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Urban Heat Island Kota Surabaya

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(1)

!" ! ! " #$ %& ' () " * ' & ' " ' ' & & + , -( , " " * ' * " & , ' ' ) ( ' " " " ' " " ' & * ( ' ) . & & /0 , ) ' " ' & 1 2 " & 33/ 000 000 0 & " ' " ( , * " '4 , 1 2 " & ' 33/ 000 0 " ) " " ' & ( , 1 2 " & " " " " " " ( " ' , 33/ 000 * ' ' 000 0 ) * " (

" # $ % & ' ( ) & ' ( *')' % &

+ & ' % , , -1 & & " 4 ) ) & " * 4 " ' " " " " ' " & & & ' & ( 2 ) " ' & & " " ' " " & & & ) & & +5 )' 33$-( " ' ' & * " & & " " " ' " ' "

4 & ' & &

' ' " + -( 1 " " * " " ' " ' + - ' " * " &

(2)

!# " ' * ' & ( ' & " " ' " & & ' & ' & " " " ' ( , " ' ' ' * " ' ' & " !( * ' & & " " & " ' " " # $ !( 1 2 " & ' " 6 4 7 " ' 6 ( . & & " ' 5 " 3 & " " ' ' ' * 6 4 ( 1 " " * & " ' + " ' -+ ' " - +, , 008-( ' " & & " " ' 1 2 " & * & ( ' & " ' " ' " " ' 9 ' " ' " ' * ' 4 & ' & " ' 4 ( " * & ' ' ' " " ) " 1 2 " & ( , . / , ' ) -" ' 1 2 " & ' " " ' " ' ' 33/ 000 0 ' ' * ' " ' " ' & * 4 & ' " ( & " & ' " ' * + - & * " 4 & ' " ( ' & " " ' " & & ' & ' & " " " ' ( & " & " & " ' * " & " ' ' & " & + -( & " + - ( " " ' ' 33/ 000 0 ' ' " ' ' ' & " " ' ' " ' " ' 4 & ' " ' " ' * ' 4 & ' & " ' 4 (

(3)

!$ " ( 1 5 . " ' . 1 5 : & ' 7 7 " : & ' 7 " 2 ' 7 . ' % ! ; < < . 1 < " ' . 1 < " ' 2 ' 2 2 ' 5 7 . ' 1 < 1 5

(4)

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

(5)

+4 & ' " -4 ( < " ' ' & ' 5 ; '( ( ' ; < & ' ) . 7 7 B = / ! ; < D ! ; < ! ) '' * 9 9 " ' 4 & '( ; C ! ' ' ' + /-C ! ' ' + =-=( 2 ' ' ' ) ' !( " '4 ' 4 & ' & ) ' ' " +@' ( 00?-( " ' ) . ? +7 -@' : . ' 00 " ' ) ! + ;-" $ * +C7 $ D : ) -! C7 $D +C > C - B C ! < D ; " $ C > D A3$ + : ) -C D 0 ?=/ + : ) -. * ) ' * 1 7+0 1-! 7D ! 7 ! ' +0 1-1 ! " +4 9 E EF -" $08 8$ 1 ! " +4 9 E EF -" $0 ?$ " ! " ' ?0G " ( =3 +F -" ' @ . 8 + 7 B-. 8 & " ' & " $ & " $ ( 5 $ & ' ) & ' ' . 8 H , " ( + ;-" $ * +.I-" !

(6)

C +.I- D E ; B & * ! C +.I- D E+J@ . J@ . ;- B . ; ! J@ . ; D J@ . K D ?? J@ . D ; . K . ; ' " $ ?? + ) -( . ) ' " " ! 7 D λ 7 D λ ! 7 ! ' +01-1 ! " +4 9 E EF -" $$$ 03 1 ! " +4 9 E EF -" A 8 .λ ! ) ) +4 9 E EF -7 * 1 " ' * @ ) ! 7 @ ) D 7 1 8=( ? /( ' " ( ' " ( *! & " ' +1 4 ( 338-& ! D !"> 00 ! D " 58 D 2 8 + ' 7 ' -5/ D / + ' -& ' ' ' ) " " ' " " ( , % % " ) ( + -( ' " & + -( ' " ' ' " ( 2 ) * ) & " ' ( ' " ' " & * ( & " * + ' " " ' " " ' " ' ( #$%&-.'() + () /.'(* + (* /' ()* + (), (*

(7)

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

(8)

