Selecting Part of Natural Fiber EFB which has Best Mechanical Strength through Tensile Test Analysis for Composite Reinforced Material

TABL E OF CONTENTS

Innovative Agroindustrial and Business System Engineering

The F(,;asibiliry Study of Establishment of Biodiesel And Paving Block I-I

Industry From Spcnt Bleaching Earth

Fcbriani Purba, Ani Suryani and Sukardi

Green Supply Chain Management Innovation Diffusion in Crumb Rubber 1-7

Factories: Designing Sli""dtcgics towards Implemenlation

Tri Susanto, Marimin Marimin and Suprii1atin

Mobile Business Analyties System for Scrvice Level Analysis of Customer

1-1 3

Relationship Dccision

Taufik Djama and YudhiSlira Chandra Bayu

Exploring an Innovative Approach to Address Non-Tariff Barriers

1- 19

Experienced by Small to Medium Enterprises in Downstream Coffee

Production in Indonesia

Andar Hennawan. Yandra Arkt:tnan. Titi Candra Sunarti

An Analysis of Innovation Network Perfonnanee on the

Palm

Oil Industry

1-26

in North Sumatera

Danang Krisna Yudha, Aji Hennaw:m and Machfud

Exploring the Internationalization Process Model of an Indonesian Product

1-33

- Case study:

Fruit

Chips SME's

Dickie Sulistya Apriliyanto, Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo. Titi C Sunarti

Innovation Management in Indonesian Palm Oil Industry

1-39

Karim Abdullah, Aji Hennawan and Yandra Arkeman

Technology Innovation Adoption to Improve the Performance of Dairy

1-45

SmaU-Medium Enterprises (SME): Case study in Pangalcngan·Bandung

Regency, West Java, Indonesia

Nuni Novita.<;ari. Titi Candrd Sunarti and NasIi ti Siwi lndmsti

Managing Innovation through Knowledge Sharing in

An

Indonesia Coconut

I-54

SME

Mucharnmad Kodiyat P, Machfud, Nastiti S Indrasti

Increasing Added Value of Banana by Producing Synbiolic Banana "Sale"

1-60

Using Innovation

&

Technol ogy Strategy Approach

Eka Ruriani

An

AHP Appl ication for Selecting A Business Innovation Strategy of

1-65

Chocolate SMEs in

E:1st

Java

Yani Kartika Pertiwi,

M.

Syamsul Maarif and Maehfud

Understanding local food consumers and their motivalions: A case study

in

1-71

Padang city

Poppy Arsil

Spatial Model Dcsign fo r Competitive Improvement of Small Medium

1-77

Scales Enterpriscs (Case Study: Bogor Area)

Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo, Harry Imantho and Annaiki Yusmur

System Analysis and Design for Selecting Chi lin and ChilOsan Industry [-82

Location by Using Comparative Performance Index Method

Dcna Sismaraini , Naslit; S. Tndrasti and Taufik Djatna

Arduino-Based Temperature Monitoring

Device for Cold

Chain

J-90

Delmar Zakaria Firdaus and Endang Warsiki

Development of Downstream Cocoa Industry: Exploring the Role of

1·95

Government and Small and Medium Industry in Partnership

Farda Eka Kusumawardana, Yandra Arkeman, Titi C Sunarti

The Role of Communication

in

the T cehnology Transfer Process

}. IOI

Anindila Dibyono. Sukardi, Machflld

The Center for Pulp and Paper Appraising its Productivity in Generating 1·108

Industry·Applicable Research: A Good Practice Illustration

Ahmad Rudh Firdausi. Anas M Fauzi , Machfud

Fr ontier Approaches in Process and Bioprocess Engineering

Idenlification of Flavor Compounds In Cemccm

(Spondiazpinata

(L.F) II· I

Kun ) LcafExtra

Luh Putu Wrasiati, Ni Madc Wartini and Ni Pum Eny Sulistyadewi

Synthcsis and characterization of nanosiliea from boiler ash with co·

11· 5

precipitation method

Wahyu

K.

Setiawan, Nastiti S. Indrasti. and Suprihatin

The Comparison Of Media on the Microa[gae Nallnoch/oropsis sp. Culture

11 · 10

Anak Agung Made Dewi Anggreni. I Wayan Amata and

I B

Wayan

Gunam

Identification of Media and Indicator Liquid as A Recorder Smart Label

11 · 14

Endang Warsiki and Riris Octa\·iasari

The Effects of Palm Oil MES Surfactant and Inorganic Salt Concentration

Ii· 19

on Interfacial Tension Values

Ristu Fitria, Ani Suryani, Mira Rival and Ari Imam

Effect of Nano Zinc Oxide On Characteristic Bionanocomposite

TT· 25

Siti Agustina, Nastit; Siswi Indrasti. Suprihatin and Nurul Taufiqu

Rohman

The Effccts of Molar Ratio Bctwccn

80%

Glycerol And Palm Oil Acid on

11· 31

the Synthesis Process

of

Ester Glycerol

Mira Rivai, Erli7..a Hambali , Giovanni Nurpratiwi Putri. Ani SUlyani.

