BIOREMIDIATION SANITASI DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH

SANITASI DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH

BIOREMIDIATION

Sebuah perusahaan POM BENSIN terbesar di Las Vegas, USA sedang menhadapi masalah serius. Tangki yang ditanam dalam tanah sedalam 10 meter mengalami kebocoran.

Jika Anda sebagai Konsultan, diminta

untuk menyelesaikan masalah

perusahaan POM BENSIN, Las Vegas,

USA tersebut. Apa yang akan anda

lakukan ?

OUTLINE

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION

TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

What is BIOREMEDIATION

 The technology used to speed up the natural processes

of waste degradation and recycling

 Use of naturally occurring microorganism such as

bacteria, fungi, and yeast to degrade pollutants or hazardous substances in soil, water and air into non-toxic or less non-toxic substances in order to return the environment to its original natural condition

RELATED TOPICS

BIOREMIDIATION ENVIRONMENTS POLLUTANS PHYTOREMIDIAT ION CELLS IMMOBILIZATION BIOREMIDIA TION TECHNIQUE ENZYMES SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION

PLANTS

(Phytoremediation) ENZYME

INORGANIC ORGANIC

TRIPLE CORNERS PROSESS

POLLUTANS

ORGANISM

ENVIRONMENT

MICROORGANISM SOIL WATER AIR Confining Unit Water table Saline Water Lateral intrusion of saline water Ocean Municipal water well Abandoned oil well Deep Aquifer po nd Infiltration of pesticides and fertilizers from farmlands Brine leakage from ruptured well casing septic tank leakage Fresh water Accidental fuel spill Municipal landfill Leakage from hazardous waste site Contaminated shallow well Leaking petroleum tank Confining Unit

POLLUTANS

 PENCEMAR

senyawa- senyawa yang secara alami ditemukan di alam tetapi jumlahnya (konsentrasinya) sangat tinggi tidak alami

Contoh : Minyak mentah, fosfat, Logam berat

 SENYAWA XENOBIOTIK

senyawa kimia hasil rekayasa manusia yang sebelumnya tidak pernah ditemukan di alam Contoh : Pestisida, Herbisida, Plastik, Serat Sintetis

POLLUTANTS

 Bio-degradable

petroleum products (gas, diesel, fuel oil) •crude oil

compounds (benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene) •some pesticides (malathion) •some industrial solvents •coal

compounds (phenols, cyanide in coal tars and coke waste)

 Partially degradable / Persistent

TCE (trichlorethylene) threat to ground water •PCE

(perchlorethlene) dry cleaning solvent •PCB’s (have been degraded in labs, but not in field work) •Arsenic,

Chromium, Selenium

 Not degradable / Recalcitrant

TYPE & KIND ORGANISMS

 Fungi  Plants (Phytoremediation)  Bacteria Natural Community Bioaugmentation

MICROORGANISM

1- Isolation of the microorganism

5- Determination of the biodegradation

efficiency

4- Optimization of the biodegradation

conditions

3- Identification of the microbial isolate

2- Purification of the obtained isolates

6- Identification of the biodegradation products.

7- Cell or enzyme immobilization.

GMO APPLICATION FOR

BIOREMIDIATION



Deinococcus radiodurans

organisme paling radioresistant

dimodifikasi untuk dapat mencerna

toluene dan ionic mercury dari limbah

dg kandunga radioactive nuclear yang

tinggi

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

FOR BIOREMEDIATION

Aerobic –

where oxygen in some form is added to

the treatment environment

Anaerobic –

where nitrate, iron, or other electron

acceptor is added to the treatment environment

Combinations -

where a combination of the above is

used, often in pulses

OUTLINE

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION

TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

PHYTOREMEDIATION



Phytoremediation is use of plants (HYPERACCUMULATOR

PLANT) for

accumulation

,

removal

or conversion of

pollutants.

TUMBUHAN MENARIK ZAT

KONTAMINAN, BERAKUMULASI DI DAUN

PENEMPELAN ZAT KONTAMINAN PADA AKAR

(Rhyzodegradation)PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN OLEH AKTIVITAS MO TRANSPIRASI ZAT KONTAMINAN

DLM BENTUK MENJADI LARUTAN TERURAI TDK BERBAHAYA

PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN

HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANT

 Can adsorb more than 10.000 ppm for Mn, Zn, Ni  > 1.000 ppm for Cu and Se

 > 100 ppm for Cd, Cr, Pb and Co  METAL CONTAMNANTS IN THE SOIL

are ABSORBED by the roots (UPTAKE) move in to shoot (TRANSLOCATION)

Alyssum murale

Nicotina tabbacum

Thiaspi caerulescens

FITOREMIDIATION BENEFIT



LOW COST

OPERATIONAL



DESCRESE CONTAMINANT POLLUTANS

NATURALLY

MYCOREMEDIATION



USE FUNGGI AS DECONTAMINATION AREAL



USED FUNGAL MYCELIA



EX: DIESEL OIL CONTAMINATED AREA

INOCULATE WITH OYSTER FUNGI. CAN

CHANGE PAH (polycyclic aromatic

OUTLINE

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION

TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

What Biological Technologies Are

Available?



