Skripsi ini berjudul " #$ %&'()&*+,' %,-$./%$( ,0 -,',1+- $%1( ,/'. +' #$ %&'()&*+,' ,0 %$2,%3 &'4+5 (
+'*, &%+( /'&'.&% ( 6 yang merupakan analisis prosedur penerjemahan istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat pada buku
oleh N. Gregory Mankiw dan buku terjemahannya
yang diterjemahkan oleh Haris Munandar. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah mengetahui prosedur terjemahan apa yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat di dalam buku di atas dan untuk menemukan prosedur terjemahan apa yang dominan. Teori yang dipakai adalah teori prosedur terjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet dalam Venuti (2000:84 93). Teori ini menyatakan bahwa ada tujuh prosedur terjemahan, yaitu: peminjaman
( ), , terjemahan harfiah ( ), transposisi
( ), modulasi ( ), ekuivalensi ( ), dan adaptasi
( ). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian pustaka (
) untuk mencari referensi yang berhubungan dengan analisis dan metode dekriptif kualitatif dalam menganalisis data. Data diperoleh melalui metode pengambilan sampel secara sistematis ( ). Berdasarkan analisis, ditemukan 181 istilah ekonomi dimana 47,51% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur peminjaman, 33.70% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur terjemahan harfiah, 9.94% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur ekuivalensi, 5,52% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur calque, 2,21% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur transposisi, 0,56% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur modulasi, dan 0,56% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur adaptasi. Prosedur yang dominan digunakan adalah peminjaman.
Table 1 : Data Identification
Table 2 : Pure Loanwords
Table 3 : Mix Loanwords
Table 4 : Loan Blends
Table 5 : Literal Translation
Table 6 : Calque
Table 7 : Transposition
Table 8 : Modulation
Table 9 : Equivalence
Table 10 : Adaptation
Table 11 : Types of Procedure
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SL : Source Language
ST : Target Language
TL : Source Text
TT : Target Text
Skripsi ini berjudul " #$ %&'()&*+,' %,-$./%$( ,0 -,',1+- $%1( ,/'. +' #$ %&'()&*+,' ,0 %$2,%3 &'4+5 (
+'*, &%+( /'&'.&% ( 6 yang merupakan analisis prosedur penerjemahan istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat pada buku
oleh N. Gregory Mankiw dan buku terjemahannya
yang diterjemahkan oleh Haris Munandar. Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah mengetahui prosedur terjemahan apa yang digunakan dalam menerjemahkan istilah istilah ekonomi yang terdapat di dalam buku di atas dan untuk menemukan prosedur terjemahan apa yang dominan. Teori yang dipakai adalah teori prosedur terjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet dalam Venuti (2000:84 93). Teori ini menyatakan bahwa ada tujuh prosedur terjemahan, yaitu: peminjaman
( ), , terjemahan harfiah ( ), transposisi
( ), modulasi ( ), ekuivalensi ( ), dan adaptasi
( ). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian pustaka (
) untuk mencari referensi yang berhubungan dengan analisis dan metode dekriptif kualitatif dalam menganalisis data. Data diperoleh melalui metode pengambilan sampel secara sistematis ( ). Berdasarkan analisis, ditemukan 181 istilah ekonomi dimana 47,51% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur peminjaman, 33.70% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur terjemahan harfiah, 9.94% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur ekuivalensi, 5,52% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur calque, 2,21% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur transposisi, 0,56% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur modulasi, dan 0,56% diterjemahkan dengan prosedur adaptasi. Prosedur yang dominan digunakan adalah peminjaman.
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The varieties of language has made a gap for people from different
countries to share information in communication. In order to bridge the gap,
translation is conducted. Translation is attempted to be used to overcome barriers
in international communication. It takes a very important role and has successfully
played its role in spreading the knowledge in this world through the translation of
scientific books and journals. We cannot deny that there are a lot of good books of
science written in English, which some of them are not readable for some
interested learners. By the translation of those books, science has been made
understandable and familiar to a lot of people. Therefore, some scientific terms,
such as export, import, credit, debet and monopoly have been familiar to most of
us.
