STRATEGY TO PRESENT A SPEECH
A PAPER
BY
LIA PEBRIANI PANE
REG. NO. : 082202051
DIPLOMA III ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
MEDAN
It has been approved by
Supervisor,
Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S NIP. 19541117198003 1 002
Submitted to Faculty of Culture Studies University of North Sumatera in partial fulfillment of the requirements for DIPLOMA (D-III) in English.
Approved by
Head of English Study Program,
Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A NIP. 19521126198112 1 001
Approved by the Diploma III of English Study Program
Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the D-III Examination of the Diploma III of English Study Program, Faculty of
Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.
The examination is held on June 24, 2011
Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera
Dean,
Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A NIP. 19511013197603 1 001
Board of Examiners: Signature
1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A ( Head of ESP ) 2. Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S ( Supervisor )
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I am LIA PEBRIANI PANE, declare that I am the sole author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qulified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed : ...
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : LIA PEBRIANI PANE
Title of paper : Strategy to Present A Speech
Qulification : D-III/Ahli Madya
Study Program : English
I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Librarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture Studies USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
Signed : ...
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
First of all, the writer would like to thankfulness and Praise the Almighty Allah SWT who has given health, strength and help in completing this paper, as one of requirement to get Diploma III certificate from English Program at Faculty of Culture Studies, University of North Sumatera.
Furthermore, on this occasion, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to all people who have helped the writer in completing this paper:
1. The writer dedicates this paper to her beloved parents, H. Palito Pane and Nipsawati Harahap as a small token of respects, loves and thanks for all they have given her.
2. Brothers and sisters, Nora Efrida, Erwin Alamsyah, Adian Alamsyah and Imee Syorayah, who become the writer’s inspiration and for their continuing supported and motivation.
3. All big family in Medan, who helped and supported the writer in much time. 4. Dr. Syahron Lubis M.A, the Dean of Faculty of Culture Studies, University of
North Sumatera.
5. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A, the Head of English Diploma III Departement. Thank you for your attention.
7. All lecture in English Diploma III Program who have taught and given us knowledge.
8. The writer’s dear friends in Faculty of Culture Studies, Ari, Desma, Elda and Bella, who supported and care about her. Thank you for sweet memories that we made together.
9. All students in English Diploma III Program and Faculty of Culture Studies who given attention during the writer’s study.
Finally, the writer is fully aware of the limitation of this paper in spite of her efforts to make it as possible. Therefore, she would be most grateful if the reader would supply her with any constructive critisms that might make this paper useful and accurate.
Medan, 23 June 2011 The writer,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ... i
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ... ii
ABSTRAK ... iii
ABSTRACT ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vii
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study ... 1
1.2 Scope of the study... 3
1.3 Purpose of the study ... 3
1.4 Significance of the study ... 3
1.5 Method of research ... 4
2. REVIEW OF SPEECH ... 5
3. STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED TO PRESENT A SPEECH 3.1 Preparation ... 13
3.2 The Subjects ... 21
3.3 The Audiences ... 23
4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 4.1 Conclusions ... 27
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
“Language most shows a man: Speak, that I may see thee”. –Ben Jonson
Most of people judge the other from how good they are at saying something. Therefore, we must pay attention to the way we present something, as in a speech. How to the message in a speech can be conveyed and understood well by the audience.
For example, one day we walk to the downtown, we occasionally would be interested in seeing a crowd of people around an old charlatan. He is in rumpled black suit, he has moustache, bearded and his eyes are a bit red like lack of sleep. Of course the crowd of people do not want to enjoy his style, but they gathered for watching the charlatan convey expertly the messages about the drug efficacy with several performances. Like a magnet, the power of words of that charlatan are able to make the audience do not move for a long time. Actually, the charlatan already have an ability in public speaking that he had not learned in a formal or informal educational institutions.
There is a myth that great speakers are born, “not made,” that somehow certain individuals have the innate ability to stand in front of an audience with no anxiety, and give a moving, dynamic speech. Well, that just isn’t so!