Pudji Pemladi, Bonar T.H Marbun and Ari Imam Sutamo

Selecting Part of Namral Fibcr EFB which has Best Mechanical Strength 1I· 37

through Tcnsile Tcst Analysis for Composite Reinforced Material

Farkhan , Yohanes Arts PUf\\,anto, Erliza Hambali and Wawan

Hennawan

Identification of phenol red as Staphylococcus aureus indicator label

J1·44

Me!at! Pratama, Endang Warsiki and Liesbetini

HanOIO

Enhancing Ethanol Tolerant of

Escherichia coli Recombinant by Glucamate

11·48

Addition under Aerobic Conditions

Indra Kurniawan Saputra, Prayoga Suryadanna and Ari Pennana

Putra

In

Vitro

Potemifal

of Antibacterial Marine

Mieroalgae

Extract

[1 · 53

ｃｨ｡･ｲｯ ｣･ ｲ ｯｳ ｧ ｲ ｡｣ｩｬｩ ｾ Ｇ＠

Toward Staphylococcus epidermidis

Bacteria

Ardhi

Novrialdi

Ginting.

Liesbetini

Haditjaroko and

Iriani

Setyaningsih

The

Potentia! Applications of Modified Nagara Bean Flour through

11·59

Susi. Lya Agustjna and Chondro Wibowo

Studies

on the Chard(;leriscics or Pasayu (PilSca of Waste· Cassava) H-64

Fortification as a New Product Developmen t

Marleen Slinyoto, Roni Kastaman, Tati Nunnala and Dedi Muhtadi

Optical And Particle Size Properties Of

Sargassllm

Sp Chlorophyll As Dye-

1I- 72

Sensili zed Solar Cell (DSSC)

Makkulawu Andi Ridwan and

Erliza

Noor

Alkaline Pre-Treatment of Gelidium larifolilllll

and

Caule/1JO racemosa

for

H· 76

Bioethanol Production

Owi Setyaningsih, Nel i Muna. Elisabeth Van Vivi Aryanti and

Anastasya Hidayat

New Trends in Industrial Environmental Engineering

&

Management

Use of Siofilter to Improve Quality of Po1iuled River Water for Drinking

III- I

Water Supply

Suprihatin. Muhammad Romli and Mohamad Vani

An Empirical Investigation of the Aaniers to Green Practices in Ycgyakarta !l1-8

Leather Tanning SMEs

Owi Ningsih. Ono Supamo, Suprihatin and Noel Lindsay

Preliminary Study

For

CO

2

Monitoring System

111-15

Farhan Syakir. Rindra Wiska,

Irvi

Firqotul Aini, Wisnu Jatmiko and

Ari Wibisunu

Designing a Collaboration Fonn to Overcome Innovation Resistance in

111- 22

Waste Management Practices in Lampung Tapioca Industry

Nur Aini Adinda. Suprihatin. Nastiti Siswi lndrasti

Pollut ion Reducing Opportunities for a Natural Rubber Processing Industry: 111-29

A Case Study

Syarifa

Arum

Kusumastuti, Suprihatin and Nastiti Siswi Indrasti

Effects of Palm-Dca Non-Ionic Surfactant as an Additive in Buprofezin

111 -35

Insecticide on the Efficacy of it in Controlling Brown Planthoppcr Rice Pest

Fifin Nisya, Rahmini.

Mira Rivai,

Nobel Crist

ian

Siregar, Ari Imam

Sutanto and Ainun Nurkania

Intelligent Information

&

Communicatio n Technology for Adaptive

Agr oindustry of (he Future

Design of Web-Based Infomlation System With Grecn House Gas Analysis IV- l

for Palm Oil Biodiesel Agroindustry

Yandra Arkeman, Hafizd Adityo Utomo and Dhani S. Wibawa

Sequential Patterns for Hotspots Occurenee Based Weather Data using IV-8

Clospan algorithm

Tria Agustina and Imas S. Sitanggang

How to Deal with Diversity in Cultivation Practices using Scenario IV- 13

Generation Techniques: Lessons from the Asian rice LCllni!ia!ive

Kiymada Hayashi,

ｙｾｭ､ｲＳ＠

Arkcman, Elmer Bautista, Marlia Mohd

Hanafiah. Jong

Sik

Lee, Masanori Saito, Dhani Satria. Koichi

Shobatake. Suprihatin. Ticn Tran Minh and Van Vu

Vila D Lclyana. Erwinsyah and Kiyolada Hayash i

Scqut:nriaJ Pattern Mining on Horspot Data using PrdixSpan Algorithm

IV-20

Nida

Zakiya Nurulhaq and Imas S. Sitanggang

An IntelligcnI Optimization

Model

Analysis and Design of Bio-filtration in

IV -24

Raw Water Qualiry Improvement

Ramiza lauda and Taufik Djatna

Development Of People Food Consumtion PaHems Infonnation System IV-3 0

Based

On

Webmobile Application.

