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Aims and Scope
International Journal of Engineering and Technology(IJET) is a scholarly open access, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, quarterly and fully refereed journal focusing on theories, methods and applications in Engineering and Technology. IJET covers all areas of Engineering and Technology, publishing refereed original research articles and technical notes. IJET reviews papers within approximately one month of submission and publishes accepted articles on the internet immediately upon receiving the final versions.
All submitted articles should report original, previously unpublished research results, experimental or theoretical, and will be peer-reviewed. Articles submitted to the journal should meet these criteria and must not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should follow the style of the journal and are subject to both review and editing.
All the papers in the journal are also available freely with online full-text content and permanent worldwide web link. The abstracts will be indexed and available at major academic databases.
IJET welcomes author submission of papers concerning any branch of the Engineering and Technology and their applications in business, industry and other subjects. The subjects covered by the journal includes but not limited to:
Aeronautical/ Aerospace Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Automation Engineering, Automobile Engineering, Ceramic Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Collaborative Engineering, Communication Engineering, Complexity in Applied Science and Engineering, Computational Science and Engineering, Computer Aided Engineering and Technology, Computer Applications in Technology, Computer Engineering, Continuing Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning, Control Theory, Data Mining and Bioinformatics, Design Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Embedded Systems, Engineering Management and Economics, Environmental Engineering, Forensic Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Information Systems and Management, Information Technology, Instrumentation Engineering, Intelligent Engineering Informatics, Knowledge Engineering and Data Mining, Manufacturing Engineering, Marine Engineering, Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics, Metallurgical Engineering, Microengineering, Mining Engineering, Nuclear Engineering, Petroleum Engineering, Process Systems Engineering, Production Engineering, Remote Monitoring, Sensor Network, Soft-computing and Engineering Education, Software Engineering, Strategic Engineering Asset Management, Structural Engineering, Textile Engineering, Transportation.
Frequency: 6 issues per year e-ISSN: 0975-4024 (online version) p-ISSN: 2319-8613 (online version) Subject Category: Engineering and Technology
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Editorial Board and Reviewers
IJET Editorial Board
EDITOR IN CHIEF K.SivaKumar, KEJA Technologies, Singapore
ASSOCIATE EDITOR A.Selvi,
SIPS Technologies, India
EDITORIAL BOARD M.Azath
Calicut university/Mets School of Engineering, Kerala, India.
Dr. S.S.RIAZ
AHAMEDAMIE.,MCA.,M.Phil.,M.Tech.,MIEEE.,MACM.,Ph.D.,FIETE.,C.Engg.
Professor & Head, Dept of Computer Applications, Mohamed Sathak Engineering College, India.
Bilal Bahaa Zaidan
Al- Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Dr. S. Abdul Khader Jilani
College of Computers & Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Ministry of Higher Education, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Dr. Vipan Kakkar
Associate Professor, Q. No. 6, Chanakya Marg, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Univers Katra. J&K. 182 320. India.
Dr. DEBOJYOTI MITRA
Associate Professor & Head, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sir Padampat Singhania University,
Hill Villa Annexe, Opp. Hotel Hilltop Palace, Ambavgarh, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India.
Dr.S.Sasikumar
Professor and head, Department of ECE., Hindustan college of Engg. and Tech., Coimbatore.
Dr. GOVINDARAJ THANGAVEL
! "! Dr. Vijay Srivatsan
Digitial Technology Lab. Corp. (Subsidiary of Mori Seiki), Davis, CA
Dr. Wang Yong-gang
School of Highway Chang’an University 901 Transportation Sci. & Tech. Building, Middle Section of Nanerhuan, Xi’an 710064, P. R. China
Dr. NAOUFAL RAISSOUNI
Professor of Remote Sensing and Physics at the National Engineering School for Applied Sciences,
Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier-Tetouan-Morocco
Dr. G. V. NAGESH KUMAR
Department of EEE Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology Duvvada, Visakhapatnam, India
Dr. VELAYUTHAM .P
Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur, India
Dr DANWE RAIDANDI
Head of Mechanical Department, The College of Technology, University of DOUALA, Cameroon.
Dr. Bharat Raj Singh
Professor and Associate Director, School of Management Sciences, Technical Campus, India.
IJET Reviewer List
Dr.Prasanta Sahoo, PhD.
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
ANAND SHARMA
Assistant Professor (CSE Deptt.) in MITS, Lakshmangarh, Sikar
Lai Khin Wee
Research Officer, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Mahesh M Goyani
Lecturer, Department of Computer Engineering, G H Patel College of Engineering and Technology, India
HORNG YUAN SAW
# ! "! Neetesh Gupta
Technocrats Institute of Technology-Bhopal (M.P.), India
T.Venkat Narayana Rao
Professor and Head, Department of C.S.E – Hyderabad Institute of Technology and Management ,
Kompally, R.R Dist. India
B.Vasavi
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Hyderabad Institute of Technology & Management, India
Rajesh Kumar Vishwakarma
Department of Electronics Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering &Technology,
A. B. Road Raghogarh, Dist.Guna, India
Adis Medić
EEE, ACM, Infosys ltd; Assist. Professor
Raj Gaurang Tiwari
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Azad Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Lucknow-226002, UP INDIA.
