Effect of Age at Harvest on whole Cassava (Manihot esculenta) silage Qualities

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Improving Smallholder and Industrial Livestock Production

for Enhancing Food Security, Environment and Human Welfare

Proceedings

Full Papers

Edito rs : S. I<oonawootrittriron, T Suwanasopee, T Jai cha nsukkit, D_ Jattawa, K. Boonyanuwa t and P. Skunrnun

I he IS \,\.\1 ' \!lim al "rielln' Cnngn:ss

The

15 th

AAAP

Animal

Science CongresS

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-© The Animal Husbandry As sociation of T hailand (AHAT)

under the Roya l Patronage of H.R.H. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn 69/ I Phaya Thai Road. T hung Phay a Thai

Ratchathewi. Bangkok. 10400. Thailand

Koonawootrittriron, S .• T. Suwanasopee, D. Janawa, T. Jaichansuh:h:it, K. Boonyan uwat and P. Skunmul1 . 2012 . Improving Sma llhol der and Industrial Livestock Production for En hancing Food Sec urity. Env ironment and Human Welfare. Proceedings Full Papers of the 15th AAAP Animal Science Congress held at Thammasat Un iversity. Rangsit Camp us. Pathulll Thani. 26-30 November 2012. AHAT. 3768 p.

Created by

Tropica l Animal Genetic Unit (T AGU).

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Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies

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Scope of AAAP: AAAP is established to devote for the efficient animal production in the

Asian-Australasian region through national, regional , international cooperation and academic

conferences.

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Brief History of AAAP: AAAP was founded in 1980 with 8 charter members representing 8

countries-those are Australia. Indonesia. Japan. Korea. Malaysia. New Zealand, Philippines and

Thailand. Then. the society representing Taiwan joined AAAP in 1982 fo llowed by Bangladesh in

1987, Papua New Guinea in 1990 , India and Vietnam in 1992, Mongolia, Nepal and Pakistan in

1994. Iran in 2002 , Sri Lanka and China in 2006 , thereafter currently 19 members.

<¢>

Major Activities of AAAP: Biennial AAAP Animal Science Congress, Publications of the

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences and proceedings of the AAAP congress and

sympos ia and Acknowledgement awards for the contribution of AAAP sc ienti sts .

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Organization of AAAP:

· President: Recommended by the national society hosting the next biennial AAAP Animal

Science Congress and approved by Council meeting and serve 2 years.

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bost society of the ve ry nex t AAAP Animal Science Congress.

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congress venue and many important agenda ofAAAP

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Office of AAAP: Decided by the council

to

have the permanent office of AAAP in Korea .

Currently # 909 Korea Sci &Tech Center Seoul 135-703. Korea

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Official Journal of AAAP: Asian-Australasian Journal of Anima l Sciences (Asian-Aust. 1.

Anim. Sci. ISSN 1011-2367. hnp ://vv'Wvv.ajas.info) is published monthly with its main office in

Korea

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Current 19 Member Societies of AAAP:

ASAP(Australia), BAHA (Bang Jadesb ). CAASVM(China), IAAP(India), ISAS(1ndonesia).

IAAS(lran).

JSAS(J apan).

KSAST(Korea),

MSAP(MaJaysia).

MLSBA(Mongolia).

NASA(Nepal), NZSAP(New Zealand) , PAHA(Pakistan) , PNGSA(Papua New Guinea) ,

PSAS(Philippines) , SLAAP(Sri Lanka), CSAS(Taiwan), AHAT(Thailand), AHAV(Vietnam).

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Previous Venues of AAAP Animal Science Congress and AAAP Presidents

I

1980

Mal aysia

S .I alaludin

II

1982 Philippin es

V. G. Arganosa

III

1985

Korea

In Kyu Han

IV

1987 New Zea land

A.

R.

Sykes

V

1990

Taiwan

T. P. Yeh

VI

1992 Thailand

C.

Chantalakhana

VII

1994

Indonesia

E. Soetirto

VIII

1996 Japan

T. Morichi

IX

2000

Australia

J.

Ternouth

X

2002 India

P. N. Bhat

XI

2004

Malaysia

Z. A .. Jelan

XII

2006 Korea

I.

K. Paik

XIII

2008

Vietnam

N.V. Thien

XIV 2010 Taiwan

L.c.