Fadly Maulana Shiddieq,

Rani

Kastaman and Irfan Ardiansah

Association Rules Mining on Forest Fires Data using FP-Growth and IV-3?

ECLAT Algorithm

Nuke Arincy and Imas

S.

Sitanggang

Development Of Expert System For Selecting Tomato

(Solanum

TV-41

ｾｬﾷ｣ｯｰ･Ｂｳｩ｣ｯｮ＠

L.)

Varieties

Erlin Cahya Rizki Amanda. Kudang Bora Seminar. Muhamad Syukur

and Noguchi Ryo.w

Developing Life Cycle Inventories for Rice Production Systems in lV-4?

Philippines: How to Establish Site-specific Data within the General

Framework

Elmer Bautista, Kiyotada Hayashi and Masanori Saito

Construction of Site-specific Life Cycle Inventories for Rice Production IV-50

Systems in Vietnam

Tran Minh Tien, Bui Hai An, Vu ThiKhanh Van and Kiymada

Hayashi

Study on Life Cycle Benefit Assessmefll as a tool for promoting the solution IV-53

of Environmefllal Problems

Tc!suo Nishi

Real Time Monitoring Glycerol Esterification Process with Mid IR Sensors IV-57

using Suppon Vector Machine Classitication

Iwan Aang Socnandi, Taufik Djatna, Irlaman Huscin and Ani Suryani

Extraction of Multi- Dimensional Research Knowledge Model from rV-63

Scientific Articles for Tcchnoiob'Y Monitoring

Arif R. Hakim and Taulik Djatna

Performance of Artificial Lighting Using Genctics Algorithms

TV-69

Limbran Sampcbatu

Thc Application of Fuzzy-Ncuro Approach

lor

ERP System Selection: Case IV-74

Study on an Agro-industrial Enterprise

[CAIA 2015 [SBN : 978- 1-4673-7405-7

Selecting Part of Natural Fiber EFB which has Best

Mechanical Strength through Tensile Test Analysis for

Composite Reinforced Material

Farkhan'), Y. Aris Pun\'anto, l, Erliza Hambali!..!). dan \Vawan Hermawan' )

I) I)'''p:lnm""l of M"dun;c:a1 and Bio-fy$!""' Engi""""ng, Fa<;ulry of Agri<;uliu ... 1 Engin"""ns and Technology, ROijOf Agn<;ullur:lI(;n,vCTSify, ｂｾ Ｎ＠ WGI ;a\'a. Indonesia

2) Departmen1 of Agromdu$1'1:l1 T«lInulogy. Faculty of ａｉ＾ｦｉｾＧｕｬ ＡｵｲＮｬｬ＠ Eng'nccnng ｾｮ､＠ Technulogy. Bagor ,\gncullUr.l1 ｕｭｶ｣ｲＮｾＬＡｹＮ＠ Bogor, ｗｃＮｾＱ＠

Java, Indonesia

3) ｓｵｲｦｾｾｷＢ＠ and ｂｩｏ＼Ｎｾｉ｡ﾥＩ ﾷ＠Rcs.:-.!n:h Ccnta.lPPM. Bc¥or A!!l'1Q1lrur.d ｕｮｩ ｷｦｓｬｴｹＮｾＮ＠

".:sI

h'lII. ｉｮＮｯＺｬＮＺ＾ｮ｣ｳｏｾ＠

Abstruct-Natural fiber of EFB which is

recently still categorized as WllSle mate rial is \'ery

potential to he utilized liS composite reinforced material, howe\er it is remain constrained on resulting composite strength. Many treatment has been ｡ｰｰｬｹｩｮｾ＠ to obtain better mechanical bonding. howe\'er it WllS costly higber rather than

its result and some did not incr ease the slrcngth compare with matrix malerial strength itself. Pre\ious researcher described that tensile strength of

Ern

was not as good as other natural fibers such as bamboo, sisa l, pineapple leaf, and many others. furthermore it con ra ins resid ual oil and Sl'\'eral harmful minerals which had \\e<lkened its composite. therefore it is necessary for selecting part of nat ural fiber EF8 which has best mechanical strenglh. This study explored morphology of an EFD, and separuting it to 3

parts., ie: upper stem, main stem, and fruit stem. Those 3 p:uts \\'2 S examined and base on lensile

strength analysiS, the leaf stem has bcst mechanical strength. a nd It also shown more stiff structure compare \\1th 2 others. Tensile strcnglh analysis result usln2 ASTM 03822-01 standard sho"n that average tensile stre ngth of <In EFB leaf stem sin gle fiber was 152,85 MPa, while upper

Manuscnpl recei,·.:;j Am! 30, 2015 .

