2017
Affandi Subekti
120820160060
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I. MARKETING ANALYSIS REPORT
Our first day trip begins in the Asakusa area, a Sinto worship place namely temple of Sensoji, which is one of the largest temples in Japan. This temple was founded in the 6th century. In front of this temple there is a gateway called Kaminarimon. At the temple site, there are four statues; Fujin, the Wind God, is placed at east side while Raijin, God of Thunder and Lightning on the West side of the gate; Lord Buddha Tenryu in the east and the Goddess Kinryu in the West of the temple.
Along the entrance to the temple called Nakamise Douri, there are stalls selling a variety of Japanese goods and food, which seems to be prepared for tourists from outside Japan. In there we get to shopping for a wide variety of key chains or paintings typical of Japan, there characteristic fruity with stores that exist in other areas, in addition to that it also stores is also owned by most of the locals are acting that this shopping complex is conducive for economic growth of local communities in the area.
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To analyze how the business keep going in the middle of force the external factors, we will use PESTEL analysis. PESTEL stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environment and will more explain as follow.
1. Political
Political factors refer to governmental actions or policies that have an impact in the business and its ability to trade. Japan has import restrictions and tariffs on agricultural products to protect farmers. In addition, Japan established high standards on imported agricultural products. So don’t be surprised if you come to Japan, and see the price of vegetables and fruits in there is quite expensive. The purpose of implementing this policy is to protect farmers and maintain rice self-sufficiency. Other reasons are nationalism, and cultural influence to strengthen rice protection. Japan also introduced a commodity-based stabilization policy for vegetables and fruits. This policy compensates farmers if the price of products on the market is lower than the average price previously applied.
2. Economic
Economic factors include all the various taxes and duties businesses are obliged to pay, as well as wider fiscal decisions on things like central bank interest rates and international exchange rate volatility. A thorough analysis of each of the economic factors that impact on business that will help business plan the financia strategy.
Trade is very important to economy in Japan, the difference between exports and imports is about 37% of GDP. Most of agricultural imports are restricted, and foreign investment in some sectors of the economy is screened by the government. The financial sector is competitive. Banks are well capitalized, and the share of nonperforming loans is low.
The process for establishing a business is relatively efficient. A tendency for lifetime employment guarantees and seniority-based wages hinder the development of a dynamic and flexible labor market.. The government continues to increase agricultural subsidies.
The highest personal income tax rate is 40.8 percent. The highest corporate tax rate is 23.9 percent, where local taxes and corporate taxes can increase significantly. The tax burden of 30.3 percent of total domestic income. Government spending is 39.9 percent of total GDP and average budget deficit is 6.6 percent of GDP. Public debt is equivalent to 248.1 percent of GDP.
3. Social
The way society changes and adapts over time, and the differences in communities across the country and the world, are all important considerations when planning the business. Aspects to consider and explore include religion, lifestyle expectations, housing standards and population demographics such as age, gender and ethnic origin.
In Japanese society there is a diversity of religions, where Shinto religion is a native religion of Japan and has temples scattered to undergo various religious services and processions, besides developing other religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam and so on, the development of religious diversity is supported by a very high community tolerance.
Japanese society has an urban lifestyle which has a distinctive style of Japanese style like the Harajuku style, and also for most men in metrosexual style where they are very concerned about their appearance and care.
Japan has approximately 127 million citizens. Women in Japan are expected to settle down and get married by the age of 30. When she get married, she leaves the workplace. The couple is expected to have at least one son who can inherit family property and possessions. This is a patriarchal system. However, in recent years birth rates in Japan is low.
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Japanese people has a good health according to the WHO. Life expectancy in Japan is high about 82,6 years. Japan have the lowest level of infant mortality with 2.6 deaths per 1000 live birth in 2007.
4. Technological
The first innovative and efficient technology from Japan is Shinkansen. Shinkansen is very interesting and spectacular. A train that uses magnetic levitation technology is able to make the train lifted as high as 10 centimeters from the rail and drive up to 600 kilometers per hour. This train can travel a distance of 515 kilometers in 2.5 hours.