Hsia

XV

2012

Thailand

C.Kittayachaweng

..f- AAA P is the equ al opportunity lJl'ganiz3t ion

Proceedings (?/flie 151/1 ,·IAA P AnilJlol Science Co ngress

26-3() !VOl'ember 2{} I 1, TlwmlJlasal ｌＧ ｬｉｨＧ ･ Ｂ ｳｩ ｾＱＢＬ＠ Rcmgsil Campus, Thailand

CONGRESS COMMITTEE

AAAP Officials (20 I 0-20 12)

President

Honorary President Executive Vice President Vice-P,"esident

Immediate Past President Secretary General Deputy Secretary General

TreaslI rer :

International Advisory Committee

Dr. C. De\cndm (M,tla)sia) Prof. .I. K. I-Ia (Kmea) Prof. F. Inrascel li (Italy) ProL Z . A . M . .Ielan (Malays ia) ProL H. Makkar (FAO. Italy ) ProL S .. 1. Ohh (Kon:a) ProL P. RU\llinson (1 1K) Pml' . .I. \Vise111,lll (UK)

Mr. Chayanon l<ittayachalVeng (Thailand)

Eiller itus Prof. Dr. Charan Chantalakhana (Thai land) Mr. Suthep Vo ngru cn (Tha il and)

Mr. T ossapo m Srisak (Thailand) Mr. Yudi (,untant ( Indoncs ia)

Assoc . ProL Dr. i'anit Kh e111thong (Thailand) Assoc . Pro f. Dr. l<a111pul Ruchi\\it (Thailand) I'm I'. Dr. Lian(! Chnu Hsi a (Tai\\3n R.O.C.) Assoc . PmI'. D; .. Slipaporn Isariyodolll (Tha il and) Mrs. Kt'ongkaew Bori slitsalVat (Thailand)

Asst. Prof. Dr. Skorn Koona\\outrittriron (Tha ila nd ) Dr. Than3thip SUlVanasopce (Thai land)

Ms. Chinwna Vong nagnagom (Th ai land)

Pruf. L. Faile\ (Australia) Prot'. Y. ｈ｡ｹ｡ｾｨｩ＠ (.I apan) Prof. S . .Ialaludin (Malaysia) Pt'o L Le. V iet Ly (Vietna111) ProL N. Manahe (.Iapan) ProL r. R. Ol'sko\ (UK) PruL S. de Slllel (l3elgiu111) pror. P. W) nil (Australia)

National O'"ganizing Committee for Technical Programs

Advisory Committee

Mr. Chayanon Kittayachaweng

Emeritu s Pmf. Dt·. Charan Chantalakhana Mr. Suthep Vll ngl'ucn

Mr.To ssapllrn St'i sa kdi

Managcr. 1'3<1nk or ａｧｬＧｩｬｾｵｬｴｵｲ･＠ and Coope l',llin:s Dean. Facu lt \ urScience and TechnllllH!. \ .Assoc . ProL ·DI·. Chancha l',ll Rl.:udecha ｾ Ｎ＠ Dr. N aiyana N akhata

Chairman

Pror. DI·. Metha Wanapat

Vice Chairpe"sons

Assoc. Pmf. Dr . .IoWJman Khaiare rn Assoc. Prof Dr. SOlllcha i Chakhalt'akan

Assuc . 1'1'01'. Dt·. Sornprach Thanisa\\an yangkura Ivll·. S,mlkit ThCl\\iI1IJl'a\\Ul

Dr. Suntrapurn R. Na Phuket

Assoc. "mf. Dr. Supapurn Ismiyodom M I'. Anek Boonnoon

M I·s . Pakapun SkUlllllun 1V11·s . .Iilllan J IndralllJn ga lJ Assoc. PmI'. Dr . .Iutarat Sethakul

Co m mittee

Dil·ector. Bmeauul' A nilllal N ut riti on Development. DLD

Dit·ector. But'eau 01' Animal Husbandry and Genetic Impt·o\elllent. DLD Dil·eclOr. Bmeau ol'Li\estoc k ofextcntion and De\el opment. DLD

Director. SU\\Jn\ ajokkasik it Animal Re se at'ch and De\eloplllentln stitut e, KU I-lead . Depanllletll 01' Ag ri cu ltural Techno logy. T U

Head. Depmtlllenl or Anima l Scicncc, K U -Bangkhcn I' lead. Depanllleill 01' .Animal Sc ien ce. K U -K aillphaen g Saen

Prof. Dr. Sanchai .laturasitha Assoc. ProL Dr. SOlllc hai Suwanpradit Assoc . Prot'. Ka sidit Uechiewchamkit .Assoc . ProL Dr. Sutipo ng Ut' iya pongson Assoc . PI'Ot'. Dr. Cha long Waehirapakmn As s!. PmI'. Sakda Klin sukon

.