F. A. Author;$ \O.illllhc Dqlanmcn! orMo:<;/uon;cal and Bio-;;ysterrl

Englnecnng. hadl}' DC ａ ｧＢｾ ＧｕｉＡｕｔＱｬｉ＠ Enp ... 'ng and Tcd\JIolO@)'.

Bogar Agricuhu ... 1 Uni'·cr.it)'. Boger, Wo::>l Ja,,:!. lndone<':l

｜ｾｾ､ＡｮｬＡ＠ author (0 I'I'Ol'ide phoot: 62-!t!l917IRR: fa'lf: 6221 · 82c)(l.:Ot<6: ｾＢｭｬｉｩｬＺ＠ farkh4n, .. ＬＭｮ｣ＬＢ､ｯｮｾＢｓｩ｡ＮｃｏｏｬＩ Ｎ＠

S B Author. ｌｾ＠ "'1th !he l>t-p3.rtInm! Dr Mmw.ial and ｂｾ＠

ｾ＠ Enpnccnng. F.1CIIlry or Agncultur:ll Engull."mng and

Technology. SagOI' ａｧｲｩ｣ｵｬＡｵｔｾＱ＠ Un'\'erliH)'. ｂｾＧｏｔＮ＠ W..." Ja"J.

lNion""i" (c-n,.,il: ｡ｲｩｳｰｵＬＮＮＮｲｾｮｴＬ＾Ｈ｡＠ ,pb.ac.id).

T r. Author b ""Ih Ocparunc:nl Dr Al1Iooi1du$lna! Tocl\l1010s0.

hcuhy or AlP'cullUr:I! ｲＺｮｬＺｴＢＢＬＬＢｮｾ＠ and Tcch ... log) ... ｾｮ､＠ " "Ih

Sur!actan 8.1<1 BiocnC'll} Ke:seard, Ccmcr, l.PPM Bogar "l!!riculrurol

Univa-sity. Bowor. Wes! ｊｾＢＺｉＬ＠ ｬｮ､ｄＡｬ｣Ｚ［Ｌｾ＠ ＬｾＭＭｮＢＧＬｉＺ＠

o!fli7.l1J\@,pn;lil.com).

F. D. Aulhor. is "ith !he ｄｱﾻｲｴｾＡ＠ of M«han'C31 and

Bio-S),.lcm ｅｮｩＧｮﾫｲｩｾ＠ ｆｩｉｾｵｬｬｽＧ＠ (Jf AiJlculrur.ll ｛ｮｾｪｮｾｾｲｯｮﾥＭ and

Tn:hnology. I3ogor Airkulluntl UniV<:rSI!y. BogC)!'. W.::;I Ja"a,

lndonc:sia (c-mllll ' w_hcTTN\O.'angipb.acid\

stern fiber and main stem fiber ""as 108.29 MPa

and 125,13 r es pecli\'ely.

t. I?\'TRODUCTION

indonesia is

a

world biggest crude paint oil (CPO) producer with a tOiai land growth of 7.6% during 2004·20 14 {6] and pro;eaoo to produce 40 million tons in 2020i4J. CUTTentlyon 10.9 m illion heclarcs of land. 29.3 million tons ofCrO [6] is produecd by 608

units of palm oil mill spread unevenly across thc major islands in Indonesia [4}, ond it is concentrated on thc island of Sumatm. especially

in

Riau PrO\·;ncc.

Oil palm empty fruil bunches (EFB) which is 21 %

-24% share part of the tOial frc:sh thtit bunches (FFB)

has not been utilized optimally. Palm oil mill generally retu rns EFB imo planlations to be used

as

fcrtili"lcr. Howo.:vcr. becausc ufthe large numbers. and

transportation

costs

are expensive. and not comparable with the nceds ofthc fertilizer itself. then finally paim oil mill grantcd to accumulate this

EFB

in open fields. and this deposit potentially produces methane gas released inlO open air causing damage to the ozone layer.

EFR is a fibrous malerial that is hard and lough and it shows morphological similarities with coconut coir [26]. SEM (scanning electron microscopic) image of fiber TKKS taken from a Iransvcrse position can be 's(''Cn in Figure

5

which ｳｨｑｷｾ＠ the ｰｲｃｓｴＮｾ･･＠ of lacuml like portion in the middle surrounded by a

porous tubular slrlleture [26]. The pores of tibre

ｳｵｲｦ｡ｾＧ｣＠ has 0.07 Jlm avcrage diameter and Ihis porous surface is useful to produce 1\ bc:lter mechanical interlocking with the cp.1xY matrix matcrial in the composite fabrication [26}. However the porous surface structure also faci litates Ihe pr.:netration of \\-Olter into the fiber by capillary action, especially when it is exposed to w;lter [13],

ICAIA 2015

Fig.

rerumed to the field (Source:

Starch granules found in the interior of vascular bundles of

EFe [16J.