Avanish Kumar Singh
Asst. Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, R.R. Institute of Modern Technology Unnao, U.P., India
VIVEK S. DESHPANDE
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Table of Contents
Volume 6 Issue 1
1
Hybrid Test Bed of Wind Electric Generator with Photovoltaic Panels
G.D.Anbarasi Jebaselvi, S.Paramasivam
1-12
2
Experimental Study on Fatigue Characteristics for Aluminium and Al-SiC Composite Material Edge Crack Specimens under Flexural Loading Conditions
Shanmugavel P., Bhaskar G.B., Chandrasekaran M.
13-27
3
Artificial Neural Network based Detection of Renal Tumors using CT Scan Image Processing
Muhammad Rukunuddin Ghalib, Surbhi Bhatnagar, S Jayapoorani, Udisha Pande
28-35
4
Experimental Investigation and Performance Evaluation of Hydroformed Tubular Bellows In Inconel 625 Alloy
E. Pavithra, V.S. Senthil Kumar
36-43
5
Convolutional Neural Network for Face Recognition with Pose and Illumination Variation
A. R. Syafeeza, M. Khalil-Hani, S. S. Liew, R. Bakhteri
44-57
6
Performance Studies on Sub-cooling of Cryogenic Liquids Used for Rocket Propulsion Using Helium Bubbling
Ramesh T, Thyagarajan K
58-65
7
BCR Routing for Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad hoc Networks
S. RAMESH, P. GANESH KUMAR
66-74
8
Characterization of Glass Fibre ? Coconut Coir? Human Hair Hybrid Composites
D. Senthilnathan, A Gnanavel Babu, G. B. Bhaskar, KGS. Gopinath
75-82
9
TENSILE AND FLEXURAL STUDIES ON GLASS - CARBON HYBRID COMPOSITES SUBJECTED TO LOW FREQUENCY CYCLIC LOADING
K. Poyyathappan, G.B.Bhaskar, K. Pazhanivel, N.Venkatesan
83-90
10
Identification and Controll of Spark Ignition Type Vehicles using Intelligent Transportation Technologies
G.Elumalai, G.B.Bhaskar
91-94
11
Experimental Investigation on Laminated Composite Leaf springs Subjected to Cyclic Loading
S.Rajesh, G.B.Bhaskar
95-101
12
Multichannel Feature Extraction and Classification of Epileptic States Using Higher Order Statistics and Complexity Measures
K. Palani Thanaraj, K. Chitra
# ! "! 13
An Experimental Study on Evacuated Tube Solar Collector using Therminol D-12 as Heat Transfer Fluid Coupled with Parabolic Trough
P.Selvakumar, P.Somasundaram, P.Thangavel
110-117
14
Compression of Satellite Images Using Lossy and Lossless Coding Techniques
S.Chandravadhana, N.Nithiyanandam
118-128
15
Analysis of Reduction in Area in MIMO Receivers Using SQRD Method and Unitary Transformation with Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation (MMSE) Techniques
Sabitha Gauni, R.Kumar
129-137
16
Wind Energy Conversion System with Boost Converter and CHB MLI with single DC input
Porselvi T, Ranganath Muthu
138-145
17
Optimal Link Managed On Demand Routing Protocol in MANET for Qos Improvement
G.Kavitha, Dr.J.Sundararajan
146-154
18
Investigation of Optimum Parameters for Mechanical Properties of Ecofriendly Molded Plant Fibre Polymer Matrix Composite by Experimental Methods
S.BENJAMIN LAZARUS, V.VELMURUGAN
155-163
19
Algorithm for Modeling Wire Cut Electrical Discharge Machine Parameters using Artificial Neural Network
G.Sankara Narayanan, D.Vasudevan
164-170
20
Experimental investigations on Elastic Properties of Concrete containing Steel fibre
K.Anbuvelan, Dr.K.Subramanian
171-177
21
Significance of stainless steel wire reinforcement on the mechanical properties of GFRP composites
K. Pazhanivel, G.B. Bhaskar, A.Elayaperumal
178-182
22
Optimization of Process Parameters to enhance the Hardness on Squeeze Cast Aluminium Alloy AA6061
M. Thirumal Azhagan, B. Mohan, A. Rajadurai
183-189
23
An Innovative Method for UWB Channel Estimation Using Time Hopped Modulation
S. Sathiya Priya, Dr.N.R.Alamelu
190-198
24
A Multi Objective Hybrid Differential Evolution Algorithm assisted Genetic Algorithm Approach for Optimal Reactive Power and Voltage Control
D.Godwin Immanuel, G.Selvekumar, C.Christober Asir Rajan
# ! "! 25
Adapting Endurance and Performance Optimization Strategies of ExFAT file system to FAT file system for embedded storage devices
Keshava Munegowda, Dr. G T Raju, Veera Maninkandanraju
204-211
26
Tuning and Analysis of Multiple Interactive Loop Process by Model Predictive Control