.Assoc. 1'1'01'. Dr. Yanin OpatpatC1nakit .Asst. 1)1'O f. Dr. Pa\\adee Pakdce Assoc. 1'1'01'. Dr. N uanchan Paraks a Dr . N iparal Srithmcl

IlIlprO\'il1g Sl1lallholder and InduSTrial Lin!s /ock Pr odllc/iol/ /or Enhollcing Fuod Secllri'y, [m'jrotIJnenl ulld HlIlIlCIJ/ I+"e((are

Scientific Session Sub-committee

Ch airperson

Dr'. KalnyC! Roon: ｾ｝ｮｕｉｉ＠ <II

Committee

Assoc. Pro!'. Dr'. Kinapul SOllllllar! Assoc. Pro!'. Dr. Kan Suksupalh Assoc. Pro!". Dr. Kun\a Tunti\'i soo tlikul Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ta\\'eesak SonQ,set"1ll Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pl)rnsri Chail"Ulanayulh Assoc . Pr·o !·. Dr. Pipal SOlllparn Assoc. 1'1"01'. Dr'. !'aichok Panj,] Assoc. Pro!". Dr. Mo nch ai DLiangj inda Assoc . Prof. Dr'. Aillnart Poapolalhep Assoc. Prof. Su\\'anna Ki,iparklll"n .Assoc . Prof. Dr'. Viro te Palarajinda Ass!. Pm!". Dr. YUllares Ruarlgpanil

Secretar),

Ass!. Prof. Dr. Skum !,Ol)nUII uOlrillrimrl

Asst. Secrellll'),

Dr, Tha nathip Su\\anasopee Miss. Navaporn C hau),namng

Secretari at Group

IVI rs. !<'ron!.!.kae\\ 80ri SUI sa Wdl Dr, Kala: ,; Boon) <lnUllm IVIrs .. ! i nlanLl Indral113ngal,r lVIiss.Tipmon Yaigate

Assoc. Prof. Dr'. N uanchan Paraksa lVII's, Pakapun Skunillun

Dr, Phongthom Kongillun

Secretm'y

,ASS!' I'ro!". Dr. Sk o m KoUn<lIlOoll'illr'il'lln

Deput y Secretary

Dr, Thanathip SLI\nrna su pce

Reviewers:

PI"Of. Dr. Chanvil Va jrabukka Prof. Dr, Naro ngsak 'Chai: abutr Prof. Shusuke SalO

Assoc, PI'O!·. Dr . Boonr'it Thungsong Assoc, I'rof. Dr, Chanin T ir'all<lllan<l\\<ln ich Assoc, PmI'. Dr, .Ieer·,]chai Kanjanaprulhipong Assoc . Prof. Dr . I<.catisak So isuIV3n

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kr'i s Angka napol'll Assoc . Prof. Dr. lVIonchai Duangj inda Assoc . Prof. Dr'. Nua nchan Paraksa Assoc . Prof. Dr', Onlpin .Iinlasalhaporrn Assoc. P!'Of. Dr. Pai chok I)anja ,A5So(;, PmI'. Dr, Pana s lUIllkiralil1 0ng Assoc, Prof. Dr. Pipm SOlllparn

Assoc, Prof. Dr. Pongchan N a-Laillpang Assoc. Pro!'. Dr . Sillith Yill1lllollgkol Assoc. Prof. Dr'. SOlllsak Pakpi r1 )0 As soc, Prof. Dr. Sri su\\<ln C hoillchai Assoc, Pro!'. D r'. Suchon Tungl(l\\cc\\'ipat Assoc, 1'1'01'. Dr', SUlhipon g l lr i: apongson Assoc' , Pro!'. Dr', SLilOnya Thollgr'ak

Asst. Pro!". Dr, Chanin Tirawattanawanich Asst. Prof. Dr. Lerchart 800n- Ek Asst. Prof, Dr, SiIVaporn Pacngkoull1 Ass!. Pro", Srisuwan Cholllcha i Ass!. Pro!". Dr, Supon Kmalatin ,Ass!. Pro!". Dr, Ornpmpun Songserlll Dr', Sar'an )Ci Poapolalhep

Dr. Rapccpon g Panil i\Cil Dr',Alllonrat lVIo lec Dr', Thongsuk ,!elane) MI'. Wiro t Wana silChai\\at

Dr, Sukanya Ratlanalabtillltong ivl s, Phakka-orn A kar'amathlirakul

Assuc , I)mf. Dr', Pipm SUrllpal'll Dr. Pcn sri Sornpl'asitli

,A ssl. Pl'Ot'. Dr, Sillapol'll Phaengkolllll lVIiss, Sirillik Onl1ol11

Dr. Suka ny a Rattan alab ti mtong Dr, Sansak Nakavislll

Dr, Rapeepong l\lIlililal

Assoc . 1'!'Of. Dr', Thira Rakkwalllsook Assoc . I' rof. Dr', Thongsak Challlpawadee A ssoc . Pro!'. Dr, Wandce Tartrakoon Assoc. I'w!'. Dr'. Yanin Opalpatanak il Assoc, Pro!'. Dr' . YUlhana Sirill8lhananuklll Assoc . !)ro!', I'amlcp Ralanakol'll

Assoc. Pro!'. Rachasak Chauychoowong As soc . Prof. Su\\'anna Ki,ipako rn Assl. Pro!'. Dr'. Anu l C hanlhir'at iklll Asst. Pro!'. Dr. Ch ina Slipako rn A ssl. Pro". Dr', Lerchart Boon-Ek A ss t. 1'1'0 1'. Dr. Narin Upr'aga rin