Silica

bodies

3rc also found in gre:!t number on fiber strand, They attach themselves to circular craters which lIre spread uniformlv over the liber surf:tee. The silica bodies, through ha;d. can be.dislodged mechanically. ｬ･Ｌｬ｜ｩｮｾ＠ behind perforated slhca-cratcr. which would enhance penetration of matrix in composite fabrication [24]. High cellulose content [25] a nd high toughness value [9} of EF8 make it suitablc for composite applications. Huwever presence of h}droxyl group ma.kes the fiber", hydrophilic, cau$ing poor intcrfaeial adhesion v.ith hydrophobic polymer matrices during composite fabrication . This may lead to poor phvsical and mechanical properties of the composite '[19]. EFB fiber also contain oil residue around 4.5-;0

fll

that \\--ill significantly influence the fiber- malrix eomp:tllbility.

main

stem

fruit

stem

Fig. 2

EFB

fiber

morphology which classifies fiber according to body composition and function

The ester components of which may affect collpling efficiency between fiber and polymer matrix as well as the interaction bc.1wccn fiber and coupling agents pOl-The tiber propcnies can be improved

substantia ll y through surface modificalions. Chemical trcatments decre,lse hydrophilic property of !hc lioc'TS

and also significantly increasc wcnabiliry with polymer mlllrix [llJ. Therc IIrc number oftrcatrncnt methods on EFB to improve its properties and make il

ISBN: 978- 1-4673-7405-7

compatible with polymeric matrices. Shinoj et al

( 2?11) have studied EFB liber and conclude that it is

SUitable for composite raw material. EFB containing cellulose in Ihe range of 43% - 65% and Lignin of

13% - 25%

make it compatible with several polymer ra\\· ｾ｡ｬ･ｲｩ｡ｬｳ＠ such as natural rubber. polYllropylene,

polynmyt chloride. phenol formaldehyde.

polyurethane, epoxy. and polyester.

Then: arc sever:tl treatments to improve the properties of EFB fiber to make it suitable and

ｾｯｵｰｬ･､＠ with its polymer matrix. Compatibility can be

tmproved by providing an alkali treatment on natural tiber. Alkali treatment is immersing natural tiber into a 5% Solulion of sodium hydroxide thaI \\-ill increase the fl.cxural modulus of composite materials (23]. The

solullon eliminates the hcmicclluloses a.nd lignin

from kenaf fiocT surface so that compatibility for the

better. Alkali Ireatment on fiber flax above 10010

sodium hydroxide lowers the composite tensile stress. This is caused by changt'S in thc chemical structure of owned fiber wherein the cellulose molecule chains lose local ｣ｲｹｳｴ｡ｬｬｩｮｾＧ＠ structure due to alkali rrealmcnt [5).

Tt is more convenient to model the composite on a macro scale contmuum lew!. An analogy is to mode!

stt.'d as a homogenous material instcad of modclinO"

the crystals and grains. The

ｭｾＧ｜ｨｯ､＠

wed

ｷｨｾ＠

del:ermining the macro scale continuum properties from the micro scale prop.'11ics.. is rcftTft'd to ｡Ｎｾ＠ homogenization. The macro scale properties areolxained

by analyzing a ｲ･ｰｲｾｴ｡ｴｩ｜Ｇ｣＠ volume element.

RYE.

of the composite on a micro sc:.dc. The ｭ｡｣ｲｾ｣ｯｰｩ｣＠

properties

of 3 composite. i.e: ils dl'1lsiry. slifliless. thermal and hygro expansion etc arc delt'Cmined bv

the equivalent properties of thc fibre and

ｭ｡ｴｲｩｾ＠

materials. A central parameter in micro mechanical modeling is the volume rr:tction orlhe fibers and the matrix . The volume tractions arc Vf and V". for the fibrc and the matrix respectively. Vf and V., arc defined such that:

(I)

This relation is valid if the composite is solid, i.e. it docs not cootain any pores.

By assuming th:lI the :-lrain in a RYE IS

homogeneous. Ihc stiffnt'SS of a composite can be

approximated by

[7] :

Dc"" l'jDf+ VmDm (2)

where D( . D, and D", arc the stitlness ma:riccs of the composite. ｦｩｾｲ＠ and the matrix respectively. Vr

is the volume fnlction of the fibers and V,. the volume fraction of ,hl' matrix. Equmion 2 is referred to as the Voigt approximation, the rule of mixture (ROM) or the par!llld-coupling model. The

[image:7.591.95.285.74.204.2] [image:7.591.87.276.449.610.2]

[CA[A 2015

approximation might be morc familiar 1Il its

one.

dimensional form:

Ec== VIEf- VmEm (3)

where E("> Er and E ... arc the [ -modulus oflhe composite.

the fibre and the matrix respectively.