In situ Bioremediation (ISB) or Enhanced

Bioremediation



Natural Bioremediation (Biostimulastion)



Biopiles



Bioreactors



Bioventing/ Biosparging

A) Soil bioremediation:

(1)

In-situ

(without excavation).

(2)

Ex-situ

(with excavation).

Source Zone Treatment vs.

Plume Treatment

TYPES TREATMENT

TECHNOLOGY

– Natural attenuation

• Example: phytoremediation

(hyperaccumulators) store heavy metals in vacuoles

– Sebertia acuminata 20% dry weight is

nickel.

– Plants on side of freeways are taking up

lead from gas exhaust

– Bio-stimulation

• Add nutrients (nitrate/sulfate) that cause

blooms of naturally occurring microbial bioremediators.

– Example: bacteria that metabolize

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or polychlorinated biphenyls

Bioaugmentation



Definition:

The addition of

microorganisms to the reaction chamber

whether in situ or above ground



Considerations before bioaugmenting:

 Ability to survive  Ability to function

 Assurances that they are nonpathogenic to

higher life forms

–Alter organisms to manufacture proteins for desired metabolism »Yellow poplar tree given enzyme mercuric reductase thrives in mercury soil, cadmium, TCE

»Bacteria gene breaks down TNT is linked to jellyfish gene that glows. Bacteria spread on soil glows green near

explosives

»Chakrabarty first patented oil eater bacterium. Combined 4 plasmids in one bacterial cell gave it the ability to degrade four components of crude oil.

TECHNOLOGY-OTHER OPTIONS



Bioventing

 treating soil by drawing oxygen though it to stimulate microbe growth



Composting

 contaminated soils mixed with a bulking agent and exposed to air



Landfarming

 adaptation of traditional farming techniques (aerating, ploughing) to contaminated areas to increase microbes activity

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION

(IN SITU PROCESSING)

 BIOVENTING

Pemompaan udara dan Nutrisi

 AIR SPARGING

Pememompaan udara untuk meningkatkan aktifitas degradasi oleh mikroba

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION

(IN SITU PROCESSING)

 INJEKSI HIDROGEN

PEROXIDA

menggunakan sprinkler atau pemipaan

 SUMUR EKSTRAKSI

mengeluarkan air tanah yang kemudian ditambah nutrisi dan oksigen dan dimasukkan kembalike tanah melalui sumur injeksi

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION

(EX-SITU PROCESSING)

 Tanah terkontaminasi diangkat ke dan diperlakukan di permukaan

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION

(EX-SITU PROCESSING)

 SLURRY PHASE

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION

(EX-SITU PROCESSING)



COMPOSTING

Limbah dicampur dengan jerami atau bahan lain

untuk mempermudah masuknya air, udara dan nutrisi Tiga tipe Pengomposan :

1. Dalam Vessel

2. Mechanically Agigated in-vessel 3. Tumpukan

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION

(EX-SITU PROCESSING)

 BIOPILE

Tanah yang tercemar tidak dipindahkan namun

diangkat ke permukaan, ditumpuk dan diberi perlakuan penambahan air, udara dan nutrisi

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION

(EX-SITU PROCESSING)

 LAND FARMING

Tanah terkontaminasi dipindahkan dan disebar di

permukaan lapangan kemudian diperlakukan dengan penambahan bakteri, air, udara dan nutrisi

1- High density poly ethylene (HDPE) 2- Sump pump to collect leachate 3- Layer of pea gravel

4- Layer of polluted soil to be treated 5- Chopped alfalfa hay to retain moisture

6- Wheels on sprinkler piping system

7- Piping frame, aluminum or PVC pipes with frequent holes, sufficient to allow water, nutrients and bacteria to treat the land farm plot

8- Flexible leachate collection hose

9- Bypass valve that allows leachate to be circulated directly to water distribution tank, 10- Recirculation hose

11- Alken-Murray Bioactivator 2000, bioreactor unit

12- Fresh water supply hoses 13- Pumps for fresh water 14- Treated water hose 15- Water distribution tank 16- Pump for distribution tank

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION

(COMBINATION IN SITU & EX-SITU

PROCESSING)

WATER AND GAS

BIOREMIDIATION



Biofiltration

is a process, in which,

microorganisms supported on inert

materials

are used to degrade organic

pollutants for air, gas and water

bioremediation.