,ASS!. 1'1'01'. Dr. ]\! alchalluk ,A IllOl'nlhcllaphat ,AS S!. !)r·ol'. Dr', O r'nl)['apull SOllgsel'lll A ss!. Pro !'. Dr', Parillal !')uolperm Assl. Pr'o!'. Dr', Siriporn Khullltl'ap Ass!. Prof. Dr'. Skorn KoollallOotrillrion A ss!. Pm". Dr, Slipo rn I<'ata\\'al in Ass!. Pro!'. Dr'. Surachai SlI\\'al1lee

.Asst. Pro!'. Dr. YUllares Ruangpan il Asst. Pro!'. Sajee Kunhal'cang Dr. All10nral Molee

Dr . .Aulchara I<.a) an Dr. Chak l'apong Chaikong Dr. Chat chai Chansoll1boon Dr. Ch irallath Phalsa ra Dr. Doungnapa pro ll1kct DI·. Kalaya BoollY,lIlullat DI·. Kanokpom Phcldec

DI·. I<'hanilla RuullgllillayallllS\lrn

01'. Malco llll .l. (jibb

01'. Nililll a Cha icrillsan Dr. Pen napa Matayoillpong Dr. RanQ sun Chamcnsook

Dr. ｒ｡ｰｾ･ｰｯｮｧ＠ Pani\i n ll

Dr. Sa nsak Na kali sul Dr . S i I'i porn Pea nsu k Illanec Dr. So nlha) <I l\: ullllhuaill

Dr. Sopon WiluiSOl"ll

Organizing Staff:

Mr. Dan ai .Ia ltalVu

Mr. Teel'apong .Iaichan sukkil Miss Pill1chanok Yodklaew Mr . Tha\lee I.aodilll

f-Jroce edillgs a/ th e 15,I! "V IA? Animo/ Science Congl"llss J6-3 0 !VOl·ell/be,. 201l. T!wmmosol U/J/I·ersil1 ·. RClngsil Compl/s. !/w/lolld

Dr. Sukanya Mane in

Dr . Suk<lllya Rall<:lIlCllubtillllong Dr. Supalladce MUllatrinon DI·. Thanath ip SUllclila sopec \)r. Wmangkan<l Kilpi pi l DI·. WUlligl'ai Boonkulll

01'. Yeni Widiallali Mrs . .lintana Indraillall galu MI·s. Sukanya .Jattupornpong Miss Prapa\lan Sallas dee Miss Sanlaya Illldchinda Miss SUlida Onsongchun Miss Nallha .Jal·i) apaillurnkoon Mr. Kongpath o lll Kanj ana se rlll Mr. Koonphol Pong ll13n ee Mr. Pairal SI'ichan a Mr . I)inyo Luangillalleewel MI'. Sirichai Phelclikhai MI'. Ih ecl'achai I lailook Mr. Yodchai ThollglhainClIl

/1I1proril1g S lIlollh olde r and /l1 dIlSfrio / Lh'eslock Produc tiOIl

f o r Enha ll cing Food Secllrill '. Elll'il'O nlllelll a lld HUIIlClnli i!i(are

Code

C12-0P-111

C12-0P-112

C12-0P-113

C12-0P-114

C12-0P-l1S

C12-0P-116

C12-0P-117

C12-0P-J 18

C12-0P-119

Title

Dairy Steers Fed on High Co nce ntrate Diet S. Kang and M. Wanapat (Thailand)

Effect of Rain Tree Pod Meal Supplementation o n Rumen Fermentation, Microbial Population, and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Dairy Steers

N. Ananta sookand M. Wanapat (Thailand)

Microbial Population s, Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Protein Synthesis as Affected by Phys ical Form of Untreated or Urea- Treated Rice Straw in Dairy Steers

P. Gunun and M. Wanapat (Thailand )

Perfo rmance and Rumina I Fermentatio n C haracterist ic s of Holstein Calves Fed Starter Concentrate Co ntaining Two Different Fiber Levels

A. Sa larinia, M. H. F. Nasri, H. F. Far, H. Naeimipour and V. K. Moghadalll (Iran)

Effect of Age at Harvest on Who le Cassava (lv/on ihol

('sCillenlo) Silage Qualities

Despa l, D. A. Lestari, I. G. Permana and P. Hidayah (Indonesia)

The Effects of So luble Protein and Sugar Level on In Vitro

Gas Productionand N utrient Digestion

S. Bua pilan, V. Pattarajinda, M. Duangj inda, y, O patpatanakit and M. A. Froetschel (Thailand)

Inclus io ns of Rumen Protected Protein- Fat Supplements in the Ration of Lactating Dairy Cow: Effects on Feed Intake and Digestib i lit y. M ilk Production and Co mpos ition, and Milk F arty Ac id Pro fi le

L. Hartati, A. Aglls, L. M. Yusiati and B. P. Widyobroto (Indonesia)

Effect of Total Mixed Silage on Feed Intake and Milk Production of Lactating Dairy Cows

