Key principles of effective writing

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Disampaikan oleh Mochammad FACTA

dalam

Klinik Penulisan Artikel Ilmiah Internasional Tahun 2018 30 Juli – 1 Agustus 2018

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 Dalam perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan manusia,

seringkali penghargaan (credit) diberikan kepada yang dapat meyakinkan dunia (melalui tulisan), bukan kepada yang mencetuskan ide pertama. -- Sir William Osler

 Menulis adalah suatu SENI, namun ketika menulis

tersebut dengan tujuan untuk menginformasikan

sesuatu maka menulis menjadi sangat dekat dengan ilmu pengetahuan. --- Robert Gunning

 Suatu tulisan yang baik akan dapat mengkomunikasikan

ide secara jelas dan efektif diperlukan kemampuan penyampaian pemikiran yang jelas terstruktur

 Suatu penulisan yang elegan (baik, benar dan menarik

perhatian) dan memiliki gaya yang menarik sesuai jaman

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1) Kurangi kata – kata atau frasa yang terlalu menghamburkan

makna atau memperlambat pembaca untuk membaca  karena kata – kata tersebut terlalu ―berat‖ (melambatkan membaca)

2) Jangan takut untuk meringkas kata – kata atau frasa, usahakan

kata tersebut berasal dari pemikiran anda yang baik dan benar

 anda paham kata-kata apa yang anda tulis

3) Gunakan rumus SPOK atau SPO atau SP

(Subyek + Predikat (kata kerja) + Obyek + Keterangan) Kalimat aktif

atau ikuti subject + verb + object (SVO)  active voice

4) Gunakan kata kerja yang meyakinkan dan hindari mengubah kata

kerja menjadi kata benda

5) Gunakan kalimat yang terstruktur positif, bukan kalimat negasi

(menafikan)

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

―

This paper provides a review of the basic

tenets of cancer biology study design, using

as examples studies that illustrate the

methodologic challenges or that demonstrate

successful solutions to the difficulties

inherent in biological research.

‖



menjadi:



―This paper reviews cancer biology study

design, using examples that illustrate

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

Dalam makalah ini juga diusulkan analisis

aliran daya dengan menggunakan metode Bus

Injection to Branch Current-Branch Current

to Bus Voltage (BIBC-BCBV), sehingga sistem

distribusi radial dapat dianalisis.



-->



Program simulasi menggunakan metode Bus

Injection to Branch Current-Branch Current

to Bus Voltage (BIBC-BCBV) untuk

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

Jangan terlalu sering menggunakan kata

Very, really, quite, basically, generally



Cek kembali kalimat anda jika tanpa

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 All three of the  the three

 Less frequently occurring rare

 With the possible exception of except  Due to the fact that because

 For the purpose of  for

 in spite of the fact that  although  in the event that  if

 new innovations innovations  one and the same  the same  period of four days  four days  personal opinion  opinion

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

―Brain injury incidence shows two peak

periods in almost all reports: rates are the

highest in young people, and the elderly.‖

Menjadi



―Brain injury incidence peaks in the young

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 The Lightning Strike Protection(LSP) which was applied to aircraft has two purpose

related to direct and indirect effet. The main aims of LSP is to provide a conductive path on the structure, which allows most of lightning current to remain on the skin of the aircraft and quickly exit to the ground without serious damage. The

secondary purpose is to provide an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding[5]. Katunin et al [6] divided four solutions of LSP, i.e., 1. inclusion of metallic mesh or foils made of copper or alumunium, 2. applied metallized sprays or paints to form a layer of metal coating, 3. fiber metallization reinforced in the dielectric matrix and 4. dispersion of nanoscale conducting particles. Researchers have investigated the method to improve performance of composite material used as structure of aircraft in case of lightning strike. Gou et al [2] develop a specialty paper made of carbon nanofibers and nickel nanostrands as a surface layer on the composite panels. Zhang et al [7]propose a thin flexible coating made of pristine graphene and it applied on the surface of carbon fiber epoxy. Kawakami and Feraboli [8] use a copper wire mesh put on carbon fiber/epoxy composite specimens.

 --->

 The Lightning Strike Protection(LSP) serves as a conductor path over the skin of

aircraft to ground without damage and it gives shield against electromagnetic

interference [5].Several works proposed the use of metallic mesh, foil, paints, fiber, and nano particles for LSP [6]. Other works proposed composite material made from paper carbon nanofiber and nickel nanostrand [7]. To enhance geometrical

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

An experiment has been conducted to get the

efficiency of the power transfer based on the

different diameter size of the coil and also the

maximum distance that power can transfer by

using the different diameter size of the coil. In

this experiment, there are 5 different diameter

size of the coil, which is started with 6cm, 7cm,

8cm, 9cm and the biggest size is 10cm but the

number of turn is fixed with 10turn for both

transmitter and receiver coil.



-->



The experiment applied 5 types coil with

different diameter, i.e. 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 cm

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

S+P+O+K atau K+S+P+O atau



S+P+O atau

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

Subyek yang dikenai kegiatan sehingga

subyek tidak melakukan aksi



Formula : to be + past participle (kata kerja

bentuk III)



Kata kerja utama umumnya kata kerja

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

Bandingkan:

1)

―Mistakes were made.‖

 Siapa yang bertanggung jawab?

2)

―Prototype were designed to prove the hypotesis‖

dibandingkan dengan

― We designed a prototype to prove the hypotesis‖



―We‖ yang bertanggung jawab (penulis)

3)

―

My first visit to Yogya will always be remembered

by me.‖

dibandingkan dengan

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Bandingkan:

 It was found that 1+1 does not equal 2.