P.Srinivasarao, Dr.P.Subbaiah
212-226
27
Comparative Study of Controllers for a Variable Area MIMO Interacting NonLinear System
Priya Chandrasekar, Lakshmi Ponnusamy
227-235
28
Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Presence of Natural Fibre on the Mechanical Performance of a Light Weight Hybrid Bonded Laminate
M.Vasumathi, Vela Murali
236-241
29
Ontology based Comprehensive Architecture for Service Discovery in Emergency Cloud
J.Uma Maheswari, Dr.G.R.Karpagam
242-251
30
MULTI OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF VEHICLE ACTIVE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING DEBBO BASED PID CONTROLLER
Kalaivani Rajagopal, Lakshmi Ponnusamy
252-262
31
Heat transfer and pressure drop comparison between smooth and rib-roughened divergent rectangular ducts
K. SIVAKUMAR, E. NATARAJAN, N. KULASEKHARAN
263-272
32
Multilevel Spatial Multiplexing -Space Time Trellis Coded Modulation System for Fast Fading MIMO Channel
K.Kavitha, H.Mangalam
273-277
33 Multi-Level Privacy Preservation Using Rotation Perturbation
R.PraveenaPriyadarsini, Dr.M.L.Valarmathi, Dr.S.Sivakumari 278-292
34
Analysis of Contourlet Texture Feature Extraction to Classify the Benign and Malignant Tumors from Breast Ultrasound Images
Prabhakar Telagarapu, Poonguzhali S
293-305
35
A NOVEL NODE FAILURE MANAGEMENT FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK USING ANT AGENTS
Ramkumar K.R, Ravichandran
306-314
36
Simulation and Implementation of an Embedded Hybrid Fuzzy Trained Artificial Neural Network Controller for Different DC Motor
M.Muruganandam, I.Thangaraju, M.Madheswaran
315-332
37 Optimal sizing and placement of Static and Dynamic VAR devices through Imperialist Competitive Algorithm for minimization of Transmission Power Loss
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Pramod Kumar Gouda, P K Hota, K. Chandrasekar
38
Simulation of an Inverse Heat Conduction Boundary Estimation Problem Based on State Space Model
Purna Chandra Mishra
343-349
39
The Potential Allocation for Dry Season Crop-Area Planning, the Huai Luang Operation and Maintenance Project, Thailand
Pisan Ubonpiphat, Anongrit Kangrang, Rattana Homwichian
350-357
40
Hybridization of Response Surface Methodology and Genetic Algorithm optimization for CO2 laser cutting parameter on AA6061 material
A.Parthiban, R.Ravikumar, B.Suresh Kumar, N. Baskar
358-373
41
Effect of Cooling Rate on Mechanical Behaviour of Bulk Cast of A380 Aluminium Alloy
M.Mohandass, A.Venkatesan, S.Karthikeyan, P.S.Prasanth, S.K.Vinuvarshith
374-380
42 PCA-NB Algorithm to Enhance the Predictive Accuracy
T.Karthikeyan, P.Thangaraju 381-387
43
Node Cooperation and Message Authentication in Trusted Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Vijayakumar A, Selvamani K
388-397
44 Topology Optimization in Automotive Brake Pedal Redesign Mohd Nizam Sudin, Musthafah Mohd Tahir, Faiz Redza Ramli, Shamsul Anuar Shamsuddin
398-402
45
Ambiguity and Concepts in Real Time Online Internet Traffic Classification
Hamza Awad Hamza Ibrahim, Sulaiman Mohd Nor, Ban Mohammed Khammas
403-410
46
0-1 Knapsack Problem Approach for Multicast Agent in NEMO System
Rashid Saeed, Abdelmuizz Eisa, Raed Alsaqour
411-417
47
SPC-based Inventory Control Policy to Im-prove Supply Chain Dynamics
Francesco Costantino, Giulio Di Gravio, Ahmed Shaban, Massimo Tronci
418-426
48
Designing Artificial Magnetic Conductor at 2.45 GHz for Metallic Detection in RFID Tag Application
Maisarah Abu, Eryana Eiyda Hussin, Mohd Saari Mohd Isa, Zahriladha Zakaria, Zikri Abadi Baharudin
427-435
49 A Fuzzy Linear Programming in Optimizing Meat Production
Lazim Abdullah, Nor Hafizah Abidin 436-444
50
An Interactive Map Streaming Service Technique for Mobile Devices
Seong Kim, Byoung-Woo Oh
$ ! "! 51
Analysis of Leakage Current and DC Injection in Transformerless PV Inverter Topologies
Anjali Varghese C, Karpagam M, Alwarsamy T
453-459
52
Experimental investigation of heat transfer coefficient of CuO/Water nanofluid in double pipe heat exchanger with or without electric field
S.Senthilraja, KCK.Vijayakumar, R.Gangadevi