Science is always improving and making innovation to fulfil the human
need. Economy is one of the sciences which is improving rapidly to fulfil human
need. Economy has an intense contact to human life. Everyday, human activities
will include economic activities, such as purchasing, selling, and paying
something.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, term is a word or
phrase used as the name of something, especially one connected with a particular
As economic science improves and innovates, it often evolves or produces
new term. This new term may cause problems to a translator since it is quite
impossible to update the existing dictionaries with a new term in every short
period in order to have a very complete term dictionary. Compiling new term
dictionary would also require a tremendous amount of human effort.
In this case, because of some reasons, a translator should decide whether
he tries to find the equivalent word in the target language or to loan those terms
into the target language. Bolinger (1975:419) says, “Borrowings concentrates in
the areas where contact is most intense. Therefore, it is not surprising that science
and technology lead the field nowadays, with sport and tourism close behind. But
the contact has grown so close in recent time with press, radio, television, and
international travel, that a kind of universal diffusion is taking place.” For
example, the word which is translated into The translator
uses borrowing procedure. The translator borrows the term from the target
language and make changes in the writing system of the word.
Another problem that frequently appears is that economic terms often
cannot be translated on a word by word basis. While the individual word of the
term may have many possible translations, the term itself typically has a unique
translation that may or may not correspond to the translation of its components.
For example, which is translated into . This is one of the
example of the term found in Gregory Mankiw’s The Principles of Economics.
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, to ask means to request that
. While price means an amount of money for which something may be
bought or sold which in Bahasa Indonesia, it is . The translation of the word
corresponds to that what a buyer ask is usually the lowest price. In this
case, the translator uses equivalence procedure to solve the translation problem.
In the other hand, some translations of term may not have corresponse
between its components. For example, the translation of into
. means which is in Bahasa Indonesia,
refers to the thing owned by a person or company that has value, which is
in Bahasa. In this example, the translation of the term into
does not correspond to the translation the word composing the term.
In this case, the translator also uses the equivalence procedure to solve the
translation problem.
In addition, it also frequently appears that a translator adds a word to make
the translation not strange in the target language. For example, the term
which is translated into instead of and which
is translated into instead of . The translation of
the terms substitutions and demands faces problem if they are translated with
literal translation. In these cases, transposition procedure is used.
Mona Baker and Gabriela Saldanha (2009:288) says that in most cases, it
is the terminologists who engage in the systemic research of one or more domains
in order to compile bi or multi lingual resources, such as glossaries or term
banks, for use by translators. However, as noted above, translators themselves
establish a terminological equivalent or find a translation solution to a particular
terminological problem encountered in a text. It means that translator also plays a
role in determining the name of scientific term in a target language. The translator
gives contribution to the target language in expanding its vocabularies when no
equivalence in TL is found, especially the vocabularies dealing with science
which will always improve.
Context is also important in the transfer of meaning done by the translator.
It is done in order to transfer information to the target text as much as in the
source text so that the reader who cannot understand a certain source text can have
the same, not less or more, idea and knowledge about a scientific field as those
context play an important role. As in the translation of the term which is
translated into instead of in economic context discourse.
In order to face the problems in translation, some experts has created some
translation strategies, methods, techniques or procedures. One of them is the
translation procedures delivered by Vinay and Darbelnet which will be used to
analyze the data in this thesis. The translation procedures cover borrowing,
In this thesis, we will see what are the translation procedures and what is
the dominant one used in the translation of the economic terms in N. Gregory
Mankiw’s into Bahasa Indonesia by Haris Munandar
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The problems of analysis in this thesis are:
1. What are the procedures found in the translation of economic term in
N. Gregory Mankiw’s into Bahasa
Indonesia?
2. What is the most dominant procedures occured in the translation of
economic term in N. Gregory Mankiw’s into
Bahasa Indonesia?