Japan has one of the most advanced telecommunications systems, especially their mobile devices. Japan has made it possible to connect wifi anywhere in populated areas. So, instead of texting, the Japanese send emails and pass contact information wirelessly by holding their phones. They have also developed VoIP growth and other technological advancements. In fact, many key facilities in Japan, such as hospitals, airports, and restaurants, use automation systems. They also have Japan had 27.7 million broadband lines in place, making it the third largest broadband country in the world. 78.2 % people in Japan uses internet now. Japan is very advanced in automation. Most of the offices and forms are automated. Hospital, restaurant, offices, airports, factories and all the other facilities are highly efficient because of the use of high tech automated system.
Japan is also famous for its contribution in the robotics field. M ost probably it is the most advanced country when it comes to robotics. And they are using this knowledge in use for practical aspects of life. Now people are very accustomed to buying their train tickets, books, plane pass, doing shopping online. And all these is possible because of the spread of internet and automated system installed.
5. Legal
Japan's corporate law is based on the Corporations Code implemented in 2006. Corporate law requires new branch offices or businesses to be registered with the Legal Affairs Bureau. Under Japanese lay the basic types of companies are Kabushiki kaisha (KK) similar to a business corporation, Godo kaisha (GDK) similar to a limited liability company, Goshi kaisha (GSK) similar to a limited partnership, Gomei kaisha (GMK) similar to a general partnership, and a limited liability.
The Labour Standards Law and the Labour Contract Law are the primary statutes governing employment relationships in Japan and contain mandatory provisions that apply to all employees working in Japan. The Labour Standards Law establishes, among other things, a minimum standard for terms and conditions of employment and the Labour Contract Law governs the contractual relationship between an employer and an employee.
As a general rule, employers can freely determine the person they would like to hire as an employee. There are certain limited exceptions to this right, such as the requirement that men and women are given equal opportunities, the requirement that a certain percentage of hirees are persons with disabilities and certain limitations on using age in hiring criteria.
Under the Labour Standards Law, the general principle is that employers cannot require employees to work for more than eight hours per day and 40 hours per week. Employers must provide employees a 45-minute break if the daily working hours exceed six hours and a one-hour break if the working hours exceed eight hours.
Employers must also provide employees at least one rest day per week. Under the Labour Standards Law, employers are required to pay 125 per cent of the employee's base hourly wage for overtime work and 135 per cent for rest-day work. Employers are further required to pay an additional 25 per cent for night-time work.
Under the Labour Standards Law, an employee who has been continuously employed for six months and whose attendance has been at least 80 per cent of the total number of working days during that period is entitled to a minimum of 10 days' annual paid leave. The number of minimum days entitlement for annual paid leave increases with the length of employment to a maximum of 20 days a year. A pregnant employee is entitled to maternity leave for a period of six weeks before the expected date of birth and eight weeks after the birth.
6. Environmental
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areas are inhabitable and reduce Japan’s developments to smaller, accessible sections of the country. Because it’s surrounded by water, the land is susceptible to tsunamis and earthquakes. With housing and developments packed closely to accommodate the high population, they are at risk to colossal damage should a natural disaster hit.
Ten percent of the world’s active volcanoes are found in Japan, which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability. As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly, and magnitudes of four to six on the Richter scale are common. Minor tremors occurs almost daily in one part of the country or another, causing slight shaking of buildings. Major earthquakes occur infrequently. Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coast line to danger from tsunami and tidal waves. Other common hazards are typhoons that reach Japan from the Pacific.
RECOMMENDATION
One of the most important tips in starting a business in Japan is setting an attitude that basing on the mindset of long-term Japan entrepreneurs. The ultimate goal is to build a framework that steady so that it will support the occurrence of transactions sustainable business, so it's not just a business relationship which is momentary or short-term. Are sincerity and commitment will be the cornerstone of an effective grounding-needs to be owned by the principals of business abroad.
1. Indonesia can imitate various innovations made by Japan in developing economic growth for the people, one of them by making integrated spending tourist area where tourists can shop may fill with a variety of different brands that are famous are already available at the venue.