& ' & & " 4 & ' " ' ' " ' " & * * ' ( ' * ) " ' & " ' " " @ . ' 0 @ " & " ' & & /0 ( , & " ) ) " " ' & & " " " A=G( " ' * & ' " " 4 ' ( 7 " ( < 7 . ' 5 " . 2 % 5'+ ( $ % !3 $ % 5'+ ( ) 4 & ' " 4 & ' " = 4 & ' " / " " ? 4 & ' " / 4 & ' " * " " = " " =A ' * " 9 =3 ' * " 9 /0 ' * " 9 2 " ! ' 0

(9)

! , ' ( *')' % + 112& !333 !3 1 4 ' & ' ' ; < ( ' 33/ ' ' ) * ; < & & ) * ' 00 0 8? " 0 03 & " 0 03 + 3-( , ' ) ' 000 * ; < & * ' " " ' 33/ " 0 3 0 $$ " 0 0A & " 0 / + 0-( , ' ) ' 0 * ; < & * ' " ' " ' 33/ ' 000 " 0 A/ " ( 7 . ' 1 2 " & 7 ' 33/ 000 0 L2 " ! ' 0 M

(10)

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

(11)

" * * ( 1 & ' 0 " " 4 & ' " * & ( 1 * " ' ' " " (

(12)

# $, ' ( ) + 112& !333 !3 1 " 4 ' & ' ' " + -( ' 33/ ' ' ) * " & & 0 A$ $8 " 3 A$ & " /= =$ + -( , ' ) ' 000 * " & * ' " " ' 33/ " ' " 0 A/ $ " / ?A & " ?/ 0= + =-( , ' ) ' 0 * " & " ' " ' 33/ ' 000 " 8$ 80 $8 " 00 ?= & " $ $/ + /-( 5 ' ' " ' " '4 " " " ' ' & ( , " '4 " 4 & ' " " " " ' & * ' ( " 4 & '

" & & ' &

* ' ' " ' " ' " " & ( " =( 1 < 1 2 " & 7 ' 33/ 000 0 2 " ! ' 0

(13)

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

(14)

%

" /( 1 5 1 2 " & 7 ' 33/ 000 0

(15)

" , - ( % ' % % + 112& !333 !3 5 ' ' ) / 2 " 33/ 03(0 : 5 ' " '4 " ' ' " 8 $=0@ " =3 / 0@( C " ' " A $0@ & " / $=0@( 5 ' & ' ) ' 33/ ' & * ? & 7 " ? " 4 ' ( 7 " ?( 1 " ' 7 ' 33/ ' % -' 73$8 % ! 4 N 0 $ ? A 0/ / =3 ?A 00 = ? 3 A 3/ / A? / =0 =/ /8 A8 // A? ? O =? == 83 0 ? 2 " ! ' 0 : & ' ' / ) // A?G ' 1 2 " & ( 1 ' 4 & ' ' = & ) / A?G & ) 00G ? +4 & ' , -& ) 0 ?G 4 & ' )

& & ' &

) A 0/G 4 & ' ( 2 ) ' ' 33/ & 4 & ' ' +4 & ' , - ' & " ) 4 & ' & ' & " ( : " & " " ' " 4 & ' & ' & & " 4 '( , " " & " & ' "& & " ' 4 ' & & * * ( 2 ' ' " " " " " 1

2 " & & ' &

" " &

(16)

" ) 8 000 03( $ : 5 ' " '4 ' " ' ' " ' " & ( ; " ' ' " $ /30@ " =0 =80@( C " ' " / A0@ & " = 00@( 5 ' & ' ) ' 000 ' & * ? & 7 " $ " 4 ' ( 7 " $( 1 " ' 7 ' 000 ' % -' 73$8 % ! 4 N A /0 = ? 3 =8 8 $? = / $ 8? 3 08 / ? 8 8? ?? = =/ ? O A =8 =/ / / 2 " ! , ' 0 : & ' ' ? +4 & ' , - ) / / G 4 & ' ' 1 2 " & ( ' 4 & ' ' / & ) = /G = & ) 3 08G & ) $?G 4 & ' ) & & ' & ) = ? G 4 & ' ( 2 ) ' ' 000 & 4 & ' ' +4 & ' , - " " 4 & ' " ?( 2 ' 1 2 " & 7 ' 33/ 2 " ! ' 0

(17)

" & * ' " 4 & ' " ( 7 " " ' " ' ( 2 ' ' " " 1 2 " & & ' & " " & 4 & " ) 4 & ' ( ) 2 " 0 03( A : 5 ' " '4 " ' " ' " ' " & 4 ' & " ' ) " ' 33/( ; " ' ' " A =80@ " =? ?0@( C " ' " 3 ? 0@ & " = ?/0@( 5 ' & ' ) ' 0 ' & * ? & 7 " 8 " 4 ' ( 7 " 8( 1 " ' 7 ' 0 ' % -' 73$8 % ! 4 N 3 A$ 3A ? ? $/ / 8= = $ A // A3 = ?3 / 3 = $$ /8 0 ? O = 3= ?$ ?A ?A 2 " ! , ' 0 " $( 2 ' 1 2 " & 7 ' 000 2 " ! ' 0

