The Diversity of Odonata in Relation to Ecosystem and Land Use
in Northern Peninsular Malaysia
Keanekaragaman Odonata dan Hubungannya Dengan Ekosistem
dan Penggunaan Lahan di Semenanjung Utara Malaysia
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar
1, Che Salmah Md. Rawi
2and A. Hassan Ahmad
3 1)Lecturer Dept. Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture USU, Medan 20155 2) &3)
School of Biological Science, University of Science Malaysia Diterima 01 Agustus 2005 / Disetujui 25 Agustus 2005
Abstract
Odonata larvae were sampled from 16 tributaries of Kerian River in Kerian River Basin (KRB) using a long handle D-pond net from September 1998 until May, 1999 covering wet and dry seasons. Platycnemididae (Suborder Zygoptera) and Libellulidae (Suborder Anisoptera) were the most dominant families. The distribution of odonate genera was significantly different in wet season (F=4.70) and dry season (F=3.99) at p=0.05 in all streams but no difference in distribution was detected between both seasons. Scores of biological indices (H’, D, E, R1, R2) and indicator species based on selected chemical properties were listed, which showed the dragonfly fauna was slightly poor.There were strong correlation between generic diversity to dissolved oxygen and nitratein wet season, likewise temperature and conductivity in dry season.
Keywords: diversity, Odonata, land use, Northern Peninsular Malaysia.
Abstrak
Larva Odonata disampel dari 16 cabang Sungai Kerian di Lembah Sungai Kerian (LSK) menggunakan teknik jaring D-Ponds dari bulan September 1998 hingga Mei 1999, meliputi musim hujan dan musim kemarau. Platycnemididae (Subordo Zygoptera) dan Libellulidae (Subordo Anisoptera) adalah dua famili yang dominan ditemukan. Distribusi genus Odonata berbeda secara signifikan pada musim hujan (F=4.70) dan musim kemarau (F=3.99) pada P=0.05 di semua sungai tetapi tidak berbeda distribusinya di antara dua musim yang diukur. Nilai indeks biologi (H’, D, E, R1, R2) dan indikator spesies berdasarkan seleksi sifat kimia dicantumkan, yang menunjukkan fauna capung adalah agak kurang. Terdapat hubungan yang sangat erat antara keanekaragaman genus dengan oksigen terlarut dan nitrat pada musim hujan, demikian pula suhu dan konduktivitas pada musim kemarau.
Kata kunci: keanekaragaman, Odonata, penggunaan lahan, Semenanjung Utara
Malaysia
Introduction
As Odonata larvae are aquatic, their distribution is very much dependent on their successful adaptations to live in various microhabitats. Odonata are widely distributed including in ponds, rice fields, lakes, streams, and canals of all sizes. Odonata was found to be a good environmental indicator in Britain (Moore, 1995) and especially in the lowland areas of Texas (Garono, et al., 1995). Their species
assemblage is dependent on the composition and structure of vegetation (Buchwald, 1994) and progressive increase in seasonal variation of various abiotic parameters correlates with the decrease in larval richness that gives rise to the dominance of certain species (Ferreras-Romero and Garcia-Rojas, 1995).
to be dominated by generalist species usually recorded in benthic habitat rather than by typical riverine species which decreased tremendously in the most polluted sites. Lenat (1993) and Che Salmah, et a.l (1999) said odonata sizes and life history pattern was also influenced by a degradation of the environmental quality.
This study focused on the distribution of Odonata, mainly their larvae and their relation to ecosystem and land use. Attempts had been made to isolate species that could be used as bioindicators of specific habitat or ecosystem.
Material and Methods
Selection of Sampling SitesOdonatan larvae were collected from various habitats in Kerian River Basin covering tip of Kedah to nothern parts of Perak in the south. Sampling sites were selected based on land use, presence or absence of pollution, hydrological characteristics and available microhabitats. Sixteen sites sampled included rice fields (3), palm oil plantation (4), rubber plantation (3), sand mine area (2), chicken farm (2) and mountain stream (2).