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The objectives of the analysis in this thesis are:
1. To figure out the procedures found in the translation of economic
terms in N. Gregory Mankiw’s into Bahasa
Indonesia.
2. To figure out the most dominant procedure occured in the translation
of economic terms in N. Gregory Mankiw’s
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The study is focused on analyzing the data from N. Gregory Mankiw’s
and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia by seven
procedures. The data are economic terms which are collected from the selected
chapter as samples. The analysis covers the seven procedures in order to get the
result of the analysis related to the procedures.
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A study is done due to certain significances it has. The significances of the
study can be both theoretical and practical. It other words, the result of a study
should be beneficial for developing knowledge and insight, and also can be
applied for daily living (Silalahi, 2010:2 3).
Based on the statement above, this study has two major significances.
First, this thesis is expected to enlarge the writer’s and the reader’s knowledge
about translation and economy terms in both English and Indonesian languages.
Second, it is expected to be helpful for people especially the students who want to
be a translator or currently work as a translator, to learn how to conduct
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The research method of the analysis is the library research by consulting
some books and dictionaries in order to collect the theories and references. In
addition, some information is also acquired from the internet to support or
complete the collected theories.
In conducting the analysis, the author used descriptive qualitative method.
It refers to a research explaining the analysis or a hypothesis of a research
(Strauss, 2003:7). The formula dealing with the data calculation is solely used to
support the data analysis.
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The data in this thesis are collected from the economic book entitled
by N. Gregory Mankiw and its translation book in
Bahasa Indonesia entitled by Haris Munandar.
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The book by N. Gregory Mankiw and its
translation into Bahasa Indonesia consists of 34 chapters. In this thesis, some
chapters are selected as samples for the analysis by using systematic sampling
samples. Then, the researcher decides the number of samples (n) which are going
to be analyzed from the total population (N). In order to make the samples
selected systematically, we use interval (K). The interval (K) can be counted by
the formula K =
.
The first sample is selected randomly, then the next sample isdetermined by the interval added to the first sample.
The sources of data consist of 34 chapters. The number of samples are 11
chapters. So, with N = 34, n = 11, the number of interval are:
K =
K =
K = 3
So, the samples are 11 chapters which starts from chapter 2, 5, 8, 11, 14,
17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32.
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The steps done in collecting and analyzing the data are:
1. Reading the book in English as the source text (ST) and its translation into
Bahasa Indonesia as the target text (TT).
2. Identifying words and phrases that are included as economic terms.
3. Selecting some data which strongly related to the economic terms.
5. Identifying the equivalence between ST and TT.
6. Contrasting the terms in ST and TT in order to figure out the procedures of
translation used.
7. Identifying the procedures of translation occurred.
8. Classifying the procedures of translation occurred.
9. Finding out the most dominant procedure of translation occurred in the
translation.
In order to figure out the most dominant procedures of translation occurred
in the translation, this thesis is going to apply a formula referring to Malo’s
method of social research (1986:200).
Following is the formula of calculating the percentage of the procedures
used:
X : Number of the subcategory of the procedures of translation
Y : Number of all data
N : The percentage of the procedures of translation
=
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There are one hundred eighty one (181) economic terms found in the
chapters selected through systematic sampling for this analysis. The objectives of
this analysis are to figure out the procedures found in the translation of economic
term in terms in N. Gregory Mankiw’s into Bahasa
Indonesia and to figure out the most dominant one.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory, there are seven procedures of
translation, they are borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition,
modulation, and adaptation. The following table shows the data of economic
terms taken from the selected chapters and the types of procedure which are used
to translate them.