460-466
53
A Novel Distance Relaying Scheme to Mitigate Phase Faults on Doubly Fed Transmission Lines
J.Monisha, S.Natarajan
467-483
54
Optimization of Realistic Multi-Stage Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling Problems with Missing Operations Using Meta-Heuristics
M. Saravanan, S. Sridhar, N. Harikannan
484-496
55 A Metric to Assess the Performance of MLIR Services
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Volume 6 Issue 2
1
Theoretical, Numerical (FEM) and Experimental Analysis of composite cracked beams of different boundary conditions using vibration mode shape curvatures
Pankaj Charan Jena, Dayal R. Parhi, G. Pohit
509-518
2
Optimization of Process Parameters on MRR and Overcut in Electrochemical Micro Machining on Metal Matrix Composites Using Grey Relational Analysis
S.Dharmalingam, P.Marimuthu, K.Raja, R.Pandyrajan, S.Surendar
519-529
3
Hybrid Asymmetric Space Vector Modulation for inverter based direct torque control induction motor drive
Nandakumar Sundararaju, Dr.S.Vijayan
530-543
4
Optimizing Code by Selecting Compiler Flags using Parallel Genetic Algorithm on Multicore CPUs
T Satish Kumar, S Sakthivel, Sushil Kumar S
544-551
5
Multi-objective hardware/software partitioning technique for dynamic and partial reconfigurable system-on-chip using genetic algorithm
N.Janakiraman, P.Nirmal Kumar
552-558
6
Modeling of PEM Fuel Cell Stack System using Feed-forward and Recurrent Neural Networks for Automotive Applications
Mr. M. Karthik, Dr. S. Vijayachitra, Ms. K. Gomathi
559-569
7
Identification of Stiction Nonlinearity for Pneumatic Control Valve using ANFIS Method
Srinivasan Arumugam, Rames C.Panda
570-578
8
Optical Generation of 60 GHz Downstream Data in Radio over Fiber Systems Based on Two Parallel Dual-Drive MZMs
Nael Ahmed Al-Shareefi, S.I.S Hassan, Fareq Malek, Razali Ngah, Sura Adil Abbas
579-587
9
A Novel Metamaterial Structure to Reduce Far-End Crosstalk in Printed Circuit Boards
R.Azhagumurugan, P.Indumathi
588-591
10
Application of AHP for Lean Implementation Analysis in 6 MSMEs
Ravikumar M.M, Marimuthu K, H. Abdul Zubar
592-596
11
Cluster Based Topology Control in Dynamic Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
T. Parameswaran, Dr. C. Palanisamy, P. Kokila
597-606
12
Isometric Relocation of Data by Sequencing of Sub-Clusters for Privacy Preservation in Data Mining
V.Rajalakshmi, G.S.Anandha Mala
$ ! "! 13
A Novel Method of Inconsistent Collision Detection to Prevent Cloning Attacks in High-Security Wireless Body Area Networks
Govindharajan Uma Gowri, Rajagopal Sivakumar
615-626
14
Implementation of an Effective Fault Current Limiter for 1.5 MW DFIG in Wind Power Systems
M. Panneerselvam, Dr. P. Prakasam, J. K. Chithra
627-635
15
Intelligent Hybrid Cluster Based Classification Algorithm for Social Network Analysis
S. Muthurajkumar, P. Indira Priya, M. Vijayalakshmi, S. Indira Gandhi, A. Kannan
636-642
16
Closed Loop Control of LLC Resonant Converter Incorporating ZVS Boost Converter
N.Madhanakkumar, T.S.Sivakumaran, G.Irusapparajan, D.Sujitha
643-653
17
Energy Constrained Hierarchical Task Scheduling Algorithm for Mobile Grids
Arjun Singh, Prasun Chakrabarti, Surbhi Chauhan
654-662
18
Intrusion prevention and Message Authentication Protocol (IMAP) using Region Based Certificate Revocation List Method in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks
G. Anitha, Dr. M. Hemalatha
663-672
19
Multi-Channel Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signal Acquisition and its Effective Channel selection with De-noising Using AWICA for Biometric System
B.Sabarigiri, D.Suganyadevi
673-680
20
Adaptive self-localized Discrete Quasi Monte Carlo Localization (DQMCL) scheme for wsn based on antithetic markov process
M.Vasim babu, Dr.A.V.Ramprasad
681-691
21
An Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Mobile Cognitive Radio Ad hoc networks
S. Selvakanmani, M. Sumathi
692-700
22
Artificial Cooperative Search Algorithm based Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Power Systems with AC-DC Tie-lines
S. Ramesh kumar, S. Ganapathy
701-706
23