(18)

"& : & ' ' ? +4 & ' , - ) ?A ?AG ' 4 & ' 1 2 " & ( ' 4 & ' ' / & ) 0 G = & ) = ?3G & ) / 8=G 4 & ' ) & & ' & ) 3AG 4 & ' ( 2 ) ' ' 0 " 4 & ' ' +4 & ' , - ' " 1 2 " & ' " 4 & ' " ( 2 ' ' " 1 2 " & & ' & " " & 4 & " ) 4 & ' ( , -' ' - ( % ' % % 5 7 " ? 7 " $ 7 " 8 ' " '4 ' 33/ ' 000 ' 0 ' * " ' ' & ) ( : & ' ' / ' ' ( 7 4 & ' ' ? +4 & ' , -" & " ' & ' ' ( " 4 & ' ' ? +4 & ' , - " 4 ' 33/ * ' ' 000 ' & " 4 & ' ' ' & " " * " 4 & ' ' " ( +" ' 33/ 000 0 -' * " ' " 8( 2 ' 1 2 " & 7 ' 0 2 " ! ' 0

(19)

"! ' + -' + -( ' & " ' & ) " ' ' " ' & " " 4 & ' & ' ( ' " & " * ' & " ' " ' & & " ( ' " * " " " & * & " * " & ' ( 7 * & " ' 4 & ' , " " & " 4 & ' " & " & ' ' ' + ' & ' & - & " & " ' " 1 2 " & & & ) " " & " * & ) ' " & " " & " " & ( , ) ' % % ' ) ( & ' ( *')' % ' ( ) 5 ' ' & * " ' " ' ' " '4 4 & ' ' +4 & ' , - " ' & " 4 & ' " ( : & ' ' & ' + -* ' " " ( ' ' " ' & " 4 & ' ' = /( ) + - ) " +; < -' ' +" ' 33/ 000 0 -" '4 " ' ' ! +; < -' & * ' " " ' & ( 1 +; < -" ' ( & ; < ' " ' & ( 5 " & ' ; < " ' & ( 7 ' " +; < -" ' ( ) + - ) " " + - ' ' +" ' 33/ 000 0 -" '4 " ' ' ! " + -' & * ' " " ( " + -' ( &

(20)

" ' & ( 5 * " & ' ' ' & ( /, -' ' % % -' ' 1129!333 !3339!3 " ' ' 33/ 000 0 " * ( & ' 33/ 000 ' " ' ' ' " 4 & ' " ( ' 33/ 4 & ' ' +4 & ' , - ' & !( 7 4 & ' , ' + " -" & ' & " * ( ' 000 & " ' & " & 4 & ' " " & 4 & ' , * ' + A-( & ' 000 0 4 & ' ,

& & ' &

" * ' " 1 2 " & ( , " " " " ' & * ' ' 4 & ' " " " ' " (

: & ' , & &

' " 1 2 " &

& "

4 & ' " '

(21)

"" *, .-" ' +2 - 1 2 " & ' 33/ 000 0 & " ' " 4 & ' 2 +4 & ' , - ) " ( ' 0 4 & ' , " " ' ) " " 1 2 " & ( 2 ' " ( 2 ' ' & ( ' " * ( 2 ' " & ( 2 ' ' " 4 & ' & ' ' " ' ' & " '( ' " ' ' 33/ 000 ' " 4 & ' " ( ' " ' 4 & ' ' +4 & ' , -33/ 000 ' ( 000 0 4 & ' , ' " 1 2 " & ( -" -" 5( + 33 -( . ( 6 ! ( & 2( + 33=-( / / / 0 1 ( 7 2 . ) 2 * ( " A( ' " ' 2 ' 1 2 " & 33/ 000 000 0 2 " ! ' 0

(22)

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

(23)

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

(24)

"% 7 4 . ( + 00A-( 3 ( / (1 3 % 2 ( . ;( (2( ) )&( + 00 -( 3 ( '' " : ) . ) , ) ( (2( ( (2( " @' C )' ( + 00 -( 5 # ( 2 ' H ) P 00 " ( < ( ( ( + 38?-( % ; 4 P ! 2 < ( < 6( ( + 00 -( 3 ( ! ( + - < = # # D ' " # ! 7( + -( ' " # @' )' ! 6 ' : & R 2 . ( $0$ $$$( < 6( ( R 7(C( Q ( + 00=-( 7' C 2 " @ $ ' A$ =80 =A/(

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