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! ! Advertising " Literal Translation
>> Allowance ( % Equivalence
! Appreciation ) Borrowing
: ! > Arbitrage ) Borrowing
! ! Automatic stabilizer Calque
< Average revenue Literal Translation
! Balance trade Literal Translation
> Benchmark Equivalence
> !! Benefit check ( % Equivalence
! ! Booming ! Borrowing
!< !: Capital + Literal Translation
! < Central distribution # Calque
! ! Circular flow
diagram
# Borrowing
!> ! > Closed economy Borrowing
! Collective bargaining
( Borrowing
! Commercial value , Borrowing
:: Common resource * Literal Translation
! < Company town Borrowing
: Comparative
! : Cost benefit analysis ) Borrowing
! Crowding out Borrowing
! < Cyclical unemployment
Borrowing
: Deadweight loss - Equivalence
Deadweight loss ! Equivalence
< Deadweight loss ! % Equivalence
!: Default ( Modulation
Deficit # Borrowing
> > Deflator # Borrowing
: Demand Literal Translation
:! ! Deposit + Borrowing
: ! : Depreciation # Borrowing
: !! Discouraged worker % Literal Translation
:: ! Economic mobility + Calque
: ! Economist Borrowing
: < Elasticity Borrowing : ! ! Equilibrium interest
rate
* Borrowing
:> < Excess capacity - Borrowing
! Exchange rates - Equivalence
! !< Exchange rate effect # Literal Translation
: Excludability Borrowing
< Exit - Literal Translation
: !:< Expenditure Literal Translation
! ! Export Borrowing
< ! Factors of production
. Calque
! Fall in total surplus Borowing
!: Finance + Literal Translation
> ! Financial market Literal Translation
< !<: Fiscal policy - % Borrowing
<! Fixed cost ! Literal Translation
< > Fixed price / Equivalence
< :< Free rider Literal Translation
<< !! Frictional
<> Housing voucher * Equivalence
!<! Hyperinflation / Borrowing
! ! Import " Borrowing
!!< Incentive " Borrowing
Income elaticity of demand
Literal Translation
: ! Indexed # Borrowing
Inequality - Literal translation
< Inflation " Borrowing
>! Inflation rate 1 % Borrowing
In kind transfer ( Borrowing
> !! Input " Borrowing
! !<< Interest rate effect # Literal Translation ! < Investment
accelerator
Borrowing
! Investment tax credit - % Borrowing
: ! Labor force ) % Literal Translation
: Land tax % Literal Translation
! Law of one price / Literal Translation
> Levied # Literal Translation
> Liberalism 1 Borrowing
>! : Libertarianism 1 Borrowing
> !< Liquidity preference Calque
> < Marginal firm % Borrowing
> < Marginal revenue % Borrowing
>< Marginal tax rate ( %
%
Borrowing
> Market power - Literal Translation
> << Markup + Borrowing
>> ! ! Minimum wage $ Borrowing
! : ! Multiplier effect # Literal Translation
! !:> Mutual fund 2 Equivalence
! < : Natural monopoly + Borrowing
! ! Natural rate of
unemployment
( Literal Translation
! Negative income tax % Borrowing
!!< ! Opportunity cost ! Borrowing
!! !< Output - Literal Translation
!! ! Paycheck 3 % Literal Translation
!!> !< Monetary policy - % Borrowing
! < Perfectly elastic Borrowing
! ! Permanent income Borrowing
! Poverty line 3 Literal Translation
! : Poverty rate ( Literal Translation
! < <: Price maker Literal Translation
! : Price taker Literal Translation
! !< Printing press Equivalence
! > : Private goods ! Literal Translation
! >: Producer price index " Borrowing
! ! < Product
! : ! Property right / Literal Translation
! Property tax % Literal Translation
! < : Public goods ! Borrowing
! !: Purchase Literal Translation
! !< Purchasing power # Literal Translation
! > ! Purchasing power
!:< :! Rivalness ! Transposition
!: !:: Sale % Literal Translation
!:> > Shut down ( Literal Translation
! Social insurance ) Calque
! ! !!! Spells of
unemployment
# Literal Translation
! !: Stock * Literal Translation
! ! : Stock market Literal Translation
! : ! : Strike Literal Translation
! : Supply Literal Translation
! > < Supply side economics
" Borrowing
!< Tax cut % Literal Translation
!<! ! > Tax cut % Literal Translation
!< > Tax rate ( % Literal Translation
!< > Tax revenue % Literal Translation
!<: ! Total revenue Borrowing
!< ! : Trade balance , Literal Translation
!<< ! < Trade deficit # Borrowing
!< ! Trade surplus * Borrowing
!< ! Tradeoff Equivalence
!<> : Tragedy of the common
( Equivalence
! > Transitory income Literal Translation
! ! Underground
! ! Unemployment rate ( Literal Translation
! : ! Union * % Transposition
! Variable cost ! Borrowing
! > !< Wealth effect # Literal Translation
! ! Worker turnover % Literal Translation
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In this section, the writer will analyse the data of each procedure which
has been classified. The description of each procedure is followed by example and
explanation.