If the stress field is assumed to be homogen::ous. thl.: compliance matrix

call

be approximated according to

17)0

Cc = VfCf + VmCm (4)

and its onc· dimCllsional form:

I Vf V",

= - +

-Ec Ef Em

which is referred to as thl! Reuss approximation or the serics-coupling model.

It shouid be mentioned that both the Voigt and

Rcu:.:s approximations arc incorrect on the mIcro loCale:

level. Assuming a uniform strain field of the RYE

ｬ･｡､ｾ＠ 10 that the tractions al the boundaries of the phases cannot be in equilibrium. Similarly. if the stress field is assumed to be uniform. the matrix and the reinforcement material cann(){ n:m:l.in bonded.

Refer on above explanation, it is known that the strength of composite ma terials !Il receiving

mechanical loads can be improved by using fiber rcinforeing material which has high mech:mkal strength and stiffuess, and also improves wellability to mcrease interfacial bonding between resin-fiOCr. Thereforc used EFB fiber raw materials must have as high strength and unilormity as possible . .since the out coming strength of composite is significantly determined by it. In addition. the fiber treatment process is proposing to improve wettability. and not to weaken the strength ur the fiber itself. accordingly it needs to be controlled to obtai n optimal conditions.

So far. some recent literatures that have been

reviewed showed that prevIous re:.eurch has not been sorting EFB fiber ill pan by pari. but in integral part. [t is predicted in because of preparation process in separating it into pans is quitt: hard to do. and many researchers obl:lin the raw EFB material fiber instantly from preparation machinery that has been prOCi.."Ssed by large-scale ractory. and it is without any prior sorti ng process. This could be resulting: strands of fiber ｷｩｴＮＮｾ＠ high vari:lIlce stn:ngth level. Based on th is study. the goal of this research is founding the part ofEFS fiber which has best ml.:-chanical stn.:ngth through tensile te:.t analysis for composite rdnforce material by selecting it each part by part as illustrated on Figure 2.

ISBN: 978- 1-4673· 7405-7

2. METHOD

Sampling of palm oil EFB conducted in PTPN YIJJ Business Unit! owned palm oil mills (PKS) at Cikasungka Planlation - Bogor Regency. HB sorting was separation ｰｲｯ｣･ｳＮｾ＠ ｾｴｷ･･ｮ＠ the main stem and fruit stem by slicing method using conventional blad". Fiber pr('J)aration process y..'llS done

mechanically to gel single fiber. while eliminating water. oil. and dirt clinging to each part ufthe EFB.

sorting process by separating between the

I stem and fruit stem

Instead of main stem and fruit stem. the other EFB part that will be ana!yn:d is upper stem which ha\t: biggest diameter. Based on the early hypothesi:.. upper stem which is closest to the palm oil trcc sustains the heaviest load of fresh fru it bUllch (FFB); thereforc tcs ting wil! ｾ＠ fOl.."used to the upper stem of FFB which is closest to thc tre". BaSC"d on the abow hypothesis anyv.ray. it also conducted sampling of the upper stl..,n that is left at land. When harvesting. most

of farmer generalty cuts perfectly near to a FFB (:5

5

em) to lower do\.1.'Tl th" size and weight [2]. and lcil upper stem on the tree or cut it before transport and

left it on land. Thus It is possible for upper stems are

left on land has the b..."'St m"chanica! strength since it

pa)'5 the load ofFFB which some can have weight up to 50 kg.

Physical properties tes ting of untreated EFB carried OUt in the labor:lIory of Bio Material LlPI

ICAIA 2015

Cibinong. EFB singh::

fiber

diameter is measured by Optical Microscope Zeiss A:l:io Imager type with 50 times m:'!gnification. ｔｨｲｾ＠ types of fiber s'lmplt!s (BA:upper stem. BU:m3in stem, 3nd BB:fruil stem) water content

"'"ere measured

with

a dry basis, and

then those samples are laken randomly each 50 pieces to

be

measured. ThiS measurement is intended to generate value of cross sectional area A, and then the tensile strength values can be formulatcd as rollow:

crUT "=

!....

(5)

A

am -

Ultimate tensilc strCflgth

F ..". Pcak force when fiber brokcn orl"

while tensile ｴ･ｾＱ＠ in Ne"'10f1

A "" Cross· sectional are:'! in

mm

2

Figure 5 - 7 are fiber strand illustrations of each parI of EFB. Eacn fiber section is codcd as BU (main stem), BB (fruit stcm), and BA (upper stem). Photos arc t3kell by using a microscope with a magnification of 50 timcs.

Fig. 5 Main stem fiber strand (BU)

-

-Fig. 6 Fruit stem fiber strand (B8)

-

...

