Review Fungsi Permintaan

(1)

Review Fungsi Permintaan

1. Permintaan terhadap suatu barang, muncul karena ada keinginan, kesediaan, dan kemampuan. Karena itu ada permintaan riil dan permintaan potensial.

2. Mempelajari permintaan berarti mempelajari aktivitas ekonomi dari sisi konsumen.

3. Perlu juga dibedakan :

• Permintaan riil dan permintaan potensial

• Permintaan individu dan permintaan pasar

• Permintaan yang elastis dan in-elastis

• Perubahan jumlah yang diminta dan perubahan permintaan 4. Fungsi permintaan dari suatu barang memiliki bentuk standar

berslope negatif, meskipun ada yang berslope positif.

5. Dalam mempelajari fungsi permintaan ada asumsi yang disebut

dengan citeris paribus ( cp ).

(2)

Demand

0 2 4 6 8 10

1 2 3 4 5 6

e d

c

b

a

Quantity (millions of tapes per week)

P ri ce ( d o ll ar pe r ta p e)

Demand for tapes

(3)

OHT 2.4

Figure 2.1 Derivation of the market demand curve

(4)

Some Real-World

Price Elasticities of Demand

Good or Service Elasticity

Elastic Demand

Metals 1.52

Electrical engineering products 1.30

Mechanical engineering products 1.30

Furniture 1.26

Motor vehicles 1.14

Instrument engineering products 1.10

Professional services 1.09

Transportation services 1.03

Inelastic Demand

Gas, electricity, and water 0.92

Oil 0.91

Chemicals 0.89

Beverages (all types) 0.78

Clothing 0.64

Tobacco 0.61

Banking and insurance services 0.56

Housing services 0.55

Agricultural and fish products 0.42

Books, magazines, and newspapers 0.34

Food 0.12

(5)

A Change in the Quantity Demanded Versus a Change in Demand

Quantity

P ri ce

D ₁ D ₂

Decrease in quantity demanded

Increase in quantity demanded

D ₀

Increase in demand Decrease in

demand

(6)

Review Fungsi Penawaran

1. Penawaran terhadap suatu barang, muncul karena ada keinginan, kesediaan, dan kemampuan dari produsen untuk menyediakan barang yang diinginkan konsumen

2. Mempelajari penawaran berarti mempelajari aktivitas ekonomi dari sisi produsen.

3. Perlu juga dibedakan :

• Penawaran individu produsen dan penawaran pasar

• Penawaran yang elastis dan in-elastis

• Perubahan jumlah yang ditawarkan dan perubahan penawaran 4. Fungsi penawaran dari suatu barang memiliki bentuk standar berslope positif, meskipun dalam jangka panjang akan berbentuk tegak vertikal.

5. Dalam mempelajari fungsi penawaran juga ada asumsi yang disebut dengan citeris paribus ( cp ).

6. Bentuk umum fungsi penawaran adalah :

Qd = f ( P )  cp. Dengan hubungan yang positif

Cp = Teknologi, Mesin, dll

(7)

Supply

0 2 4 6 8 10

1 2 3 4 5 6

Quantity (millions of tapes per week)

P ri ce ( d o ll ar pe r t ap e)

Supply of Tapes

a

b

c d

e

(8)

A Change in the Quantity Supplied Versus a Change in Supply

Quantity

P ri ce S ₀ S ₀ S ₁ S ₂

Increase in supply supply

Decrease in

Increase in quantity supplied

Decrease in

quantity

supplied

(9)

Market Equilibrium

0 2 4 6 8 10

1 2 3 4 5 6

Quantity (millions of tapes per week)

P ri ce ( d o ll ar pe r ta pe )

Supply of tapes

Demand for tapes

Equilibrium

Shortage of 3 million tapes at $2 a tape

Surplus of

2 million tapes

at $4 a tape

(10)

The Effects of a Change in Demand

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1

2 3 4 5 6

P ri ce ( d o ll ar pe r ta p e) Supply of tapes

Demand for tapes (Walkman $50) Demand for tapes

(Walkman $200)