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It is the procedure where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and transferred to the TL, but in a ‘naturalized form’, which is made to conform to the
rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL. borrowing with no change in form and
meaning (pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but without changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and the third, borrowing when part of the term is
native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends).
The following table is borrowing which is found from the data and
followed by the analysis. Table 3 shows pure loanwords. Table 4 shows mix
loanwords. Table 5 shows loan blends.
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2) Company town →
‘ ’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘Company town”
without any change in target language writing system.
3) Crowding out →
‘ ’ is purely borrowed from source language ‘Crowding out”
without any change in target language writing system.
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‘) ’ is borrowed from source language ‘appreciation’ with some change
‘ ’ in target language. The letters ‘pp’ in source language is replaced by target
< ! Collective bargaining (
Commercial value ,
Comparative advantage
-> Competitive market
! :> Complementary good !
!! > Consumer price index "
! : Cost benefit analysis )
! ! < Cyclical unemployment
!: < Efficient scale *
! ! ! Equilibrium interest rate *
!< < Excess capacity
-! !<: Fiscal policy - %
! !: Foreign direct investment " !> !:! Foreign portfolio
investment
"
!! Frictional unemployment ! > Gross domestic product
In kind transfer ( : ! < Investment accelerator
! Investment tax credit - %
! > Net foreign investment "
< ! Nominal exchange rate ,
! Nominal interest rate *
: Normal goods !
:: >: Producer price index " : <> Product variety
externality
:< : Public goods !
: ! Purchasing power parity
: ! Real exchange rate ,
:> ! : Real interest rate *
! Reservation wage $
! !! Structural unemployment
1) Budget deficit → #
5) 6is native while 5 6is borrowed from source language ‘deficit’.
2) Fiscal policy → - %
5- % 6is native while 5 6is borrowed from source language ‘fiscal’.
3) Competitive market →
5 6 is native while 5 6 is borrowed from source language
‘competitive’.
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A calque is a special kind of borrowing in which the SL borrows a word or
an expression, but then translate it literally each of its elements.
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! ! ! Automatic stabilizer
< Central distribution #
! > Substitution bias !
1) Automatic stabilizer →
‘Automatic stabilizer’ is translated with linear substitution into target
source language becomes the second word in target language and vice versa. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.
The word 5 6 is borrowed from source language ‘automatic’ with
some writing system changes. ‘au ‘ becomes ‘ ‘ and the ‘c’ becomes ‘ ’.
It also happens at the translation of ‘stabilizer’ into ‘ 6 where
suffix ‘–er’ in SL becomes prefix ‘ 5 in TL.
2) Consumer surplus → *
Literal Translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically
and idiomatically appropriate TL text.
!! Discouraged worker % !< Exchange rate effect #
> < Exit
-!> !<< Interest rate effect #
: ! Union * %
1) Blackmarket →
(a word) (a phrase)
The change of linguistic unit exists here. ‘Blackmarket’ is a word which turns into a phrase ‘ 6in TL.
2) Bonds → *
( a word) (a phrase)
The change of linguistic unit exists here. ‘Bonds’ is a word which turns into a
phrase ‘ ’ in TL.