W. Maneerat, S. Prasanpanich and S, TlIl11wasorn (Thailand)

Eflects of Expander and b pander-Pelleting on the bte nt o f Protein Denaturation in Peas, Lupins and Faba Beans

A. Azarfar and H. Khosravinia (Iran)

The Effect of Liquid Methionine Supplemented in Diet on Milk Production and Health in Dairy Milking Cows R. Panivivat. P. So pananrat and S. Sirichai (Thailand)

( 12)

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IJllprOl'lllg ,':;lIIoll/loldf!1' olld IlIdIlSfl'iull.i\'eSf()ck F'ronllClioll {ur Ell/lmlclIlg Food S'eel/Of.\', [}1\'/roIl1l1l! 11f und 111/1/10/1 " 'e(fure

Code

C33-0P-309

C33-0P-310

C33-0P-311

C33-0P-312

C33-0P-313

C33-0P-314

C34-0P-315

C34-0P-316

C34-0P-317

C34-0P-318

Title

Inclu sio n of Raisin Co-Products in the Diet of Mehraban Grow ing Lambs

V. Sa rell1i , D. Alipour. A. Azarfar and Y. Rouzbehan (Iran)

Us ing Restaurant Waste in Finishing Rations of Lambs: Eatin g Behavior Regarding to Ration and Rumen Health

A. Hosseinkhani , M. Moradi, H. Daghighkia and S. Alijani (I ran)

Effects of Different Levels of So rghum Grain on the Kidney of

Ghezel xA rkhor-Merino Crossbred Lam bs

H. Karimi, H. D. ki a, A. Taghi zadeh and A. Hosse inkhani (Iran)

Comparison on Goat Milk Production Fed with Different Rati ons of Organ ic Corn Stover Silage

S. Kittipo ngpysan. S. Da nvi ri ya kul. S. Seilsuth and C. Nongyao (Thai land )

Effect of Protein Source and CurcLlmin Supplementation on Feed Intake, Rumen Fermentation and Ni trogen Utilization in Goats

D. Supha nphuwong. U. Nonasa. K. Vasupen . S. Bureenok, P. Paengkoulll. C. Wach irapakorn and C. Yua ngklan g (Tha il and )

Digesti bi I ity Com parison of Ram ie (Boe hl17 erio niveo) Leaves Ha y and Silage in Jawarandu Goat Ration

Despal . Mubarok and M. Ridla (Indon es ia)

Effect o f Microwave Heatin g or Simple Heat T rea tment of Rice Bran on th e Rate of Re lease of Free Fa tty Acids du rin g Sto rage at Room Tempe rature

W. A. D. V. Weerathilake, S. S. E. Ranawana , N. R. Abeynayake and A. N. F. Perera (Sri Lanka)

Effec t of Grape Pomace Powder and Roughage Sources on Rumen Fe rmentation by Us ing In Vilro Ga s Fermentation Tec hnique

S. Fo ikl ang. M. Wanapat and T. Norrapoke (T hailand )

Effect of Different Chem ical Agents on Polyphenol ic Compo und s of Pomegranate Seed Pulp

F. Khosrav i. M. H. F. Nas ri. H. F. Fa r and J. Modarresi (Iran)

Determinat ion of Satl,'o n Residues (Crocus sO livus) Nu triti ve Va lu e by 111 Sill! and In Vilro Meth ods

V. K. Mog hadam . M. H. F. Nasr i. R. Valizadeh , H. F. Fa r and A. Sa larinia (Iran)

Page

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2()-3(J Ｎｾ｜ｩＨＩ｜Ｇ･ｭｨ･ｬＧ＠ 20/2, lhwl1l11US(/f { i l1ll'erslfY, Uong .... /I ('OIl1/JIIS, {hm/lInd

Effect of Age at Har'vest on Whole Cassava (Mal1iITo( eSCulel1(a) Silage Qualities

Despal, D. A. Lestad, l. C. Pet'mana and P. Hidayah

Department of An ima I Nutrition, Bogor Agricu Itural Un ivers ity, Bogor 1668, Indonesia

Improving local feed reso urce is a growing concern. Cassava is one of Indonesian loca l feed resource that can be gro'vvn in almost all of Indonesian region. However, because of its

competitive use for human consumption and fuel production , and its high cyanic acid content, as well as its seasonal availability, therefore, utilization of the whole crop and conservation technique should be applied. So far, there is limited information available about the age at harvest of the plant to produce the best quality of its whole crop silage. The study was aimed to compare 7. 8 and 9 months of age at harv es ting tim e of cassava plant o n whole crop silage qualities produced. The qualities were compared ba sed on their physical (color, odor, moisture , texture. and s poila ge), ensiling (pH. DM , VFA , DM losses, CP, N-NH3, CP

degradation, WSC used. HCN and tleigh point) and utility (i n vill'o rumen fermentabilities

and degradabilities ) characteristics. Two kg of well mixed chopped sa mple of each the whole plants were ensiled for 5 weeks anaerobically in three fold 35 x 50 cm polyvinyl bags silo at room temperature. The ex periment was designed completely random and each treatment was repeated thrice. Ensiling process reduced HCN content of the silage by Illore than 60%. Harvesting cassava plant at 8 months of age gave the best whole cassava plant silage quality (best ph ys ical ch'aracteristics. high er tleigh point as well as in vitro rumen digestibility). Because of its low CP co ntent. so lel y diet in ruminant should be avoided.