2. The local government as the spearhead that existed in the area can develop the suburban areas as the center of people's economy that is considered necessary to enhance the economic growth of the society, especially those located in the outskirts of the city.
II. CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS REPORT
During our stay in Tokyo, we found that the culture and habits of the population in Japan is very organized and discipline, and it was a new experience for me to taste directly the Japanese culture of life there. The first day was started with cultural analysis of activities in the area of Asakusa, where there is temple with a strong Japanese culture. In the Asakusa area there are many traders who sell a variety of goods that are typical of Japanese culture.
1. Differences in Values, Beliefs and Policies
On my view Japan is a secular society. Creating harmonious relations with others through cooperation and the fulfillment of social obligations is more significant for most Japanese than an individual's relationship to a God. Harmony, order, and self-development are three of the most important values that underlie Japanese social interaction. Religious practice, too, emphasizes the maintenance of harmonious relations with others (both spiritual beings and other humans) and the fulfillment of social obligations as a member of a family and a community.
Japanase people believe in hardwork and discipline. Going home quickly after work (no overtime) is embarrassing in Japan, and signifies that the employee is unneeded by the company. There are always queues in Japan. Japanese society has a shame culture of dirtiness and clutter. The point is that Japanese people feel embarrassed damaging the environment and littering disorderly, damaging public infrastructure, crossing not at the right place (not in the crosswalk), doodling public facilities
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Asakusa is located on the east side of Tokyo approaching Tokyo bay. Asakusa can be regarded as a religious site that is still left in the middle of the swift modernization of the city. Within this area there is very large temple complex. Two beliefs are united in one location adjoining full harmony. Neither Buddhist nor Shinto alone, but both biting peacefully. Asakusa has become a symbol and witness that different beliefs cannot separate the humans from a value of truth and unity of life.
On the right side of the main gate at Asakusa temple, there is stout wooden gate where Shinto Shrine symbol stands. Shintoism is the adoption and acculturation of Buddhism that came from India through China with local beliefs of the ancestors of Japan – Shinto. Shinto religion and belief belong to communities of Tokyo today. Shinto communities pray at the altar by bringing both hands over the chest and with a little bend of the back. Once the prayer is finished being said, the person goes back one step and both hands are clapped. There is no specific time to pray or worship. Temple always opens; anyone, anytime comes there, are no barriers of space and time to worship.
3. World Brands
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III. COMPANY VISIT ANALYSIS REPORT
Influence exerted on the invironment by human activities has become one of the global issues. Waste disposal is part of such an issue. In order to bring a solution to the issue, it is important to reduce waste as little as possible and promote the recycling of waste as a resource. Waste is, nonetheless, produced, which must be processed in an adequate manner.
Burning is an excellent way of processing waste and recycling energy since combustible waste is burnt in hygienic manner, reducing the volume to 5% while heat generated serves to generate electricity for energy recycling.
The 23 cities and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government had discussed for many years their respective roles and institutional frameworks from viewpoints such as stronger autonomy of the 23 Cities and the promotion of mega city administration by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government on an extensive scale.
One result of the discussions was that, on April 1, 2000, the duties of municipal waste management were transferred to the 23 Cities. At that time, it was decided that each of the 23 cities would independently manage its own waste collection and transfer, while management of intermediate treatment (incineration, pulverization, etc) was determined to be handled jointly. This was due to the presence of some cities that had no incineration plant within their cities, and for purpose of optimizing treatment efficiency.
The Clean Authority of Tokyo is a special purpose municipal body established by the consensus of the 23 cities, based on the Local Autonomy Act, in order to deal with this joint waste management. 23 Cities and the Clean Authority of Tokyo have consigned the landfill disposal operations to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which has established and manages landfill disposal sites.