3) Rivalness → !
(noun) (verb)
The change of part of speech exists here. ‘rivalness’ is a noun which turns into a
verb ‘ ’ in TL.
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This procedure changes the form of the message, by a change of point of
view. This change in point of view enables us to express the same phenomenon in
a different way. Those changes happen at a negated contrary for positive, part for
1) Default → (
The change happens at a negated contrary for positive meaning. ‘default’
means ‘fail’ or ‘ ’ in TL. However, the translator negates it by using the
word ‘ 6 (‘not’ in SL) and use the contrary word of ‘ ’ instead of
‘ ' ’ to create the meaning of ‘ ’ (‘default’ in SL).
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It is the procedure used in the case where the same situation can be
described by texts using different stylistic and structural methods.
The writer gives a brief definition for each accounting term by consulting the dictionary (Oxford Advance Dictionary of Current English). So it can be seen the
equivalence of source language accounting term and target language accounting term.
1) Allowance: an amount of money that is given to somebody regularly or for
a particular purpose.
2) Benchmark: something which can be measured and used as a standard that
other things can be compared with.
3) Benefit: an advantage that something gives you; a helpful and useful effect
that something has.
4) Check: money.
5) Brand: a type of product made by a particular company.
6) Name: a word or words that a particular person, animal, place or thing is
known by.
7) Deadweight: person or thing that makes it difficult for something to
succeed or change.
8) Loss: money that has been lost by a business or an organization.
9) Exchange: the process of changing an amount of one currency.
10) Rate: a fixed amount of money that is charged or paid for something.
11) Fixed: % Staying the same, not changing or able to change.
13) Money: coins or paper notes.
14) Supply: an amount of something that is provided or available to be used.
15) Mutual: % used to describe feelings that two or more people or things have for
each other equally, or action that effect two or more poeple or things equally.
16) Fund: money that is available to be spent.
17) Printing press: a machine that produces books, newspapers, etc. by pressing a surface covered in ink into paper.
18) Rise: an increase in amount, a number or a level.
19) Run: a period of something good or bad happening; a series of successes or
failures.
20) Sunk: to go down below the surface.
21) Cost: the amount of money that you need in order to buy, make or do
something.
22) Tradeoff: the act of balancing two things that you need or want.
23) Tragedy: a very sad event or situation, especially one that involves death.
24) Common: an area of open land in a town or village that anyone may use.
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This procedure is used when the type of situation being referred by the SL
message is unknown in the TL culture. So, the translator creates a new situation
that can be considered as being equivalent.
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The source text is written in English language refering to specific country, that
is United States point of view. So, the currency which is used as an example by
the writer is dollar. Then, the translator translated it to have a more general
figures out the percentage of procedures used.
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1 Borrowing 86 86
2 Calque 10 10
hundred eighty one economic terms (33.70%) are translated with literal translation
procedure. Eighteen of one hundred eighty one economic terms (9.94%) are
translated with equivalence procedure. Then, calque, transposition, modulation,
and adaptation procedures are used in a small number. Calque procedure takes
5.52%, transposition procedure takes 2.21%, and both modulation and adaptation
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In this analysis, the author analyses the economic terms found in N.
Gregory Mankiw’s and its translation into Bahasa
Indonesia. The author is not involved in the process of translating the term. The
author analyses the book and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia. The books
consist of 34 chapters. 11 chapters are selected as samples through systematic
sampling method. After identifying the economic terms from the source book and
the target book, the author finds one hundred eighty one (181) economic terms
found in the selected chapters of N. Gregory Mankiw’s
and its translation into Bahasa Indonesia.
In order to solve the problems of analysis, the author uses Vinay and
Darbelnet’s translation theory which divides translation procedures into seven
procedures which covers borrowing, calque, literal translation, modulation,
transposition, equivalence, and adaptation. Then, the author uses Malo’s formula
to find the most dominant procedure.