Key Words: Cassava, Crop age , Local feed, Silage

INTRODUCTION

Co mparing high fe ed import to the potential of Indonesian agriculture to support feed security in Indonesia shows that Indon es ian local feed resources such as cassava have not been use optimally. In 20 I I. Indonesian cassava tuber production reached up to 22 million ton (Deptan,

2011). The problem with cyanic acid (HCN) content of cassava and its competitive use as food and fuel may be some of the reaso n for the s ituation. There is a need to reduce HCN co ntent as well as improve its feed competitive advantage so that it is safe for use as animal feed commercially.

Ensiling technique has been us ed to conserve feed for years. The technique has been proven to lower HCN content of ensiled feed. Illlprovement of cassava feed competitive advantage might be done by increasing the proportion of the plant used in animal ration such as whole plant. Ensiling whole pl ant cassava is hoped lower the HCN co ntent ofens il ed cassava as well as improve its feed competitive advantage.

/)}'()ct!edfl1gs n//he /5111 _{:1.-1 ... 1/ )}

: '/I1IIII U / SCI(!I1CC ( 'ungn;,\'.\

]()-3fJ /\'()l'elllht:}, 2()/], IhuJ/IIIlU.' lll ( 'I7I1'l!!'SIfY, Hangs If ('(IIJ1/JII,'. Ihm/wll/

As proportion of cassava plant s uch as leave. stem, tuber change with th e age. nutrient content of whole cassava plant will al so be influenced. At age of 6 month. the leave proportion is

optimum; the proportion \vill then stead il y decrease after 7 month of age (Sudaryanto, 1990).

So far only limited information is available on the optimum age at harvesting of the cassava plant to produce the best qual ity of who Ie cassava silage.

The stud y was aimed at finding the optimum age of cassava plant harv esting on the nutrient conrenr and ph ys ical, fermentative and utilities characteristics of whole cassava plant silage produced.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research had bee n conducted in June 20 I I to February 2012 . Cassava plants of known

age ,vere collected periodically from a farmer plantation in C iawi District of Bogor Regenc y.

Total mix ration (TMR) as a control were formulated and mixed. The ration consisted of 50%

nature grass , 15% cassava extract meal , 7.07% corn meal, 15.73% coconut oil meal , 10.49%

soy bean oil meal , 1.24 % dicalciull1 phosphate (DCP) , and 0.47% calcium carbonate (CaC03).

Cassava plants used in this expe rim ent were harve ste d from 7, 8 and 9 months of age. After harv esting, leaf. stem and tuber part of th e pl ant s were se parated and weighted. All component of the plant were then manuall y chopped to about I cm length and then mixed

homogeneous ly. Two kg of th e mix ed component plant were fed into three fold 35 cm x 50

cm pol yv in y l plastic bag s ilos. The airs were removed by compacting and the silos were rapidly seal ed with plastic tape. T he Ens ilin g were let for 5 weeks at room temperature.

Characteristics of cassava plant used in the experiment were observed including weight of each plant component, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), HC N and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) contents of the whole plant. Phys ical (color, odor, texture, moisture and spo ilage), fe rmentative (pH, DM, VFA, DM degradation , C P, N H3. HCN , WSC and tlei gh point) and utiliti es ( in vitro orga ni c matter and protein ruminal fermentabilities , and DM and OM d igesti bi I iti es) charac ter istics of s i lage produced were a Iso determ i ned.

Proportion of cassava plant component was calculated afte r separating and weighting leaves ,

stem, tuber and comparing to the total weight of the plant. Dry matter and CP contents of

cassava plant were analyzed according to Ne umann and Bassler (199 7) procedures . Water

soluble carboh ydrates we re determ ined using Phenol method (Si ngleton and Ross i. 1965).

While , HCN content of cassava plant were meas ured using AP HA (1985) method.