Waste Management Managed
Waste collection and transfer, recovery of resources, etc. Managed by each of the 23 cities Intermediate waste treatment of waste (incineration,
pulverization), night soil pretreatment, etc
Managed by the Clean Authority of Tokyo Final disposal (landfill) Managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan
Government as consigned by the 23 Cities and the Clean Authority of Tokyo
Budget
Initial budget for FY 2016 : USD 692.56 Million (¥ 69.256 Billion)
Component Descriptions Yen (in Carry over Carryover from reserve fund 1.866 18.66 2.7% Others - 0.328 3.28 0.4%
Expenditures 69.256 692.56
Waste management costs
Maintenance costs required for regular inspections of incineration plants, utility costs, purchasing costs of chemicals to protect the environment, labor costs, etc.
46.601 466.01 67.3% Plant maintenance
costs
Cost for reconstructions of incineration plants, etc.
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Shin-koto incineration plant equipped with the state-of-the-art air pollution preventive facilities plays an important role of processing waste produced within 23 cities in Tokyo, enjoying a much longer service life as a valuable final disposal site. The plant, one of the biggest plants in Japan, incinerates 1,800 ton waste per day, totaling about 400,000 ton a year, and generates 50,000 kW with steam turbine generator.Equipped with state of the art air pollution preventive facilities, the plant removes most of hydrogen chloride contained in exhaust, dust, sulfur oxides, and mercury. In addition, it successfully maintains the emission of dioxins at a much lower level than legally stipulated, using dioxin removal facilities.
Incinerated waste generates heat, which is boiler collected to provide steam to generate electricity by a steam turbine. Collected heat is also supplied to nearby public facilities, including Yumenoshima House of Tropical Plants Tokyo and Tatsumi International Swimming Pool Tokyo. And Rain falling onto the plant roofs is recycled for use in the plant and for toilet flushing and water sprinkling.
The plant is designed and constructed with the image of a yacht on the sea to go well with the surrounding environment, including Yumenoshima Marina.
Building scale Reinforced concrete (partially iron framed); Nine stories above (partially one under) the ground
Building site 28,000 m2 approximately Total floor area 77,000 m2 approximately
Stack Outer cylinder ; reinforced concrete made Inner cylinder Stainless steel sheet made
Height 150 m
1. Collection
Each city sets collection days and areas depending on the type of waste, and conducts efficient operations drafting operation plans that correspond to seasonal changes and regional trends in waste amount.
Waste processing in the 23 cities is free of charge for household waste (excluding the disposal of waste exceeding 10 kg per day), while large sized waste and business generated waste are charged.
2. Transfer
To ensure efficient transfer, transfer methods are determined based on the type of waste (combustible, incombustible, or large sized)
a. Combustible waste
Combustible waste is loaded onto collection vehicles (such as compaction type vehicle) on collection sites, from which it is directly transferred to an incineration plant.
b. Incombustible waste
Incombustible waste it transferred to either the Chubo Incombustible Waste Processing Center or the Keihinjima Island Incombustible Waste Processing Center. Since both are located in the waterfront, some cities have established land or boat transfer stations, where waste is reloaded onto container vehicles or vessels for relayed transfer.
Such relayed transfer contributes to improved transfer efficiency, reduced traffic congestion, and alleviation of air pollution due to exhaust.
c. Large size waste
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Such relayed transfer contributes to improved transfer efficiency, reduced traffic congestion, and alleviation of air pollution due to exhaust.
3. Processing combustible waste
Combustible waste is incinerated at 19 incineration plants (as of December 2016) in a safe, stable, and efficient manner. Incineration prevents bacteria, vermin and foul odor, and maintains a sanitary environment. By incinerating waste, its volume is reduced to approximately one twentieth. By recycling a part of bottom ash into cement materials, and by melting it into slag, the amount going to the landfill is further reduced.
Emission of hazardous substances within exhaust and wastewater from the incineration plants is controlled and reduced to lower impact on the environment.
In an incineration plant, power generation and heat supply are performed using the heat energy of waste incineration.
4. Improper waste disposal may cause a halt or failure of incinerators
Combustibles carried into incineration plants sometimes contain waste unsuitable for incineration, such as metal, glass, or oversized waste that exceeds the disposal capacity of the plant. Such improper waste may cause the halt or failure of incinerators, costing a great deal of money and time before recovery. Once the facilities become incapable of accepting waste, waste collection and transfer operations will be interrupted, seriously affecting waste management in all 23 cities.