Based on the analysis, the author finds that all translation procedures
delivered by Vinay and Darbelnet exist in this analysis. Eighty six of one hundred
eighty one economic terms (47.51%) are translated with borrowing procedure.
Sixty one of one hundred eighty one economic terms (33.70%) are translated with
(9.94%) are translated with equivalence procedure. Then, calque, transposition,
modulation, and adaptation procedures are used in a small number. Calque
procedure takes 5.52%, transposition procedure takes 2.21%, and both modulation
and adaptation procedures take 0.56% for each of them.
Then, the author also arrives at the conclusion that the most dominant
procedure which is used to translate the economic terms found in N. Gregory
Mankiw’s into Bahasa Indonesia is borrowing. This
finding of analysis supports the statement of Bolinger in his book )
1 that borrowing concentrates in the areas where contact is most intense,
for example science and technology.
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Translating terms, in most cases, becomes the challenge for a translator in
doing translation process because in this stage the translator decides whether
he/she makes orientation to the target text or the source text which influences the
readability of the translation product itself for its readers. There is no exact
formula to decide the best procedures to translate one term because different
people will see from different perspective and style. Therefore, the more analysis
about terms translation, the wider our horizone about translation procedures which
is used in certain case.
Analysis of term translation will be helpful for those who have been a
translator or who are beginners in translation. In addition, there must be a more
the translation of scientific book or why adaptation is rarely found in the
translation of scientific book. Knowledge is power so that science should be
readable for everyone in the future by being translated well. Therefore, it is
suggested that a study about terms translation be conducted in the future towards
every branch of science.
It is also suggested that this analysis be continued for further study to
analyse the translation ideology of by Haris Munandar which
is translated from the book by N. Gregory Mankiw.
Baker, Mona and Gabriela Saldanha. 2009. 2
( * . Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Bell, Roger T. 1991. ( ( & ( . London:
Longman Group Ltd.
Bolinger, D. 1975. ) 1 & * . New York: Harcourt
Brace Javanovich, Inc.
Catford, J.C. 1965. ) 1 ( ( . London: Oxford
University Press.
Malo, Mannasse, et al. 1986. + * . Jakarta: Universitas
Terbuka.
Mankiw, N. Gregory. 2001. ( * . United
States of America: Harcourt College Publisher.
Mankiw, N. Gregory. 2003. 8 % 9
/ + . Jakarta: Erlangga.
Mankiw, N. Gregory. 2003. 8 % 8
/ + . Jakarta: Erlangga.
Muchtar, Muhizar et.al. 2012. ! '*
Nababan, Rudolf. 1999. ( + % ! " . Yogyakarta: Pustaka
Pelajar.
Newmark, Peter. 1988. ( 7 ( . Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Nida, E and C. Taber. 1969. ( ( ( Leiden,
Holland: Brill, reprinted 1982.
Noss, Richard B. (ed.). 1982. ( ( . Singapore: SEAMEO
Regiona; Language Centre.
Riduwan. 2008. + : ( + ( . Bandung : Alfabeta.
Schendl, Herbert. 2001. / 1 . London: Oxford University Press.
Silalahi, Ulber. 2010. + * . Jakarta: Refika Aditama.
Strauss, Anselm. 2003. # ; # - ; ( 1
( ; ( ( # . Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Venuti, Lawrence. 2000. ( ( * 2 . London and New York:
Routledge.
________. Januari 2008. ( . Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology (January 2012).
________. October 27, 2011. ( # !
+ . Retrieved from http://ericktecno.com/contoh daftar pustaka/
@
! Circular flow diagram #
!! Input "
! Fall in total surplus
Underground economy
: Land tax %
Property tax %
< Supply side economics "
Deficit #
: Cost benefit analysis )
! Advertising "
> Consumer price index "
>! Inflation rate 1 %
> Deflator #
> Benchmark
>: Producer price index "
> Substitution bias !
! Nominal interest rate *
! : Real interest rate *
! > Labor force paricipation
rate
(
%