Fig.

7

Upper slem fiber strand (BA)

2.!. Specimen Making

1

t·

-Tested spt.ocimens were made by using ASTM

3822-01

standard, Fibers werc dried 10 achieve moisture content <40"10. Specimens were prepared arc 50 pieces of each fiber pariS, bringing the 10la1to 150

ISRN : 978-1-4673-7405-7

specimens. Figure 8 below shows how prepared before the tensile test.

- .'" ＼ Ｎ ﾫｉ＼ｾ＠ b , • • " ... c ..

... r .0; . . . ｃ［ＢｾｐＧＢｉ＠ ｉｾ＠

T." .... ｾＬｾＮ＠

the

fiber is

1-- - -

0._ •• 11 '-5' .' - -- - ;

Fig. g lIustralion offioc'T tensile test modd

Evcry single piece

of

tiber specimen takes two sheets of

200

grams cardboard and was formed using

a

paper cUller. Fiber then attached using

epoxy

glue to provide a

good

grip. Figure 9 illustrutes sorne uf the specimens that have been made.

r

••

Fig. 9 Fioc'!" strands that were ready to be tested Specimens were left for % 24 hours for jX-rfectly

glue curing to prevenl fiber slippage during testing and fibers pull out. Fiber slippage may affect on ｴｬｾｴ＠

resull.<;, especially related to modulus of elasticity value.

2.2. Testing Procedure

T ｾｮＺＮｩｬ｣＠ tcst ｰｲｯ｣･､ ｵｲｾｳ＠ wcre fi rstly attached th:: load eell in lJTM (universal testing machine) with a maximum load IkN, then the spt!cimen was placed on the center of vise jaw, and then locked to prevent shifted from its original position. In order to left single fiber only, we cut Paper on specimens with seis.:.ors, To pro,ide real fiber strength data. we need to enter the diameter value of the fiber under lest into UTM software, and

then prl'"SS the start button to begin tcn",ik tcsting

process. When Ihe fibers began to be pulled. the

graph on the sereen

will

start to be seen, ｳｨｯＬＬｾｮｧ＠

that the fiber tensile stress begun to be detected.

[image:9.595.303.512.108.224.2] [image:9.595.308.524.305.480.2] [image:9.595.71.283.342.671.2]

ICAIA 2015

----.,

I

Ｎｦｾｲ＠

graphs

, 1

J

":"

.-ISBN: 978- 1-4673-7405-7

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Post boiled EF8 which had been ｴｨｲ･ｳｨｾ､＠ has moisture content of approximately 67% [28], so in order to completc the mechanical properties test data.

test specimens also conducted testing of the physical propcrties. It was expected to get as much as possible the fiber under te!:! to represent the current state of the fiber that will be fabricated as composite materials. One of the three fiocr specimen which was measured its density, fruit stem (BB) density was the lowest. and sho\vcd Ull iqucncss.

TABLE I

PSYSICAL PROPERTIES Of EF8 FIBER .

.

,

" .

SAMPLE MOISTURE ｏｾｎｓｴｔｙ＠

CONll"NT{%) (utm')

1. Main stem 19.03+3.68 1.01+0.04 2. Upper stem 19.01 f7.3S 1.03+0.03

,.

fruit stem 16.00.+4.14 1.02+0.03

Chem ical propt.""r"tics of EFB samples were also tested as a reference. but in gt:nerally the results are almost similar witb previous research. However. there are again a uniqueness shmvn by fruit stem EFB fibers (BB), which showed lowest lignin conlt:Tlt than other parts of EFB fiber. which is 13.53%. This indicates that the fruit stem fibers expect 10 be easier in pre-treatment ｰｲｯ｣｣ｾｳ＠ to remove lignin content duc

10 less<,'r content of lignin, and this is a value added

whcn it is uscd as composite ｭ｡ｴｾﾷｲｩ｡ＡｳＮ＠

TABLE II

Thc next discussion will be tensile tcst result that

wi!! tesl 50 samples per each part. It wi!! be dra\'.-TI at

random a number of 15 pieces which still meet the population standard samples arc permitted. This was because in each 50 pil.."Ccs of samples per rarl, there

[image:10.589.300.514.237.325.2]

ICA IA 2015

were several damaged. and ignored. Thc damagc was mainly caused by imperfectly g.luing process and l..:;Jused slipIXlgc when fibers wer..: pulled. The error indiclllcd by ambiguous graph which was showed abnormal condition on fiber malcrial.

The main !item EFB fiber (RU) showed

unfavorable results. although these fibers are the

longest part of EFI3 fibers. Funhermore tensile

graphic presentation of test results arc presented in Figure 13.14.anO 15.

ｾ ＬｲＭＭＭＭ Ｍ

-I

.

'.

;

•

,

•

"

_ b" ,

•

• •

..