Every year some incineration plants are forced to stop operation due to improper was waste. To prevent carry in of improper waste, and to ensure safe and stable plant operation, inspection of incoming waste is reinforced, and awareness raising activities are undertaken.
Special weeks are also set to enhance the above inspection and to perform close observation at platforms in each incineration plant. Overall regular inspection on incoming waste is also conducted at all incineration plants, in collaboration with the 23 cities.
5. Bottom ash is recycled as cement materials
When combustible waste is incinerated, bottom ash and fly ash are generated. Bottom ash after removing ash to be melted into slag, as well as fly ash after processed with chemicals, are sent to landfill disposal on the new sea surface disposal site, which has been recognized and is managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government.
Because it is extremely difficult to find new landfill disposal sites in the Tokyo port, a full scale initiative has been undertaken to recycle bottom ash into cement materials, for the purpose of reducing the amount of landfill disposal and achieving more efficient use of resources. Through this project in 2015, 5000 tons of bottom ash was used as cement materials. The plant will continue the recycling of bottom ash to reduce the volume that goes to the final disposal site.
In the initiative for recycling bottom ash into cement materials, bottom ash that generated in incineration plants is transferred to private cement factories by freight vehicles/trains, and efficiently used as Portland cement materials. Cement materials include limestone, clay, silica, iron materials, and plaster. Bottom ash is used as a substitute for clay.
6. Bottom ash is melted into slag
When bottom ash is melted at a high temperature of over 1,200o C (2,192o F) and then rapidly cooled, it turns into sandy slag. As slag, the volume is almost half that of ash, and approximately one fortieth of its original state as waste. The process of making slag decomposes dioxins within the ash, and traps heavy metals inside, thereby making it safe and efficient for use as construction materials, etc.
7. Putting the heat energy generated from incineration to beneficial use
Incineration plants use the heat energy generated from waste incineration beneficially in power generation and in supplying energy. Electricity and hot water produced at plants are used within facilities to operate the plant, thereby reducing electricity purchases and fuel costs.
Surplus electricity is sold to power companies. All of the plants sell electricity, and four plants sell heat as hot water to other facilities
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Total generated power 1,172.60 million kWh Electricity sold 660.86 million kWh Income from electricity sold USD 117.6576 million Supplied heat (charged) 501,000 Giga Jules Income from heat sold USD 1.9202 million
Assuming that one typical household consumes 3,300 kWh per year, amount of electricity sold in FY 2015 is equivalent to consumption at approximately 200,000 households.
8. Processing incombustible waste
Incombustible waste is processed at two incombustible waste processing centers. The process is divided into pulverization and separation. Incombustible waste is pulverized to reduce its volume, so that an efficient use of landfill sites is made possible. Incombustibles also contain recyclable resources, such as ferrous metals and alumunium, which are separated and collected.
9. Processing large sized waste
Large sized waste is separated into combustible large sized waste, such as wooden furniture, and into incombustible large sized waste, such as bicycles. The separation work is performed manually at large sizes waste pulverization processing facility.
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10. Landfill disposal sites established and managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government
At the outer central breakwater landfill disposal site and new sea surface disposal site, established and managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, residue after treating general waste in the 23 cities, waste from municipal facilities such as sludge, and industrial waste from small and medium sized companies in Tokyo are put to landfill disposal.
Combustible waste and combustible part of large sized waster after pulverization are incinerated. A part of the bottom ash is recycled into cement materials or melted into slag, while the remainder of bottom ash and chemically treated fly ash goes to landfill.
Incombusted waste is pulverized, while ferrous metals are recovered as resources, before the residue is buried into landfill
Large sized waste is pulverized, while ferrous metals are recovered as resources, before the incombustible residue is buried into landfill.
In addition to waste, materials from dredging the sea and rivers as well as fill generated by construction (dirt and sand) are buried in landfills, but are placed separately from waste because their treatment method differs.