Professional athletes constantly practice the basics because they know that without such practice they will not survive. To an outsider, the thought of a professional golfer, for example, spending hour upon hour practicing the basics seems ridiculous. But to that professional, the mastery of those basic skills are the very foundation of success.
Learning to be a better speaker is similar to learning any activity. In the beginning it can be frustrating. After a few lessons in which we learn some theory and practice some of the basic skills, things usually improve. To really learn to do anything well takes constant practice and mastery of the basics.
Speaking is no different, for example present a speech. Before becoming comfortable as a speaker, we need to learn some basic skills and then actively seek places to practice those skills. This may mean walking into our boss’ office and volunteering to give more presentations, or joining a speaking club which allows us to speak in an organized setting. The more experience we gain, the more proficient and comfortable we will become.
Therefore, the writer would like to divide her knowledge about strategy to present a speech well.
1.2 Scope of the study
The main purpose of presenting a speech to convey the messages contained in the speech to be understood by the audience, so the writer would like to devide several strategies to present a speech.
- How to prepare ourselves to present a speech,
- how to prepare the subject,
- how to use body language effectively,
- how to use visuals and graphics,
- of course, how to deliver what we have prepared.
1.3 Purpose of the study
We present a speech to convey a message to the audience. Therefore, this paper aims to help to develop the necessary skills to give more confident, enthusiastic and persuasive presentations.
The writer hopes in the presence of this paper will contibute the readers give a good and attractive presentation. If we give an attractive presentation, so, the audience will be interested to listen carefully. Nevertheless, if we give a boring presentation and difficult to understand, so, the message would be difficult conveyed to the audience.
1.4 Significance of the study
this topic is needed in this globalization era that an increasingly broad and easy. Therefore, many people are encouraged to discuss this topic specifically and systematically. From a source said that in the big countries, like the United States have made some majors related to this topic with a Master degree. Approximately 294 colleges of this country opening the majors like Speech, Public Speaking and Debating, etc.
Those statement tell us that the learning to present a speech is able to help us to stand the broad world outside. Thus, the writer expects this paper will have a contribution to the readers to prepare a presentation of speech that may be equipped in the future.
1.5 Method of the study
2. REVIEW OF SPEECH
Speech is the vocalized form of human communication. Speech is an activity of public speaking or oration to expresses the opinions, or gives an idea about something. The speech is usually delivered by a speaker for giving the orations and statements about the important things or events, and proper to be discussed.
The structure of a speech
The structure of a speech can be described simply in the following scheme:
address and greeting
opening/introduction
body
closing
thanking
The scheme is a basic framework for a speech preparation. We are expected to understand the scheme. The writer will discuss the common expressions appear on a speech.
a. Addresses
For examples:
- His most Gracious Majesty, King .... - Her most Gracious Majesty, Queen .... - His Royal Highness, the Duke of York. - Her Royal Highness, the Duchess of York. - Etc.
2) To the president, ministers, and other government officials For examples:
- The Honourable ...., the President of .... - The Honourable ...., the Minister of .... of .... - The Honourable Senator/Governor .... - Etc.
3) To the ambassador and other embassy officials For examples:
- The Honourable ...., the .... Ambassador to ....
- The Honourable Colonel ...., the Military Attache of the U.S. Embassy and Mrs. ....
- Etc.
4) To the general public For examples:
- Ladies and Gentlemen, - Dear friends,
b. Greeting
Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or people coming in contact with each other. While greeting social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.
For examples: - Good morning, - Good afternoon, - Good evening,
- Assalaamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh, - Etc.
c. Opening/Introduction
Opening/introduction of a speech is very important and serves to:
1) Convey the speaker's good intentions. 2) Gaining and keeping audience attention. 3) Convey the topic and purpose of the speech.