Odonatan larvae were sampled using a long handle D-pond net of 40 cm x 40 cm frame, 60 cm long net of approximately 300 μm mesh size. They was collected for identification using keys of Usinger (1956), Morse, et al. (1994), Westfall and May (1996) and Merrit and Cummins (1996). The accompanying adults was identified using the previously mentioned keys to the further confirm larval identification.
The chemical properties of water such as dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and conductivity were measured in situ. The water was also analyzed for nitrate and phosphate contents using standard method of Boyd (1979).
Results
Collection of Odonata in both seasons (wet, dry) resulted in 566:646 individuals, 30:28 genera and 8:8 families (Table 1). Suborder Anisoptera were Libellulidae and Gomphidae were the most dominant family besides Suborder Zygoptera were Chlorocyphidae, Calopterygidae, Eupleidae and Aeshnidae (Sub order Anisoptera) were represented by only one species. Thirteen libellulids genera such as Brachythemis contaminata, Crocothemis servilea Drury, Deielia phaon Selys, Libellula quadrimaculata Schmidt, Macrodiplax sp, Nannophya pygmea Rambur, Orthetrum brunneum\, O. sabina Drury, O. taeniolatum, Sympetrum frequens Selys, Tholymis tillarga, Pantala flavescens Fabricius and Zyxomma petiolatum were recorded.
There were 10 genera of clubtails (Gomphidae), Gastrogomphus abdominalis McLachlan, Gomphidia krugeri Chao, Heliogomphus retroflaxus Ris, Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, Lamelligomphus formosanus Matsumura, Megalogomphus icterops Martin, Ophiogomphus spinicornis Selys, Paragompus henryii Laidlaw, Seiboldius sp, and Stylurus amicus Needham.
Seventeen species of Odonata were found in rice fields, 27 species in palm oil plantations, 17 species in rubber plantations, 19 species in chicken farm, 21 species in sand mine area and 12 species in mountain streams (Table 2).
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar, Che Salmah Md. Rawi and A.Hassan Ahmad: The Diversity of Odonata in Relation to Ecosystem and Land Use
Table 1. Seasonal distribution and diversity of Odonata. Ws=Wet season, Ds=Dry season
Family Genera Individuals No Streams
Table 2. Distribution of Odonata in relation to land use in KRB. Rf=Rice fields; Pop=Palm oil Plantations; Rp=Rubber plantations; Cf=chicken farm; Sm=Sand mine area; Ms=mountain stream; - = no odonatan; +++ = abundant odonatan
Suborder/Famili/Genera Rf Pop Rp Cf Sm Ms
S.O. Zygoptera
Chlorocyphidae R. quadrimaculata Needham +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++
Eupheidae Bayadera indica Needham - - - +++
Calopterygidae Neurobasis sinensis Linneus +++ +++ - +++ +++ +++ Coenagrionidae Agriocnemis pygmae Selys
Cercion lacteola Selys Platycnemididae Copera marginipes Rambur
Platycnemis anulata Selys
+++
Gomphidae G.abdominalis McLachlan Gomphidia krugeri Chao Heliogomphus retroflaxus Ris Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur L. formosanus Matsumura Megalogomphus icterops Martin Ophiogomphus spinicornis Selys Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw Seiboldius sp
Stylurus amicus Needham
-
Macromiidae Macromia erato Fujian Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian Macromia moorei fumata Fujian
+++ Libellulidae Brachythemis contaminata
Crocothemis servilea Drury Deielia phaon Selys
Libellula quadrimaculata Schmidt Macrodiplax sp
Nannophya pygmea Rambur Orthetrum brunneum O. sabina Drury O. taeniolatum
Sympetrum frequens Selys Tholymis tillarga
Table 3. LSD Analysis of distributions of means of odonatan larvae during both seasons.
a.
wet season
3 2 5 7 9 4 14 6 1 15 13 11 8 16
12 10
b.