(11)

The Effects of a Change in Supply

Quantity (millions of tapes per week)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1

2 3 4 5 6

P ri ce ( d ol la r p er t ap e) Supply of tapes (old technology)

Demand for tapes

Supply of tapes

(new technology)

(12)

Demand for tapes (Walkman $50)

The Effects of an Increase in Both Demand and Supply

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1

2 3 4 5 6

P ri ce ( d o ll ar pe r ta pe )

Supply of tapes (new technology)

Demand for tapes (Walkman $200)

Supply of tapes

(old technology)

(13)

Price Slide, Rocket,

and Roller Coaster

(14)

Price Slide, Rocket,

and Roller Coaster

(15)

CHAPTER 11

Output and Costs

Michael Parkin

(16)

Total Product, Marginal

Product, and Average Product

Total Marginal Average

Labor product product product

(workers (sweaters (sweaters per (sweaters per day) per day) additional worker) per worker)

a 0 0

b 1 4

c 2 10

d 3 13

e 4 15

f 5 16

(17)

Total Product, Marginal

Product, and Average Product

Total Marginal Average

Labor product product product

(workers (sweaters (sweaters per (sweaters per day) per day) additional worker) per worker)

a 0 0

b 1 4

c 2 10

d 3 13

e 4 15

f 5 16

4

6

3

2

1

(18)

Total Product, Marginal

Product, and Average Product

Total Marginal Average

Labor product product product

(workers (sweaters (sweaters per (sweaters per day) per day) additional worker) per worker)

a 0 0

b 1 4 4.00

c 2 10 5.00

d 3 13 4.33

e 4 15 3.75

f 5 16 3.20

4

6

3

2

1

(19)

Marginal Product

0 1 2 3 4 5

Labor (workers per day)

5 10

15 TP

O u tp u t ( sw ea te rs p er d ay )

0 1 2 3 4 5 Labor (workers per day)

2 4 6

M ar g in al pr od u ct (s w ea te rs pe r da y p er w or k er )

4

3

13 MP c

d

(20)

Average Product

0 1 2 3 4 5

Labor (workers per day) 2

4 6

A v er ag e p rod u ct & M ar g in al p rod u ct (s w ea te rs p er da y p er w or k er )

3 4.33

AP

MP

e b f

d c

c

Maximum

average

product

(21)

Total Cost Curves

Total Total

fixed variable Total

cost cost cost

Labor Output (TFC) (TVC) (TC)

(workers (sweaters

per day) per day) (dollars per day)

a 0 0

b 1 4

c 2 10

d 3 13

e 4 15

f 5 16

(22)

Total Cost Curves

Total Total

fixed variable Total

cost cost cost

Labor Output (TFC) (TVC) (TC)

(workers (sweaters

per day) per day) (dollars per day)

a 0 0 25

b 1 4 25

c 2 10 25

d 3 13 25

e 4 15 25

f 5 16 25

(23)

Total Cost Curves

Total Total

fixed variable Total

cost cost cost

Labor Output (TFC) (TVC) (TC)

(workers (sweaters

per day) per day) (dollars per day)

a 0 0 25 0

b 1 4 25 25

c 2 10 25 50

d 3 13 25 75

e 4 15 25 100

f 5 16 25 125

(24)

Total Cost Curves

Total Total

fixed variable Total

cost cost cost

Labor Output (TFC) (TVC) (TC)

(workers (sweaters

per day) per day) (dollars per day)

a 0 0 25 0 25

b 1 4 25 25 50

c 2 10 25 50 75

d 3 13 25 75 100

e 4 15 25 100 125

f 5 16 25 125 150

(25)

TC TVC

Total Cost Curves

0 5 10 15

Output (sweaters per day) 50

100 150

C o st ( d ol la rs p er da y)

TFC

TC = TFC + TVC

(26)

MC

ATC AVC

AFC

Marginal Cost and Average Costs

0 5 10 15

Output (sweaters per

5 10

15 C os t (d o ll ar s p er s w ea te r)

ATC = AFC + AVC

(27)