Preprocessing using Enhanced Median Filter for Defect Detection in 2D Fabric Images
S.Anitha, V.Radha
707-717
24
Enhancing the performance of Optimized Link State Routing Protocol using HPSO and Tabu Search Algorithm
S. Meenakshi Sundaram, Dr. S. Palani, Dr. A. Ramesh Babu
718-724
25
Analysis of Spectral Features of EEG during four different Cognitive Tasks
S.BAGYARAJ, G.RAVINDRAN, S.SHENBAGA DEVI
$ ! "! 26
A Comparative Study on LUT and Accumulator Radix-4 Based Multichannel RNS FIR Filter Architectures
Britto Pari. J, Joy Vasantha Rani S.P
735-744
27
IMPLEMENTATION OF A REAL TIME SUPERVISORY CONTROLLER FOR AN ISOLATED HYBRID (WIND/ SOLAR/DIESEL) POWER SYSTEM
Boopathy C P, Dr.Sivakumar L
745-753
28
Efficient Node Cooperation and Security in MANET using Closeness Technique
Sathiyakumar C, K.Duraiswamy K
754-763
29
Variable Length Floating Point FFT Processor Using Radix-22 Butterfly Elements
P.Augusta Sophy, R.Srinivasan, J.Raja, S.Anand Ganesh
764-772
30
Optimum Network Reconfiguration and DGs Sizing With Allocation Simultaneously by Using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
M. N. M. Nasir, N. M. Shahrin, M. F. Sulaima, Mohd Hafiz Jali, M. F. Baharom
773-780
31
Ultrasound Image Classification for Down Syndrome During First Trimester Using Haralick Features
R. Sonia, V.Shanthi
781-788
32
Simple Augmented Current Controller with OHC Technique for grid current compensation in the Distribution System
S. Rajalingam, V. Malathi
789-795
33
Active Build-Model Random Forest Method for Network Traffic Classification
Alhamza Munther, Rozmie Razif, Shahrul Nizam, Naseer Sabri, Mohammed Anbar
796-804
34
Target Tracking with Background Modeled Mean Shift Technique for UAV Surveillance videos
Athilingam R, Mohamed Rasheed A, Senthil Kumar K, Kaviyarasu A, Thillainayagi R
805-814
35
Rain Rate-Radar Reflectivity Relationship for Drop Size Distribution and Rain Attenuation Calculation of Ku Band Signals
Govardhani.Immadi, Sarat K Kotamraju, Habibulla Khan, M.Venkata Narayana
815-824
36
Relation Based Mining Model for Enhancing Web Document Clustering
M.Reka, Dr.N.Shanthi
825-832
37
AUTOMATED DRUSEN GRADING SYSTEM IN FUNDUS IMAGE USING FUZZY C-MEANS CLUSTERING
Rama Prasath.A, M.M.Ramya
$ ! "! 38
Experimental Investigations on PV Powered SVM-DTC Induction Motor without AC Phase Current Sensors
T. Muthamizhan, R. Ramesh
842-857
39
Prediction of Commodities in Rationing System Using an Enhanced Regression Neural Network Algorithm
Capt. Dr. S Santhosh Baboo, Ms. P ShanmugaPriya
858-864
40
Color Image Segmentation using Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (SOM)
I Komang Ariana, Rukmi Sari Hartati, I Ketut Gede Darma Putra, Ni Kadek Ayu Wirdiani
865-871
41
Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters in Drilling Operation Using Conventional and CNC Machines on Titanium Alloy
B.Suresh kumar, N. Bskar
872-880
42
Folded Low Resource HARQ Detector Design and Tradeoff Analysis with Virtex 5 using PlanAhead Tool
S.Syed Ameer Abbas, S.J.Thiruvengadam, S.Susithra
881-894
43
Experimental Study of Selective Catalytic Reduction System On CI Engine Fuelled with Diesel-Ethanol Blend for NOx Reduction with Injection of Urea Solutions
R. Praveen, S. Natarajan
895-904
44
Use of Waste Flyash in Fabrication of Aluminium Alloy Matrix Composite
Ajit Kumar Senapati, Purna Chandra Mishra, Bharat Chandra Routara
905-912
45
Data Transmission through Nano Machines using the Clustering Tree for Mobile Adhoc Network
T.Ganesan, Dr.N Rajkumar
913-919
46
Towards Self Configured Multi-Agent Resource Allocation Framework for Cloud Computing Environments
M.N.Faruk, Dr.D.Sivakumar
920-928
47
Setpoint Weighted PID Controller for the Electromechanical Actuator in Spacecraft
R. Sumathi, M. Usha
929-938
48
Heat Treatment Parameters to Optimize Friction and Wear behavior of Novel Hybrid Aluminium Composites Using Taguchi Technique
V.C.Uvaraja
939-947
49
Optimal Selection and Allocation of Generator For Static ATC Using Differential Evolution Algorithm
R.Prathiba, Dr M.Balasingh Moses, M.Karuppasamypandiyan
948-959
50 A Study on Aeroelastic Flutter Suppression and its Control
$ # ! "!