Physical characteri st ic of s ilage was described for its color, odor, texture, moisture and ex isting spoilage. The value of I to 4 was given for the worse to th e bes t color, odor, texture and moi sture of the s ilage produced as compare to the pl ant material. The amount of co ntaminated sil age was weighted to calculate th e proportion of spoilage s ila ge.

e /"/l l'(;('(/mgs I)(I!? ... : / 5!il : I:i .-/l' .-if1lll/(// S Cf(: l1ce ('ol1g/ \.:S . .,

]()-]O Ｎ｜ ＧＨＩ ｜Ｇ･ｭｨｾＱＧ＠ 201l, Ihul11JJ1u.,o/ 1II/I\'(' r ,\/lY, /(UI1,!!.SII ('(lII/PIIS, thw /wu /

The pH value of s ilage was measured using calibrated Hanna pocket pH meter. Silage OM were measured us ing oven heat method , while, crude protein content were analyzed using

micro kjeldahl method according to Ne umann and Bassler (1997) proc edure. Concentration of

silage VFA's vvere measured usi ng steam distillati on method of the sa me supernatant sample that have been used for pH meas urement. Silage dry matter degradation (OMO) was calculated as propol1ion of OM loss to the material OM. Ammonia concentration in silage was obs erved from th e sam e supernatant sample as used for pH and VFA. The concentration

was determined us in g micro diffusion Co nway (General Laboratory Proc edure, 1966) . The

proporti on of protei n degraded was calculated fro m the proportion 0 f C P material that has

been converted into amll1onia. WS C and HCN contents left in the s il age were determined using the same procedure with determination of WS C in plant material. Fleigh point (FP) grades silage bas ed on OM content and pH value of th e silage (OztLirk et aI., 2009). The point was calculated ac co rdin g to formul a: FP = 220 + [(2 x OM (%» - 15] - [4 0 x pH] , where FP

denotes values between 85 and 100. ve ry good quality: 60 and 80. good quality ; 55 and 60 .

Illoderate quality: 25 and 40 , satisfying quality: <20, worthle ss .

Ruminal fermentabilities of organic matter to produce VFA and prote in to produce NH 3 were determin ed from supe rnatant after in vitro incubation of silage sa mpl e in buffer-rumen liquor for 6 h. Whil e OM and OM in vitro di gestibiliti es were determined according to two stage

method s by Ti Iley and Terry ( 1963).

The experiment was completely random desi gned with 4 treatments (TMR , 7, 8 and 9 months

age at harvestin g) and 3 replications. Data were analyzed using ANOV A and significant

different betwee n treatlll ents were subjected to contras orth ogo na l test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Cassava plant pl'opel'ties

Propol1ion and OM , C P. WS C and HCN contents of th e plant were shown in Table I. Ens ilin g might change properties of th e plant, howeve r. the silage pro perties pretty much depend on th e propert ies of th e plant Ill ate rial. The tabl e sho\·\ed that th e old er th e plant, th e lower leave and the hi gher tuber proportions of th e plant have . OM content increased with the age. while CP, WSC and HCN co ntents decreased.

Table 1. Cas sava plant properti es

Plant propo rtion (%) OM WSC HCN

Treatments CP (% )

S te m Lea ves Tuber (% ) (%) (ppm)

TMR 45 .29 20.83 13 .88 13.56

7 months 35.82 19.94 44.24 28.14 7.87 18 .82 3496.76

8 month s 35 .66 12.99 51.35 34.50 6.98 16 .37 1933.40

9 month s 34.96 12.09 52.95 35.18 5.71 11.56 858.64

/Jru CI..'r.:ding,\ ＨｾＨｉｨＬ ＮＺ＠ /5''' .-.j,-I.·lfJ ..-:i nimo/ ,\l'fence ('()ngre,,,-,

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Started from 7 month age of harves ting, the cassava plant has sho wn a good material characteristic to be en s iled (Parakass i, 1999). However, HCN content of the plant materi a l were abov e norm a l leve l that ca n be tolerate (500 ppm) by ruminant (S andi el 01. , 2010) ,

therefore pretreatment are need ed . C rud e prote in content of the plant mate rial les s than 7.9% which shows va lu e below ruminant requirement. Water so lubl e carbo hydrate content in the plant material more th an enou gh (> 10%) to pro v ide material fo r lactic ac id bacterial (LAB) to produce acid and lowe r the pH value of during ensiling (Parakassi, 1999) .

Chat'acteristics of whole plant silage

Physical. fermentative and utiliti es cha rac teri stic of who le plant si la ge co mpare to TMR are show n in Table 2. Physically whole pl ant cassava silages (WPCS) were better than TMR s ilage . No spoilages were fo und in th e WPCS but in TMR. High OM content ofTMR (>40%) might caused difficulty of compactin g which lead to the present of oxygen during ensiling (Sandi el 01.,20 10 ). However, the percentage of spo il age si lage in thi s experiment was lower than that was found by Lend ra wati (2008 ) on co rn s ilage ba sed T MR (7.64%).

According to Wilkins (1988) , treatment 7 and 8 month s prod uc ed better si lage pH in compare to 9 month s and TMR treatment. The lowe r pH value of treatm ent 7 and 8 month s l11i ght be caused by id ea l OM co ntent and high WSC content which provided better material and envi ro nm ent for BAL to grow and produce lact ic acid ( Oes pal el u/., 2011). A lth ough TMR had high WSC content, o nl y very small proportion of it have been used by BAL. Hi gh prote in co ntent of the TMR might also ca used hi gher buffering capac ity in th e medium which lead to higher pH va lu e. Ory matter de gradation was not sign ificantl y di ffe rent between th e

treat ments

«

II %) but lower th an 16% that was found by Sumars ih and Wa luyo (2002).