For example:
- First of all, I’d like to extend my sincere gratitude to the organizing commitee who has given me this opportunity to deliver a speech on .... (the topic).
d. Discussion/Body
Body of a speech will always be the largest part of the speech. At this point, the audience will have been introduced to the speaker and the subject of the speech (as set out in the opening) and will hopefully be ready to hear the arguments, the thoughts or even the rambling on the subject of the speech. The best way to set out the body of the speech is by formulating a series of points that the speaker would like to raise. In the context of the speech, a "point" could be a statement. The points should be organized so that related points follow one another so that each point builds upon the previous one. This will also give your speech a more logical progression, and make the job of the listener a far easier one. Do not try to overwhelm your audience with countless points. It is better to make a small number of points well than to have too many points, none of which are made satisfactorily.
e. Closing
- In concluding, I would like to express .... - I would like to conclude my speech by .... - Finally, I would like to ....
- Lastly, I wish to say a word about .... - In conclusion, I should just like to say .... - Etc.
Closing sentences can be written as follows:
- In conclusion, I sincerely hope that such forum be repeated, because it is of such foundation that an edifice of mutual understanding will be firmly built. Thank you very much.
- Ladies and Gentlement, finally I would like to convey my highest appreciation and heartfelt thanks to the distinguished delegates, participants and speakers of the symposium. I declare this symposium officially open. Thank you.
- Etc.
Closing a speech can also be covered by submitting a poem, the stanzas of song, short story, proverbs or wise words.
For example, there is a short story:
minute pass by without filling your mind with God. God is always by your side. Thank you very much.
Or proverbs and wise words should match with a speech topic which contains a valuable message, for examples:
- Man proposes, God disposes - When there is a will, there is a way
- Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you - A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush - Etc.
There is an important thing must be considered in this closing. An orator should avoid to use to humble unnecessary, for examples:
- I know I have not done this speech very well. - I know I have felt to say what I wanted to say. - I hope you excuse my lack of preparation. - Etc.
f. Thanking
Expressions of thanking are very common, among other:
- Thank you very much. - Thank you indeed.
Selecting a topic of the speech
In selecting a speech topic, it is important to analyze the audience. Analyzing the audience involves some physical factors that might influence the audience’s mentality. The consideration of audience brings some questions:
1. Who will attend?
2. How about their educational background? 3. How about their cultural background? 4. What is the motif of their presence? 5. Are they young people or old? 6. How their level of comprehension? 7. What is the most of their preference?
Another consideration is to determine the type of occasion where the speech intends to be presented. The consideration of occasion brings into question whether the speech was presented in order to welcome the important guests, give last respects to the death of someone, commemorates The Independence Anniversary of a country, or a campaign to gets votes, etc.
An ideally topic should be:
1. Concise 2. Informative
Organizing a speech
Making outline of a speech, it has benefits such as:
1. Guide the speaker where his direction speech should be delivered.
2. To know what and how widely the content of the speech must be delivered. 3. Provide the visual clues, how the speech will be delivered organized. 4. Provide guidance on which parts an explanation need to be highlighted. 5. Avoid vicious circle of a narrative.
6. Maintaining consistency and coherence of a speech flow
3. STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED TO PRESENT A
SPEECH
3.1 Preparation
“All candidates run on virtually the same platform, so what they actually
say is not a factor. What is important is how good they are at saying it”.
–Robert J. Ringer
Dealing with Anxiety
Anxiety is a natural state that exists any time we are placed under stress. Giving a presentation will normally cause some stress. When this type of stress occurs, physiological changes take place that may cause symptoms such as a nervous stomach, sweating, tremors in the hands and legs, accelerated breathing, and/or increased heart rate.
Don’t worry! If you have any of these symptoms before or during a presentation, you are normal. If none of these things happen, you are one in a million. Almost everyone experiences some stress before presentations, even when the task is something simple like, “tell the group something about yourself.”
Tips for Reducing Anxiety
1. Visualize
the details of your particular situation, and it will help you focus on what you need to do to be successful.
2. Practice
Many speakers rehearse a presentation mentally or with just their lips. Instead, you should practice standing up, as if an audience were in front of you, and use your visual aids (if you have them). At least two dress rehearsals are recommended. If possible, have somebody critique the first one and/or have it video taped. Watch the playback, listen to the critique, and incorporate any changes you feel are required before your final practice session.