dry season
3 6 2 13 14 4 5 7 1 9
11 8 10 15 12 16
Table 4. Score of biological inices of odonatan in relation to land use in KRB. Rf=Rice fields; Pop=Palm oil Plantations; Rp=Rubber plantations; Cf=Chicken farm; Sm=sand mine area; Ms=Mountain stream; Ws=Wet season; Ds=Dry season
Biological
Indices Rf Pop Rp Cf Sm Ms
H’ (Ws) 0.88-1.52 1.69-1.75 1.56-1.91 1.00-1.56 1.59-2.09 1.43-1.91
H’ (Ds) 1.77-1.89 1.76-2.00 0.95 0.89-2.05 1.10-1.84 1.42
D (Ws) 0.28-0.57 0.17-0.38 0.04-0.19 0.26-0.53 0.18-0.25 0.04-0.33
D (Ds) 0.15-0.24 0.16-0.33 0.30 0.14-0.53 0.31-1.00 0.20
R1(Ws) 1.50-2.57 2.34-2.72 2.17-3.36 1.67-2.00 0.72-2.64 1.48-3.36
R1(Ds) 2.18-2.69 1.66-2.33 1.86 1.26-2.69 1.82-3.04 2.17
R2 (Ws) 0.94-1.42 1.36-1.46 1.50-2.47 0.96-1.16 1.60-2.00 1.03-2.47
R2 (Ds) 1.00-1.67 1.36-1.52 1.34 0.69-1.42 1.33-1.73 1.58
E (Ws) 0.55-0.66 0.73-0.82 0.87-0.98 0.56-0.71 0.71-0.89 0.98-1.00
E (Ds) 0.77-0.86 0.73-0.87 0.86 0.55-0.92 0.83-1.00 0.88
Table 5. Indicator species based on selected chemical properties of water Water Parameter Range Dominant Species
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 4.00 – 6.25 1) Platycnemis annulata Selys
6.26 – 8.50 1) Orthetrum brunneum
2) Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian
3) Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw
Conductivity (µs/cm) 0.00 – 29.99 1) Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian
2) Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw
30.00 – 59.99 1) Orthetrum Sabina Drury
Nitrate (mg/L) 0.00 – 0.22 1) Platycnemis annulata Selys
2) Orthetrum Sabina Drury
Phospate (mg/L) 0.0-9.10 1) Brachythemis contaminata
9.20-18.50 1) Ishnura delicate Needham
Table 6. Relationship of taxa richness and water parameters (chemical properties). Ccws = Correlation coefficient in wet season; Ccds = Correlation coefficient in dry season; Cctotal = Correlation coefficient for cumulative data (wet and dry)
Parameter Ccws Ccds Cctotal
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) 0.69 0.03 0.27
Temperature (ºC) 0.05 0.34 0.13
Conductivity (µs/cm) 0.01 0.22 0.24
Nitrate (mg/L) 0.24 0.11 0.14
Ameilia Zuliyanti Siregar, Che Salmah Md. Rawi and A.Hassan Ahmad: The Diversity of Odonata in Relation to Ecosystem and Land Use
distribution of Odonata was more or less similar in six streams (Table 3).
Scores of biological indices (H’, D, E, R1, R2) showed that odonatan in relation to land use in this river basin was slightly poor (Table 4).
Based on selected water parameter ranges, several species were identified as indicators of those parameters (Table 5). There were strong correlation between generic diversity to dissolved oxygen (r=0.69mg/L), nitrate (r=0.24mg/L) and phosphate (r=0.21mg/L) in wet season, thus temperature, (r=0.34ºC), conductivity (r=0.24mg/L) and nitrate (r=0.11mg/L) in dry season (Table 6).
Discussions
Although the diversity of Odonata is relatively low compared to most of other orders of insects, Odonata showed preference to specific habitats. In this study, libellulids are common in lowlands such as a freshwater swamps, palm oil plantations or rice fields (Heckman, 1979, Van Vreden and Ahmadzabidi, 1986). Ischnura sp., a relatively tolerant species usually was also represented in the rice fields (Nakao, et al., 1976).
Relatively poor odonatan diversity in these areas (17 species were identified in rice fields) could indicate the presence of disturbed or structurally less complex microhabitats. Major pollutants arising from agricultural activities such as excessive nutrient inputs and pesticide use in plantations polluted the water bodies through run-off (Van Dam, et al., 1998). Therefore only highly adapted or widely distributes species were able to live in such environment.