Fig. 13 Stress-strain graph lor testing main stem fiber

(BU) \\;th 50 popul:lIion

'.

,

•

•

Fig. 14 Stress-strain graph for testing upper stem

fiber (SA) with 50 population

Visual ob.scrvation showed some samples had

abnormal tensile test graph (Figure [4). This

indicated

the

pQ:>sibility

of

slippage

on

the

fiber during h."Sling. These cases arc common in natural fibers that cause high standard devi:ation if ahnonnal

ISB N: 978- [-4673-7405-7

sample result is calculated :and put into the: statistical calculations. In case ofna\ural fibers. the stress-strain

graph obtained is very random so difficult to

determine the value of the modulus of elasticity that truly reflect the char:aeteris(ics of the material.

Elongation ＨｾＺＩ＠ obtained is not wonh the constant and

very varied and changed very diverse. As for displayed value (stress. strain, and modulus of

clastieity) derived from software processed lJrM

(UniveT:)31 Testing Machine).

,-,

-.

,

':-0 ｾ＠

/

/

./

..

/

/

.-

,-•

f

•

ｾＭ

•

.- ...

-,

Fig. 15 Stress-strain graph for testing fruit stem fiber

(BB) with 50 population

All of tensile rest results generated by UTM usmg

Shimadzu AG-IS I kN. with sotiware T rapezium 2;

2003. which WdS opt:ralor's role " "oJS limited [0 input

tl!sting the sample data include: the dimel1si(lns (width, length. thickness. diameter. etc.). number and

shape. Ihc type of testing (tensile. pressurc. bending.

shear). and Jata output (tensile strength. modulus of elasticity. strain. force, displacement. and charts). If

raw data is nceded. the output data will be only force.

displacement and time with 0.05 seconds of interval.

As for tensile strength , elongation, and modulus of elasticit), output. it is needed to entered data of

dimensions and tensile strcngth equation (Force I A

(area». Whereas elongation and modulus elasticity

result data was determined by the machine.

It is commonly understood that the tensile

strength of thc material has :1 tnmsilion palU."1'TI.

which are elastic area. semi-plastic and plastic that is

clear and mapped. Then (0-) = Er., and understood the

value of the modulus of elasticity (£) is proportional

to the tensile strength (0-) \\;!h thc a. ... sumption that

the value of {; is constant. In this casco it appears a

postulate that if tcnsile strength is high. then modulus of elasticity is also high. and vise versa. This is

actually cannot be generalize in all type of materials,

but as for the fiber almost commonly accepted.

[image:11.600.302.508.206.411.2] [image:11.600.75.283.206.411.2] [image:11.600.73.286.445.662.2]

[image:12.599.84.281.77.164.2]

ICA[A 2015

TABLE IU

MECHANICAL PROPERTTES OF EFB FIBER

NO. SAMPLE TENSILE STRENGTH [MPa)

1. ｍｾｬｮ＠ SUm 125.13

,.

U rr.em 105.29

••

fruit stem 152.85

.

T<lble 3 Informs the average )'Icld statiStiC:; on tensilc test data. Thcs.c results indicate that the fruit stem fiber has highcst ten:.ilc strength. This IS also

brcak the early hypothesis Ihat the uppcr stem EFB fiber has hig.hest strength due it sustnin s fresh fruit hunches thai can weigh up to 50 kg. Funhermore.

CVL'Il the m:J.in Stem has ｉｏｮｳ｣ＮｾＱ＠ fiber. il turns lcnsile

strength is not as good as the fruit stem.

Th is is. a positive result due in ch(''TIlicai testing showed that the lignin content in fruit stem fiber

turns thl: lowest compared to other parIS EFB fiber. It

is ccnainly easier for us to do a lignin rcmoval treatmen t process to improve the compatibil1ty of EF8 fruit stem fiber with matrix malerial, particularly of polymeric Illaterial.

In the mean time thc results of physical properties testing are also quite po:"itive. because the density of the fruit stem of EFB fiber turns lowcs\. It is cncouraging composite maker since

produced

material \\-;11 be lighter.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Fruit stl:m fiber ;s a pari of th.: palm oil EFB fiber which has highest tensile strength and the best

compared with (Wo olhers ie: main stem and upper

stem. It is also a parI of thc EFB fiber which has a lowest lignin content compared wilh two others. in addition, this fiber also has lowest densiry. B:lsed on initial analysis. it was concluded that fruit stem EFB fiber was part of the EFB wh ich is most suitable for being ｵｾ･､＠ as a reinforcing material for FRP composite material wi th :I polymeric m:ltrix.

P)

12]

131

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ｖｩ ｊ ｾｙｾＮ＠ ｾ Ｌ ｃｨｯＢＢ＠ M C and ｍｾＮ＠ AN ,20().t.l2rocrgy [)ataoo>c