Types of biofilters:

1- Bioscrubbers.

2- Biotrickling filters.

Slow sand or carbon filters

Slow sand or carbon filters work through the formation of a gelatinous layer (or biofilm layer) on the top few millimetres of the fine sand or carbon layer. This layer contains bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera

Metals bioremediation mechanisms Solubilization (Bioleaching) Complexation (Bioaccomulation) (Biosorption) Metal immobilization Precipitation

- H

₂

S producing bacteria

- Siderophores.

- Metal reduction.

- Exopolysaccharide.

- Lipoproteins.

- Organic acids.

- Siderophores.

- Root exudates.

pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid)

SEM images of selenium-siderophore complex formed in P. stutzeri culture

filtrate.

COMPARISON OF BIOREMEDIATION AND OTHER TECHNIQUES

 Soil Gas Extraction: A process by which petroleum vapors are removed from the soil using wells and

vacuum pumps. Volatile compounds are extracted from the area between soil particles by applying negative pressure to screened wells in the vadose zone.

 Low Temperature Thermal Stripping: A process by which soil is excavated and fed into a mobile unit designed to heat the soil and drive off contaminates.

 Excavation: A process which involves the digging up of contaminated soils and hauling them away.

Treatment Options for

Contaminated Soils

from Natusch, 1997.

Remediation Method Excavation-landfill Containment on-site Landfarming/Bio Co-burning Stabilisation Thermal desorption Soil washing Vapour extraction Dechlorination % Use in Australia 60-90 10-30 15-20 <5 5-10 <5 <5 <5 <1

Advantages of Using Bioremediation

Processes Compared With Other Remediation

Technologies

(1) biologically-based remediation detoxifies hazardous substances instead of transferring contaminants from one environmental medium to another;

(2) bioremediation is generally less disruptive to the environment than excavation-based processes; and

(3) the cost of treating a hazardous waste site using bioremediation technologies can be considerably lower than that for conventional treatment

methods: vacuuming, absorbing, burning, dispersing, or moving the material .

Limitations to Bioremediation



Timescale



Residual Contaminants Levels



Inconsistency



Recalcitrant Pollutants eg DDT, PAHs

 Bioavailability

 Degrading microorganisms  Aqueous solubility

CHALLENGES OF

INNOVATION

 Technology Quality / Success  Available Market

 Investment Capital

 Competent Management

 Regulatory Acknowledgment  Right Timing

 Good Public Perception

OUTLINE

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION

TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

Case study 2:

Kasus tumpahnya minyak dari Supertanker milik Exxon di lepas pantai Alaska pada 23 Maret 1989 telah menjadi perhatian pemerhati lingkungan. Sampai saat ini, tumpahnya minyak ke laut yang dilakukan oleh Kapal Exxon itu adalah yang terbesar: lebih dari 12 juta gallon minyak mentah. Hal ini dianggap

sebagai salah satu bencana lingkungan paling dahsyat yang disebabkan oleh manusia. Peristiwa Exxon Valdez adalah yang terbesar yang pernah di

perairan AS. Daerah ini merupakan habitat salmon,berang-berang laut, anjing laut dan burung laut.Berbagai tuntutan telah dialamatkan ke Exxon, terutama oleh para pihak yang menggantungkan hidupnya dari laut Prince Willian

Sound, Alaska. Exxon sendiri telah menghabiskan dana lebih dari $ 2,1 miliar untuk membersihkan lingkungan laut dari tumpahan minyak. Ia juga harus berhadapan dengan pemerintah Amerika dan Alaska yang mengejar Exxon terlibat dalam perbuatan pidana yang bertentangan dengan Clean Water Act,

the Refuse Act, dan Migratory Bird Treaty Act.Exxon mengaku bersalah dan

Jika Anda sebagai utusan konsultan

lingkungan diminta membantu

permasalahan PT. Exxon Valdez tersebut.

Apa solusi yang akan anda tawarkan pada

perusahaan tersebut ?

• Identifikasi faktor permasalahan (polutan,

lingkungan, mikroorganisme)