The experiment shows that 1+1 does not equal 2.  It was concluded that the data were false.

The analysis leads to conclusion that the data were false.

 It is believed that the data had been falsified.

The agent believed that the data had been falsified.  A recommendation was made by the DSMB committee

that the study be halted.

The DSMB committee recommended that the study be halted.

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

Untuk merubah

kalimat pasif



kalimat aktif

maka:



Kemukakan PERTANYAAN di kalimat pasif tersebut :

SIAPA (Subyek) melakukan APA kepada SIAPA (Obyek)?

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DNA was carried out.‖



Bandingkan dengan



―

To study DNA repair mechanics, we carried

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

Kalimat aktif lebih:



mengemukakan ide secara langsung, alamiah,

dan memberikan informasi lebih jelas



direct, vigorous, natural, and informative.



Namun demikian

, aturan tatabahasa umumnya

adalah petunjuk/arahan bukan suatu hukum 

dapat dimodifikasi ketika terdapat

keperluan/kebutuhan ttg hal tersebut 

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1) Ketika aksi kegiatan yang dilakukan lebih penting dibandingkan dengan siapa yang melakukan,

misalnya aksi kegiatan yang terkait pembuatan bahan (material) dan metode.

Contoh kalimat :

―Tiga liter cairan disaring melalui gelas berpori.‖

2) Untuk menekankan pentingnya seseorang atau

sesuatu dibandingkan institusi yang melakukannya.

Contoh kalimat:

―Menteri Susi diberikan penghargaan doktor honoris kausa.‖

3) Ketika subyek yang melakukan aksi kegiatan benar-benar tidak diketahui

Contoh kalimat:

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

Kata kerja yang meyakinkan aksi kerja yang

telah dilakukan akan membantu pembaca

memahami alur cerita

Contoh:



―

The WHO reports that approximately two-thirds

of the world’s

diabetics are found in developing

countries, and estimates that the number of

diabetics in these countries will double in the

next 25 year. ―



Bandingkan



―The WHO estimates that two

-thirds of the

world’s diabetics

are found in developing

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 To improve the quality of objects image further to the border of the

objects can be observed in a plain view. The mMG develops an algorithm that aims to sharpen and smooth the image of the morphological gradient. mMG processes to multiply the value of the pixel of edge boundary with the minimum multi-threshold (T) value of the MG result image. Multiplier value is bit depth value. The results indicate that the image enhancement process in each iteration stage can display objects. The equation shows in the following equation 2

 -->

 The work proposes the use of plain view to observer the border of object

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 As can be seen in Figure 4, the first and second line of Albireois β2and β1 Cygobservation star, respectively. During observation site selection, we use Albireostar β1 Cyg as a star pointer to analyzethe best seeing value. The processing star image analysis called Image Reduction and Analysis Facilities (IRAF) was used in this study.Here, we use IRAF software in Fortran to analyzestar imageover Ubuntu, Linux platform. The IRAF method is adopted by Gochermanet alto obtain trail direction in x -axis [10]. During processing data, we use degree 3 polynomial as a fitting tool to reduce noice from meadeatlitude azimuth telescope (see Figure 5).

 -->

 Figure 4 shows Albireois β1 and β2 Cyg observation star in line 1 and 2

respectively. We use Albireostar β1 Cyg as a star pointer to analyze the best seeing value. The work applies Image Reduction and Analysis

Facilities (IRAF) software to analyze stars image and obtain trail direction in x -axis over Ubuntu - Linux platform. Figure 5 shows the results of a

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

Jangan terlalu rakus

―to be‖ seperti : i

s, are,

was, were, be, been, am

contoh:





He was not often on time

Did not have much confidence



 Pairs of ideas—two ideas joined by ―and‖, ―or‖, or

―but‖—should be written in parallel form.

 Contoh:

Not Parallel:

 If you want to be a good doctor, you must study hard,

critically think about the medical literature, and you should be a good listener.

Parallel:

 If you want to be a good doctor you must study hard,

listen well, and think critically about the medical literature. (imperative, imperative, imperative) Parallel:

 If you want to be a good doctor, you must be a good

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 Pairs of ideas—two ideas joined by ―and‖, ―or‖, or

―but‖—should be written in parallel form.

 Contoh: Not Parallel:

 This research follows four distinct phases: (1)

establishing measurement instruments (2) pattern

measurement (3) developing interventions and (4)

the dissemination of successful interventions to other settings and institutions.

Parallel:

 This research follows four distinct phases: (1)

establishing measurement instruments (2) measuring patterns (3) developing interventions and (4)

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Dalam proses menulis seringkali terdapat

kondisi sebagai berikut:



terasa

namun

tak tak terucapkan



terucap

namun

tak tertuliskan



tertulis

namun

tak terlihat



terlihat

namun

tak terwujudkan

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Ini Ikan

Ini Ayam

Ini Ikan + Ini Ayam

Maksudnya Yang Ini

IWAK PITIK a.k. AYAM GORENG!!!

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―Rahasia menulis yang baik adalah melucuti setiap kalimat atau kata sehingga menghasilkan kalimat yang jernih.‖

 Setiap kata yang tidak berfungsi,

 Setiap kata yang panjang yang dapat menjadi kata

singkat,

 Setiap kata keterangan yang memiliki arti yang sama

dengan yang sudah ada di kata kerja,

 Setiap konstruksi pasif yang membuat pembaca tidak

yakin siapa yang melakukan apa.

 Semua diatas adalah hal-hal yang melemah kekuatan

sebuah kalimat. Biasanya hal-hal tersebut tetap terjadi secara proporsional seiring dengan