Recommendation
Waste is the big problems in Indonesia. The high population density makes the consumption is high. The land to accommodate the rest of the consumption is limited. Issues are increasing. Garbage consumption of urban residents it turns out that many are not easy to decompose, especially plastic. The accumulation of plastic waste creates serious contamination. This condition is realized by some people by growing efforts to reduce plastic waste. The new plastic bags can begin to decompose for at least more than 20 years in the soil. If the plastic bag is in the water, it will be more difficult to decompose. According to Greeneration Research, a 10-year non-governmental organization that follows the issue of waste, one person in Indonesia averages 700 plastic bags per year. In nature, unadulterated plastic bags pose a threat to life and ecosystems. Consider that condition, the application of the incineration plant we discussed before can be an alternative in handling waste problems in Indonesia.
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the people feel heavy to pay the electricity bills are increasingly expensive. As mentioned earlier, the output of the waste incineration process is electrical energy that is in deployment in the City of Tokyo sold to the public and business. It can also be applied in Indonesia. In addition to meeting the electricity needs of the community can also be a business field for organizations that manage it.
Indonesia faces a same problem as Tokyo. However, Japan has become a leading country in waste management and continues to improve the disposal problems by effective measures including recycle regulation, garbage sorting, incineration plant, landfill sites and encouraging residents to perform garbage sorting and reduce waste disposal.
Shin-Koto Incineration Plant is the largest incinerator in Tokyo. It is surprising that the incineration plant is like a museum which contains a lot of teaching machines, games and videos to let the visitors know how the incineration plant functions, how to control the pollution by removing most of hydrogen chloride, dust, sulfur oxides and mercury, how the incineration plant can be more environmentally friendly and sustainable.
It is impressive that the incineration plant does not only incinerate waste but also provide energy to other public facilities in order to make its image become more environmentally friendly, sustainable and helpful to the public. The pollutants from the incineration plants are far below the regulatory standards through using high technology.
I think it is not difficult to learn this technology and use it in Indonesia. However the most important challenge is what the Indonesia citizens think. Japan can continue to improve its disposal problem not only by improving the technology but also the norms of the citizens.
In the study trip, the most impressive learning besides the waste management facilities is the norms of the Japanese citizens. They have a high level of consensus in performing garbage sorting. After visiting the waste management facilities, it is believed that garbage sorting is really effective for reducing waste, better operation of landfills and incinerations. If Indonesia citizens have the same norms or consensus to reduce garbage and perform garbage sorting, incineration plants and landfills can be better constructed and utilized. Besides advanced technology, it is important that citizens have the consensus to reduce waste.
The values of environmental care and awareness of the cleanliness and sustainability of natural resources have been embedded in the minds of every citizen in Indonesia. Character building is what should start from home, school environment, and neighborhood, one of them through awareness of waste.
The availability of waste and recycling facilities is not optimal if the citizens do not understand the importance of sorting and processing waste. The implementation of the same thing in Tokyo is considered a success because every component of citizens and government is very understanding and carry out their respective duties in the effort of awareness and the importance of sustainability of natural resources.
The resident, the neighborhood community, and the school can start their caring steps. A series of concerned citizens and schools will form a wider social community that also understands the importance of recycling. The government will be easier to make regulations about waste if its citizens have implemented waste disposal. Investors will be more interested in opening recycling facilities if recycled raw materials are assured of availability and have good economic value.
The implementation of recycling facilities and supply chains especially recycled raw materials in Indonesia can start from the smallest community. The waste recycling process will start from the availability of well-sorted garbage. Education and re-knowledge can begin to be taught at home,
neighborhood, and school. At home, waste sorting is done by providing different waste bins for each type of garbage. According to the Jakarta Provincial Regulation No. 3 of 2013 on Waste Management Article 24 Paragraph 2, color criteria and types of waste in sorting of waste containers include:
a. Green container for organic waste. b. Yellow containers for anorganic waste.
c. Red containers for garbage containing hazardous and toxic household ingredients.
