of a mountain isn’t easy.
- Finding their house wasn’t difficult.
- Swearing does not prove anything.
b. Gerund as a complement
Gerund is also used as the complement in sentence. The sentence
patterns are as the follow:
Subject + Verb Complement Adverb
... Verb+ing ...
Gerund used as an object in sentence has some characteristics, such
as:
- At the behind of verb of in front of the adverb.
- Has a function as complement.
The following are some examples of Gerund used as the complement in
sentence:
- Her chief delight is swimming in the river.
- My favorite pas time is singing.
- One of his worst habits is telling lies.
- What he likes is listening the radio news.
- What she likes is watching the children play.
Gerund can also be used as Appositive in a sentence. The following are
some examples of Gerund used as the apposotive:
- She has a bad habit, gambling.
- His method, shooting and killing, eventually came to an end.
- Her favorite exercise, swimming in the pool, makes her body strong.
The Gerund used as object has some the forms and the functions. Gerund
is used as object:
a. Gerund as an object in general
In general the sentence pattern can be described as follow:
Subject + Verb Object
... Verb+ing
Gerund used as the object in sentence has characteristics, such as:
- At the behind of verb.
- Has the meaning of noun as object in sentence.
The following are some examples of Gerund used as object:
- I don’t like reading.
- We enjoy playing tennis.
- He likes swimming.
- They finish speaking.
- My mother likes shopping.
b. Gerund is used as an object after preposition
The sentence pattern in general can be described as follow:
Subject + Verb (be) Object
... preposition Verb+ing
The preposition :
- At
- After
- By
- For
- Of
- Out
- With
- About
- Before
- In
- From
- On
- To
- Without
The following are some examples of Gerund used as the object after
- He is good at lecturing.
- I shut the door before going.
- He goes out without saying anything.
- Maty cooked it after washing the rice.
- After swimming i felt cold.
- Alice isn’t interested in looking for a new job.
c. Gerund as the object after following certain verb
In general the sentence pattern can be described as follow:
Subject Verb Object
... ... Verb+ing
Gerund can be used as the object of following verbs. The followings are
the examples:
Verb Examples
(1) Admit
(2) Advise
(3) Anticipate
(4) Appreciate
(5) Avoid
(6) Can’t bear
(7) Begin
(8) Complete
(9) Consider
He admitted stealing the money.
She advised waiting until tommorow.
I anticipate having a good time on vacation.
I appreciated hearing from them.
He avoided answering my question.
I can’t bear waiting in long lines.
It began raining.
I finally completed writing my term paper.
(10)Continue
He continued speaking.
He delayed leaving for school.
She denied commiting the crime.
They discussed opening a new business.
I dislike driving long distances.
We enjoyed visiting them.
She finished studying about ten.
I’ll never forget visiting Napoleon’s tomb.
I hate making silly mistakes.
I can’t help worrying about it.
I keep hooping he will come.
I like going to movies.
I love goingto operas.
She mentioned going to a movie.
Would you mind helping me with this?
I miss being with my family.
Let’s postpone leaving until tommorow.
The athlete practiced throwing the ball.
Ann prefers walking to driving to work.
He quit trying to solve the problem.
I don’t recall meeting him before.
I don’t recollect meeting him before.
(33)Regret
I regret telling him my secret.
I can remember meeting him when I was a child.
I resent her interfering in my business.
I couldn’t resist eating the dessert.
She risks losing all of her money.
I can’t stand waiting in long lines.
It started raining.
She stopped going to classes when she got sick.
She suggested going to a movie.
She won’t tolerate cheating during an examination.
I tried changing the light bulb, but the lamp still
didn’t work.
I don’t understand his leaving school.
d. Gerund after certain phrase.
Phrase Verb+ing
It is no use.
It is no good.
It’s worth.
Would you mind
...
...?
Followings are some examples of Gerund after certain phrase:
- I think it is no use trying again
- Would you mind waiting a moment?
e. Gerund after Possesive Adjective or Possesive Noun
The use of Gerund after Possesive Adjective or Possesive Noun can be
described as the following examples:
- I don’t mind your living here.
- Do you mind my making suggestions?
- I am annoyed about jhon’s forgetting to pay.
- You can understand his feeling angry.
- The idea of Hasan’s getting job as a salesman doesn’t appeal to his wife.
f. Gerund after Verb + Preposition
The use of Gerund after Verb + Preposition on certain verbs, such as:
Accused of
Approved of
Be better of
Count on
Depend on
Confess on
Give up
Go on
Insist of
Keep on
Put off
Rely on
Succeed in
Think of
Dream about
Worry about
Some examples of Gerund used Verb + Preposition sentence:
- Umar gave up smoking because of his doctor advise.
- Ali confessed to stealingthe golds.
- Henry is thinking of going to London.
- She insisted on paying the entire bill for dinner.
g. Gerund after Adjective + Preposition
The use of Gerund after Adjective + Preposition on certain verbs, such as:
Accustomed to
Afraid of
Fond of
Capable of
Intent on
Interested in
Successful in
Sorry for
Tired of
Some examples of Gerund after Verb + Preposition:
- I am tired of doing the work again.
- Mary is fond of dancing.
- We are interested in reading this book.
- Ali is intent on finishing school next year.
- I am sorry for waking you up.
h. Gerund after Noun + Preposition
The use after Noun + Preposition on certain verbs
Some examples of Gerund used Noun + Preposition :
- There’s a reason for leaving so early.
- There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.
- John has no excuse for dropping out of school.
- I don’t like idea of spending so much money.