Bruce Ralphin Rose J, Jinu G R
51
PRN using RSA Algorithm for Secure Routed Creation and Data Transfer in MANETs
K.PAZHANISAMY, Dr.LATHAPARTHIBAN
974-981
52
Enhanced Semantic Web Service Discovery Using Machine Learning on Mapped WSMO Services
S. Sandhya, Dr. P. Pabitha, Dr. M. Rajaram
982-991
53 Improvement of Power Quality Using a Hybrid Interline UPQC M.K.Elango, C.Vengatesh 992-1000
54
Modeling of Zeta converter based DVR system for power quality improvement
P.Velmurugan, B.Baskaran, G.Irusapparajan
1001-1008
55
Flower Pollination Algorithm Applied for Different Economic Load Dispatch Problems
R. Prathiba, M. Balasingh Moses, S. Sakthivel
1009-1016
56
Research on Sensorless control strategies for Vehicle stability using Fuzzy based EDC
A.Ravi, S.Palani
1017-1025
57
Optimization of Process Parameters Using Taguchi Technique in Severe Surface Mechanical Treatment of AA6061
K. Thirumavalavan, L. Karunamoorthy, K. A. Padmanabhan
1026-1032
58
?Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Design Decisions In Architectural Design Process during the Pre-Design Stage?
M.Elango, Prof. Dr.M.D.Devadas
1033-1046
59
Investigating the Influence of Electroplating Layer Thickness on the Tensile Strength for Fused Deposition Processed ABS Thermoplastics
S.Kannan, D.Senthilkumaran
1047-1052
60
Optimization of process parameters for COD removal by Coagulation Treatment using Box?Behnken design
V Sangeetha, V Sivakumar, A Sudha, KS Priyenka Devi
1053-1058
61
Structural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of As-plated and Heat Treated Electroless Ni-B-P Alloy Coatings
P. G. Venkatakrishnan, S. S. Mohamed Nazirudeen, T.S.N. Sankara Narayanan
1059-1064
62
Study of microEDM parameters of Stainless Steel 316L: Material Removal Rate Optimization using Genetic Algorithm
Suresh P, Venkatesan R, Sekar T, Sathiyamoorthy V
1065-1071
63 A Simple Node Architecture for Optical Burst Switching
$# ! "! 64
Analysis of PMD and PDL effect on Chirped Gaussian and SuperGaussain pulse shapes by controlling SOP in SMF
VINAYAGAPRIYA.S, SIVASUBRAMANIAN.A
1079-1085
65
Semantic Based Efficient Retrieval of Relevant Resources and its Services using Search Engines
Pradeep Gurunathan, Dr. Seethalakshmi Pandian
1086-1093
66
Influence of Single and Double Stage Forging on Cutting Forces of Al 7075/BSF Metal Matrix Composites
R.Karthigeyan, G.Ranganath
1094-1099
67
Spoken Utterance Detection Using Dynamic Time Warping Method Along With a Hashing Technique
John Sahaya Rani Alex, Nithya Venkatesan
1100-1108
68
Optimization of Base Station and Maximizing the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network
P.Parthiban, G.Sundararaj, K.A.Jagadheesh, P.Maniiarasan
1109-1119
69
VLSI ARCHITECTURE OF AN AREA EFFICIENT IMAGE INTERPOLATION
John Moses C, Selvathi D
1120-1131
70
A Temporal Oriented Intelligent Genetic Neural Network Model for Effective Intrusion Detection
Rm.Somasundaram, K.Lakshmanan, V.K.Shunmuganaathan
1132-1138
71
Microarray Gene Expression Data Mining using High End
Clustering Algorithm based on Attraction-Repulsion Technique
Muhammad Rukunuddin Ghalib, D.K.Ghosh
1139-1146
72
Pattern Recognition Based Detection Recognition of Traffic Sign Using SVM
S. Sathiya, M. Balasubramanian, S. Palanivel
1147-1157
73
Best Frequency for Temperature Modulation of Tin Oxide Gas Sensor for Chemical Vapor Identification
R Chutia, M Bhuyan
1158-1166
74
SOFTWARE QUALITY: DUAL EXPERTS OPINION AND CONDITIONAL BASED AGGREGATION METHOD
UMAMAHESWARI.E, D.K.GHOSH
1167-1175
75
Flexural -Torsional Buckling Tests of Cold-Formed Lipped Channel Beams Under Restrained Boundary Conditions
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Color Image Segmentation using Kohonen
Self-Organizing Map (SOM)
I Komang Ariana #1, Rukmi Sari Hartati *2, I Ketut Gede Darma Putra #3, Ni Kadek Ayu Wirdiani #4
#
Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
Information Technology Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
1
3
4
*
Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
2
Abstract— Color image segmentation using Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (SOM), is proposed in this study. RGB color space is used as input in the process of clustering by SOM. Measurement of the distance between the weight vector and the input vector in the learning and recognition stages in SOM method, uses Normalized Euclidean Distance. Then, the validity of clustering result is tested by Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI) and Validity Measure (VM) to determine the most optimal number of cluster. The clustering result, according to the most optimal number of cluster, is processed with spatial operations. The operations are used to eliminate noise and the small spatial regions which are formed from the clustering result. This system allows the segmentation process become automatic and unsupervised. The segmentation results are close to human perception.