Physicochemical monitoring of a water body is known to be insufficient to fully characterize the status of health of the water. However, it has been recognized as a vital component of an integrated
assessment of water way’s (Schofield and
Davies, 1996). Some organisms such as
Odonata in this study, could make reliable indicator species for certain range of water parameters. Some of the odonatan displayed strong preference to certain range of water parameters. Platycnemid, Platycnemis annulata Selys, inhabit aquatic habitat of 4.00-6.25 mg/L of dissolved oxygen. Other such as Orthetrum brunneum, Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian and Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw thrived well in running water of high oxygen content (6.26-8.50 mg/L). Macromia gerstaeckeri Fujian and Paragomphus henryii Laidlaw preferred water of low ion consentration whereas Orthetrum sabina Drury survived better in a more ionized water (30.00-59.99 μs/cm). The range preference of these odonatan species of many water parameters would make them good indicator of specified degree of water pollution or disturbance.
Conclusions
Libellulids was the dominant family of the Odonata fauna of the Northern Peninsular Malaysia. Some odonatan were typical habitants of certain ecosystems and some were very widely distributed that they could be considered as biological indicators. Many species were restricted to certain categories of water parameters. Abundance of heterogenous microhabitats and environmental health status determined the distribution and diversity of Odonata in this study.
Acknowledgment
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• Pustaka dari CD ROM:
Ahmad, A. Hassan 106
Andriani, Siskha 70
Che Salmah, Md. Rawi 106
Ginting, Sentosa 57
Gurning, T.M. 14
Haloho, Lermansius 14
Hanafiah, A.S. 77
Hapsoh 40, 77
Hariyadi, Purwiyanto 47
Hasibuan, Rosma 30
Imeldawati, Luly 35
Jacob, T. Marzuki 1
Julianti, Elisa 47
Lahuddin 63
Lubis, Khairunnisa 84
Nainggolan, Rona J. 57
Nasution, Hasan Fuad 35
Nurtjahja, Kiki 70
Prayitno, Dwi 1
Purwoko, B.S. 77
Saleh, Eniza 1
Sembiring, Hasil 14
Sihombing, Luhut 94
Simatupang, Pandapotan 89
Siregar, Ameilia Zuliyanti 106
Sitanggang, Masri 21
Soekarto, Soewarno T. 47
Suryanto, Dwi 70
Syarie, Atjeng M. 47
Wahyuni, Tri Hesti 35
Yahya, S. 77
Yusra 100
INDEKS SUBJEK
A. tegalensis 30
Aliran permukaan 89
analisis usaha tani dan Sumut 14
Aspergillus niger 35
benih 47
berat jerami 63
Brachiaria decumbens 89
burung puyuh 1
C. melanophthalmus penerokan 30
cekaman kekeringan 77
cendawan mikoriza 100
Centrosema pubescens 89
efisiensi pemasaran 94
elastisitas 94
Erosi 89
faktor topografis 7
fermentasi 35
fisiografi 21
G. bonninene 70
G. lucidum 70
G. tsugae 70
Ganoderma applanatum 70
ikan mas 57
internal transcribed spacer 70
isotermi sorpsi air 47
jagung 14
kandungan P tanaman 63
kapur api 47
karakterisasi dan klasifikasi 21
karakteristik absorpsi 47
keanekaragaman 106
kedelai 40, 77
kerupuk ikan 57
ketahanan 84
kulit buah coklat 35
kutu perisai 30
lama pengeringan 57
lateks 100
mikoriza 77
morfologi 84
musim hujan 40
musim kemarau 40
Odonata 106
P-Bray II 63
penebangan pohon 7
pengeringan kemoreaksi 47
penggunaan lahan 106
penginderaan jauh 7
performans 1
persebaran ruang 30
pH Ultisols 100
pH 63
piroklastik 21
pola tanam 14
Predator 30
produksi 40, 77
P-tersedia 100
P-total 100
pupuk kandang 89
Puyuh petelur 35
salinitas 84
saluran tataniaga 94
Semenanjung Utara Malaysia 106
SIG 7
tanaman tebu 30
tapioka 57
tepung buah tanjung 1
transmisi harga 94