Co nce ntration of ammo ni a in TMR (4.30 mM) an d 8 month s (4.23 mM) treatm ents were s ignificantly high er than 7 (2 .2 mM) and 9 months (2 .08 mM) treatm ents . Ammonia concentration of less than 50 g/kg total N (- 2. 94 mM) were categorized by Zam udi o et al. (2 008) as good qu a lity s il age . Because of hi gher C P co ntent in TMR material in compare to whole pl ant cassava material th en percentage of CP degraded fro m TRM (3.94%) was lower than whole pl ant cassava (> 7.3 1%).

A lth ough ensiling co uld reduce more th an 60% of cyanic ac id co ntent of WPCS (Man and Han s, 2002), however, HCN concentration found in treatment 7 and 8 months were still above safety leve l for rumin ant consumption. There is a need to let the s ila ge open for a while before fed them to rumin ant. A ltho ugh FP of the sil age stati st ic a ll y d ifferent, but the poi nt (> 85)

showed that all si la ge pro du ced were in ve ry good quality (OztLirk et a I., 2009)

ＯＩＯＬＨＩｪ ＬＬＧ･ｾ､ｦｬＱｧＧ＠ ＱｾＯｬｨ･＠ /5:h ＬｾＬ Ｇ ｉＮ Ｇ ｬｪｉＬＭｊｊＷｉｊｊＯＨｉＯＮ ｜｣ ｩ･ｮ｣･＠ ('(jngn:,\ ,\ }tl-JO .\'()\'ClllhCI']O/ J, 'Jill/mil/USaf' 'nll'l'n/!.\'. Nang."JI ('(lmplI,\', 'Il1w/{/ne.!

Table 2. Characterist ics of whole plant cassava silage Parameters

Physical characteristic Color

Odor Texture Mo isture Spoilage F erme ntat iv e characteristic

pH

DM (%)

Si lage YFA (mM) DM degradation (%)

CP (%)

Silage NH3 (mM) CP degradation (%)

WSC (%)

HCN (pp m)

FP

Uti I itie s characteri stics Ruminal NH 3 (mM) RuminalYFA (mM) DMD(%) OMD(%) TMR ++++ ++++ +++ +++ I. ISS%

4.53 ± O.OS 43.30 ± 2.34"

5.36 ± 5. 12b

10.88 ± 3.45 20.53 ± 5.24"

4.30 ± 0.21 " 3.94 ± 1.05" 13.27 ± 0.80"

13.56 ± 0.63"

120.72 ± 4 .69"

9.96 ± 0.86 106.55 ± 9. 64b

67.54 ±

2.8i'

62.91 ± 10.2511

7 months

+++ ++++

+++ +++

4.21 ± O.OS 26.3 I ± 0.46c 5S.02 ± II.S2 Cl 9.75 ± 2.01 7.36 ± O.4i' 2.22 ± 0.3911 8.54 ± 1.93c 6.30 ± 2.64b

829.86 ± 13.66c 89 .34 ± 0.92c

8.96 ± 1.21 111.88 ± 1.11 b

70 .25 ± 1.3 111 70.47 ± 2. 14b

8 months

++ ++++

+++ ++++

4.29 ± 0.22 32.56 ± 0.31 b

17.06 ± 5.91 b 10. 96±1.18 6.91 ± 0.80b 4.23 ± 0.30"

14.21 ±2.44d 12.29 ± 2.54<1

680.50 ± 34.6i' 101.83 ± 0.6311

9.44 ± 0.83 123.21 ± 6.65"

77.10 ± 4.32" 77 .79 ± 4.77"

9 mont hs

+++ ++++

+++ +++

4.54 ± 0.04

32.70 ±

I.oi'

51.19 ± 10.24H 9.32 ± 2.68 5.99 ± 0.77c

2.0S ± O.4Sb 7.31 ± 0.S911

5.44 ± 0.7i'

326.94 ± 46.48b 102.13 ± 2.14h

8.30 ± I.S3 93.21 ± 10.S6b

77.43 ± 0.35" 77.96 ± 0.25 " Note: Different superscript at the same row showed statistically different (p < 0.05) ; + = less desired

and ++++ = 1110st desired physical quality of sil age; DMD and OMD = dry matter and organ ic matter d igest i bi I ities.

In vitro utilities test of the WPCS showed that the silage produced were fermentable and highl y digestib le fo r ruminant. Digestibi lity of 8 and 9 months treatments si lage ,vere high er than ot hers. Increasi ng proportion of tuber and reducing proportion of leave s III ight cause this co ndition.

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