Keyword- Image Segmentation, Clustering, Self-Organizing Map, Normalized Euclidean Distance,
Davies-Bouldin Index, Validity Measure
I. INTRODUCTION
Image segmentation has been widely used in image processing. Segmentation aims to get the meaningful parts in an image. Previously, image segmentation is more done in binary images and grayscale. But now, color image segmentation has an important role in many applications, such as object recognition, image classification, and etc. The aim of color image segmentation is to identify homogeneous regions in color images that are important.
Many image segmentation techniques have been developed, such as pixel-based techniques, region-based techniques, and boundary-based technique. Clustering is one of the techniques in the pixel-based image segmentation. Each pixel is classified in a particular class based on certain similarity criteria. Many clustering methods have been used in image segmentation applications. One of the most commonly used is the K-means clustering method [1]-[4].
One of clustering method based on artificial neural network which is the most commonly used is Self- Organizing Map (SOM). SOM studies each component inputs and then classifies the input into the corresponding class. SOM has been applied in image processing, e.g. for image compression [5], and color quantization [6]. SOM is also widely used in image segmentation applications [7]-[9]. In color image, SOM is used to perform color reduction, then followed by Simulated Annealing (SA) to obtain the results of segmentation [7]. SOM is also used for the sonar image segmentation by taking action to the existing noise [8]. Euclidean distance is commonly used to measure the distance between the input vector and weight vector in the SOM method [7],[8]. Mahalonobis distance has also been utilized in the measurement of the distance to the SOM method [9]. In this study, the determination of the winner weight for each input, is done by calculating the distance using Normalized Euclidean Distance.
Determination of the optimal number of cluster in the clustering process is also a challenge. There are many indexes to determine the cluster validity such as Dunn Index, Silhouette Index, and others. Validity Measure has been widely applied as a cluster validity measurement in the image segmentation application [1],[10]. In this study, the cluster validity measurement will be done in 2 ways, by Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI). The validity measurement is done by forming 2 clusters to 10 clusters. Each value of DBI and Validity Measure with the minimum values indicates that the cluster is well separated [10], it means that number of cluster is the most optimal cluster.
Image segmentation in [4] takes advantage of post-processing to improves the segmentation results obtained from the clustering process. Noise and small spatial area are removed by utilizing neighbourhood function.
The system proposed in this research is a method of image segmentation using SOM. Distance measurement which is used in this study is Normalized Euclidean Distance. Determination of the optimal cluster uses Validity
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI). The results from these two techniques will be compared, and get the best way in determining the optimal number of the cluster. That process is very important, because it is a crucial step to get the final segmentation results. The last stage, post-processing in [4] is applied to improve the segmentation result.
II. RESEARCH METHOD
Fig. 1 shows an overview of the system designed in this study. Section 2 will explain each part of the image segmentation system in this study.
Fig. 1. Overview of the proposed system
A. Clustering with SOM
Clustering process in this study using the RGB color values of each pixel as an input to the SOM. Neighbourhood topology which is used in SOM method in this study, is a linear array topology or one-dimensional (1-D). Computation of SOM algorithm is divided into two stages, the stage of learning, and recognition stage. SOM method in this study is adopted from the research in [8]. In this study, to determine the distance does not use Euclidean Distance, but it uses Normalized Euclidean Distance.