AP MP

Product Curves and Cost Curves

Labor

A ve ra ge pr oduc t a n d m a rgi na l p ro d u c t

0 1.5 2.0

2 2 4 6

Rising MP and falling MC:

rising AP and falling AVC

Falling MP and rising MC:

rising AP and falling AVC

Falling MP and rising MC:

falling AP and

rising AVC

(28)

AVC MC

Product Curves and Cost Curves

Labor

A ve ra ge pr oduc t and m a rg ina l p roduc t

0 6.5 10

3 6 9 12

Maximum AP and minimum AVC Maximum MP and

minimum MC

(29)

Short-Run Costs of Four

Different Plants

(30)

Long-Run Average Cost

Curve

Review Fungsi Permintaan

Review Fungsi Permintaan

1. Permintaan terhadap suatu barang, muncul karena ada keinginan, kesediaan, dan kemampuan. Karena itu ada permintaan riil dan permintaan potensial.

2. Mempelajari permintaan berarti mempelajari aktivitas ekonomi dari sisi konsumen.

3. Perlu juga dibedakan :

• Permintaan riil dan permintaan potensial

• Permintaan individu dan permintaan pasar

• Permintaan yang elastis dan in-elastis

• Perubahan jumlah yang diminta dan perubahan permintaan 4. Fungsi permintaan dari suatu barang memiliki bentuk standar

berslope negatif, meskipun ada yang berslope positif.

5. Dalam mempelajari fungsi permintaan ada asumsi yang disebut

dengan citeris paribus ( cp ).

Demand

0 2 4 6 8 10

1 2 3 4 5 6

e d

c

b

a

Quantity (millions of tapes per week)

P ri ce ( d o ll ar pe r ta p e)

Demand for tapes

OHT 2.4

Figure 2.1 Derivation of the market demand curve

Some Real-World

Price Elasticities of Demand

Good or Service Elasticity

Elastic Demand

Metals 1.52

Electrical engineering products 1.30

Mechanical engineering products 1.30

Furniture 1.26

Motor vehicles 1.14

Instrument engineering products 1.10

Professional services 1.09

Transportation services 1.03

Inelastic Demand

Gas, electricity, and water 0.92

Oil 0.91

Chemicals 0.89

Beverages (all types) 0.78

Clothing 0.64

Tobacco 0.61

Banking and insurance services 0.56

Housing services 0.55

Agricultural and fish products 0.42

Books, magazines, and newspapers 0.34

Food 0.12

A Change in the Quantity Demanded Versus a Change in Demand

Quantity

P ri ce

D 1 D 2

Decrease in quantity demanded

Increase in quantity demanded

D 0

Increase in demand Decrease in

demand

Review Fungsi Penawaran

1. Penawaran terhadap suatu barang, muncul karena ada keinginan, kesediaan, dan kemampuan dari produsen untuk menyediakan barang yang diinginkan konsumen

2. Mempelajari penawaran berarti mempelajari aktivitas ekonomi dari sisi produsen.

3. Perlu juga dibedakan :

• Penawaran individu produsen dan penawaran pasar

• Penawaran yang elastis dan in-elastis

• Perubahan jumlah yang ditawarkan dan perubahan penawaran 4. Fungsi penawaran dari suatu barang memiliki bentuk standar berslope positif, meskipun dalam jangka panjang akan berbentuk tegak vertikal.

5. Dalam mempelajari fungsi penawaran juga ada asumsi yang disebut dengan citeris paribus ( cp ).

6. Bentuk umum fungsi penawaran adalah :

Qd = f ( P )  cp. Dengan hubungan yang positif

Cp = Teknologi, Mesin, dll

Supply

0 2 4 6 8 10

1 2 3 4 5 6

Quantity (millions of tapes per week)

P ri ce ( d o ll ar pe r t ap e)

Supply of Tapes

a

b

c d

e

A Change in the Quantity Supplied Versus a Change in Supply

Quantity

D ₁ D ₂

D ₀

P ri ce S ₀ S ₀ S ₁ S ₂