If you experience anxiety immediately before speaking, try some of the following exercises next time you are waiting for your turn to stand up and speak.
3. Breathe
When your muscles tighten and you feel nervous, you may not be breathing deeply enough. The first thing to do is to sit up, erect but relaxed, and inhale deeply a number of times.
4. Focus on relaxing
Instead of thinking about the tension, focus on relaxing. As you breathe, tell yourself on the inhale, “I am” and on the exhale, “relaxed.” Try to clear your mind of everything except the repetition of the “I am-relaxed” statement and continue this exercise for several minutes.
5. Release tension
shake. Before standing up to give a presentation, it is a good idea to try to release some of this pent up tension by doing a simple, unobtrusive isometric exercise.
Starting with your toes and calf muscles, tighten your muscles up through your body finally making a fist (toes, feet calves, thighs, stomach, chest, shoulders, arms, and fingers). Immediately release all of the tension and take a deep breath. Repeat this exercise until you feel the tension start to drain away. Remember, this exercise is to be done quietly so that no one knows you’re relaxing.
You may not have all of these symptoms, but you can probably relate to some of them. The following techniques will help you in situations where you get nervous while speaking.
6. Move
The speaker who stands in one spot and never gesture experience tension. In order to relax, you need to release tension by allowing your muscles to flex. If you find you are locking your arms in one position when you speak, then practice releasing them so that they do the same thing they would if you were in an animated one-on-one conversation. You can not gesture too much if it is natural.
audience into the presentation. If you can not move to the side of the lectern, an occasional half-step to one side will help loosen muscle tension.
7. Make eye contact with the audience
Give your attention to one person at a time. Make a relation with your audience as individuals. Look in peoples’ eyes as you speak. Connect with them. Make it personal and personable. The eye contact should help you relax because you become less isolated from the audience, and learn to react to their interest in you.
Public speaking that impressive the audience is expected for most of people. A memorable speech may create a communicative bond between the speaker and the audience. Though a speech is one-way communication, but if it is presented in a good way, it can take in two-ways communicative bond effect. The audience feel to get answers of problems their faces from the speech, get a comfort and confidence in facing their problems. When out of a room where the speaker presents a speech, looking smiles and hopes in the faces of the audience. It is feedback for speaker that the speech is effective.
In speech, behavioral aspects serves to strengthen the message so that the speech is effective
Physical aspects
.
a. Gestures
parts. Gestures are divided into two
• Conventional gestures is the hand, head, or face movements
types: conventional gestures and natural gestures.
with an agreed meaning in a given society
•
. For example, the thumb up meanings good or OK.
Natural gestures is the hand, head, or face movements naturally follow the feelings or words of the
Based on the using, natural gestures can be divided into four types as follows:
speaker.
- Locative gestures is the gesture to indicate an object, it is real (in front of the audience) or imaginative. For example, when the speaker says, “Look at ourselves!” and his hand touched to his
- Emphatic gestures is the
chest.
gesture to emphasize an idea. For example, when the speaker
- Picturing gestures is the gestures that give a description. For example, when the speaker describe someone, “Once I met a lady, she was tall.” and the right hand’s the speaker is raised.
says, “Take time to pray” and his hand raise to pray.
- Suggestive gestures is the gesture to evoke the audience
b. Eye contact
Speak to one person at a time when you present. Can you imagine interviewing a person who looked at the wall or floor when answering your questions? This would not inspire your confidence in that person. In our culture we expect good, direct eye contact. This is one of the biggest cultural variables, always find out what the audience is comfortable with if you are presenting in a culture outside your own. Yet in many presentations, a speaker will look at a spot on the back of the wall, or at a screen, or at notes—everywhere but into the eyes of the audience.
Eye contact opens the connection of communication between people. It helps establish and build rapport. It involves the audience in the presentation, and makes the presentation more personable. Good eye contact between the speaker and audience also helps relax the speaker by connecting the speaker to the audience and reducing the speaker’s feeling of isolation.
c.
Body positionKeep your posture erect but relaxed. You want to stand up straight but not stiff. Your weight should be evenly distributed. Do not place your weight on one hip, then shift to the other and back again. This shifting can distract the audience.
barriers in place. If you are using a microphone, then you will need an extension cord or lavelier mike. In a formal presentation, or if the lectern is at a head table, this technique may not be practical.
You should normally stay within four to six feet of the front row. Do not stay frozen in one spot but do not pace either. When you move always look at a person in the direction you are going. An occasional step to either side, or even a half-step towards the audience for emphasis, can enhance your presentation. Stay close, stay direct, and stay involved with your audience.
The importance of natural gestures, uninhibited by anxiety, cannot by overstated. Too often anxiety holds back this important channel of communication. We use gestures for emphasis in normal conversation without thinking about what we are doing with our hands. Learn to gestures in front of an audience exactly as you would if you were having an animated conversation with a friend nothing more, nothing less. Between gestures simply relax your hands to your sides, do not hold them up in front of you with your arms bent at the elbow.
d. Appearance
improper accessories. Wear clothes that make us comfortable and freely, especially to make a
e. Voice
gesture.
You need to stay aware of your volume. A soft voice may be perceived as showing a lack of confidence and hurt your credibility.
All vocal production starts with breathing. Breathe frequently and deeply to fuel your voice. When you speak, variety is the key. Vary your pitch, volume, and pacing, as you do in natural conversation or in storytelling. Your listeners will listen.
Our average conversational rate of speech is about 125 words per minute. When we become anxious, that rate will usually increase. An increased rate of speech is not necessarily a problem if your articulation is good. However, if you are delivering a technical presentation, or one in which the audience needs to take notes, you need to watch your pace.
Another indication that you are talking too fast is when you trip over words. When this happens, slow down. Listen for yourself to say the last word of a sentence, pause where the period would be, and then proceed to your next sentence.
a. Attitudes or behaviors
b. Attitudes or behaviors detrimental: inferiority, superiority, over confidence, fear of making mistake, and self absorption.
beneficial: self confidence, sympathy, enthusiasm, wide interests, humility, cheerfulness, concentration, sincerity, appropriateness, convincing, and sense of humour.
Principles in choosing words
Choosing words based on how our feelings, ideas to be conveyed and the level of the audience knowledge. Therefore, we can follow some of the principles of using words: clear, concrete, concise, colorful, current, cautious, note whether the words including taboo words.
Humor is the best way to break the frozen situation. However, humor should be associated with the speaker, topic, audience or occasion. Nothing is more embarrassing than the jokes are not funny, so, be careful using humor.
3.2 The Subjects
After composing a speech text, the speaker can speaking from manu-script or read all the text. In this way the speaker is often done to maintain caution. The speaker is able to make cue cards for to replace the full text. These notes contain important things of the speech, key words, or just an outline. Most of speaker memorize the text.
chalkboard/whiteboard, poster, video and film, overhead projector (OHP), living model and physical object, slide projector 35 mm and printed materials/hand-outs.
Items to think about before your presentation
a. Computer Hardware and Software
Always check hardware and software immediately before the presentation to make sure all systems are functioning.
b. Overhead Projector
Is the bulb working and is a spare bulb available? Is the projection glass clean? Do you need extra transparencies and projectable pens to create overlays?
c. Flip Chart
Is there enough paper? Do you have a supply of marking pens? d. Handouts
Are handouts easily accessible and in order, so they can be distributed with minimum disruption? Have you arranged for assistance in handing them out if needed?
e. Microphones
If speaking to more than 50 people you will probably need a microphone. Before your presentation you may want to request a microphone that allows you to move around. Request a broadcast lavelier mike that will hook on your jacket or tie and allow you to keep your hands free.
Try to leave on as much light as possible. Dimming the lights can contribute to people dozing off, especially after lunch.
g. Seating Arrangement
If you have control over seating in the room, exercise it. If possible, arrange the seating so that the exit and entrance to the room are at the rear. In this way, if people come and go, it will cause the least amount of distraction. If you know approximately how many people are going to be present, try to make sure that there are approximately as many seats as people. That way you won’t have your audience sitting in the back of the room. Keeping your audience closer will focus their attention where you want it.
Most presentations in the business and technical world use either overhead transparencies or, more and more frequently, computer projected slides. So, we will focus on their use. However, tips on using flip charts, whiteboards, and other media are also covered in this section.
Use slides or visuals when you need to:
1. Focus the audience’s attention 2. Reinforce your verbal message 3. Stimulate interest
4. Illustrate factors that are hard to visualize
3.3 The Audiences
Very important to understand the speaker desires, hopes, needs and perceptions of the audience. The first steps we have to do, find the information about the audience on as many as possible in terms of educational background, sex, age, social status, political affiliation, religious affiliation, employment and income, membership in an organization and their cultural background. We can get the information we by asking to the event maker or the audience itself.
Whatever the occasion, your speech must always be targeted at your audience. If you are familiar with your audience, for example if the occasion is a large family gathering, then your speech should acknowledge and build upon your existing intimacy with your audience. The use of names and personal details of members of your audience can help to engage your listeners. If the speech is to an unfamiliar audience then an early goal of your speech must be to build a degree of trust with the listeners.
In other words, before you start speaking, most audiences have a vested interest in wanting you to succeed, and that translates into an attentive, supportive group. Of course, it is important that you maintain their interest and attention, but if you have followed the steps so far, especially seeking then you are sure to be on solid ground.
Question-and-Answer Techniques
a. Encouraging Your Audience to Ask Questions
Most presentations include time for audience questions during the session or at the end. In many cases the speaker has the option of when to have questions asked. If this is the case, ask the audience to interrupt you whenever they have questions, or request they save questions until you have finished the presentation. When you have delivered technical information, complicated ideas, or are leading a training session, it is a good idea to check audience comprehension by taking questions.
If you ask for questions passively, you will not encourage a response. This is often just a matter of body language. Standing away from the audience, hands stuffed in your pockets, and mumbling “Any questions?” does not encourage questions from an audience.
b. Listening Attentively to Questions
know what is being asked until the question is finished. It is important to wait until the questioner has finished.
While the question is being asked, you should watch the person who is asking it. Often it is possible to pick up clues to the intensity of the question, the feelings behind it, and any hidden agendas. Pay attention to the questioner’s body language.
c. Answering Questions
4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
4.1 Conclusions
Giving a good and interesting presentation, the speaker must have a good preparation. First, make an interesting topic in accordance with the audience and occasion. Gathering and composing materials into a full text. Then, prepare yourself to present the speech. If you feel anxiety before presentation, learn how to reduce it.
To present a speech, the speaker must communicate his enthusiasm to the audience if he wants them to be enthusiastic about the ideas his present. Simultaneously, you must appear composed and confident in your demeanor. It is not just what you say, but how you say it.
Choosing words based on how our feelings, ideas to be conveyed and the level of audience knowledge. Therefore, we can follow some of the principles of using words: clear, concrete, concise, colorful, current, cautious, note whether the words including taboo words or negative meaning.
Learn how to prepare and use slides and other visual aids in your presentation. Slides can add significant improvements to the persuasiveness of a presentation. However, this alternative should be used carefully. Otherwise, these visual aids will be a nuisance, not an aids tools.
4.2 Suggestions
REFERENCES
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Bell, Gordon, 1987, The Secrets of Successful Speaking and Business
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Ehninger, et. al., 1982, Principles and Types of Speech Communication, Ninth Edition, Illinois: Forestman and Company
Grice, George L., 1998, Mastering Public Speaking, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon
Hassling, John, 1976, The Audience, The Message, The Speaker, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies
Koch, Arthur, 2004, Speaking With A Purpose, USA: Pearson Education Group Incorporates
LeRoux, Paul, 1984, Selling to A Group: Presentation Strategies, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers
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Kesuksesan Hubungan Bisnis dan Pribadi, Semarang: Effhar Offset
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