B. Normalized Euclidean Distance
The calculation of the Normalized Euclidean Distance is a modified form of the Euclidean Distance. Normalized Euclidean Distance of two vectors, between vector u and vector v is shown by Equation (1) [11].
where,
,
||v|| is the normalized value of vector v. Its value is expressed in Equation (3).
C. Validity Measure (VM)
VM is one of the indices to test the validity of the clustering results. VM is commonly used in application of image segmentation based on clustering [1,10]. VM is calculated using Equation (4).
where intra is the intra-cluster distance, inter is inter-cluster distance, and y is a function of the number of clusters are formed. Equation (5) is used to find the value of intra-cluster distance.
where N is the total number of pixels in the image, k is the number of clusters, and zi
(1)
is the center of the cluster Ci.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
In addition of the calculation of the VM, will also looks for the value of inter-cluster distance or distance between clusters, then takes the minimum value [10]. Equation (6) is used to find the inter-cluster distance.
(
z
iz
j)
inter
=
min
−
where i = 1,2 … k, and j = i+1, …, k.
y is multiplied by the quotient between the distance of the intra-cluster and inter-cluster distance. Equation (7) is used to calculate y.
1
)
1
,
2
(
.
+
=
c
N
y
where c is a constant value with a range of value from 15 to 25, N (2,1) is a Gaussian function for the number of clusters formed as k. The Gaussian function is shown in Equation (8).
(
)
( ) − −=
2 2 2 22
1
,
σ µπσ
σ
µ
ke
N
VM should be minimum to obtain optimal result and achieve well-separated cluster [1].
D. Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI)
DBI was introduced in 1979 by David L. Davies and Donald W. DBI is used to evaluate the clustering results. DBI is a function to measure the ratio of the total within-cluster scatter (spread of the cluster) and the between-cluster separation (distance between between-clusters) [12]. Value of the spread of the between-cluster (Si
∑
∈−
=
i C x i ii
x
z
T
S
1
) is shown in Equation (9) :
where Ti is number of member in ith cluster (Ci), and zi is the ith
Distance between clusters is calculated by euclidean distance between the center of the i cluster center.
th
cluster and the center of the jth
j i ij
z
z
d
=
−
cluster. Equation (10) is used to calculate its distance.
Rijis ratio value between ith cluster and jth
+
=
ij j i ijd
S
S
R
cluster, which is calculated by Equation (11).
Find the maximum value of the ratio (Di), it is used to find the value of DBI. Equation (12) is used to
calculate the value of Di
ij i j j
i R
D =max : ≠
.
Then, DBI value is calculated by using Equation (13).
∑
==
K i iD
K
DBI
11
where K is number of cluster.
DBI with the most minimum value indicates the most optimal clustering results and achieve well-separated cluster.
E. Spatial Operations
Spatial operations are performed after the results of clustering is obtained. There are two spatial operations are applied, noise removal and region merging.
Noise and details that do not need in the results of clustering, are eliminated with a statistical filter [4]. Noise removal process is done by creating a histogram for the pixel at position (x,y) on the image which has been labelled with its cluster information. To make the histogram, use the Equation (14).
(
)
( ) ( )
1
,
|
) ' , ' ( , ' , '∑
= ∈=
z y x l y x W y x ly
x
z
H
where W(x,y) is a filter with specific radius, which the center is a pixel in position (x,y).
(6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
The new label of pixel at position (x,y) which is symbolized by ĺ(x,y), is determined by using Equation (15), as defined :
) , | ( max arg ) , (
' x y H z x y
l = z
The second spatial operation is region merging. Threshold value for the number of pixels in a region (ThA) is determined in the amount of 0.003 times the total pixels in the image. So, if the number of pixels in the region is
less than ThA, it will be combined with its neighboring regions. The selected neighboring region, is selected
from the maximum number of area which is neighbors with the region that will be merged.
Region on this operation is based on the concept of neighborhood 8-connected. This means, the neighbors of a pixel in terms of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal.
III.RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Analysis in this study using images from the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset (BSDS) [13]. There are 4 test images, which are shown in Fig. 2.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Fig. 2. Original image : (a) Img01.jpg, (b) Img02.jpg, (c) Img03.jpg, (d) Img04.jpg
The program is made with VB .NET programming language, using Visual Studio 2012 Development Tools. The user interface of this system is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. User interface of the proposed system
Initialization of parameters on SOM and spatial operations that are used in analysis in this study, are shown in Table I.
TABLEI
Initialization of Parameters on SOM Method and Spatial Operations
No Parameter Value
1 α 0.2
2 Epoch (T) 200
3 Radius of noise filter 3
4 Threshold Region (ThA) 0.003 * number o pixels
(15)
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
Tests are performed on each image to form 2 until 10 clusters. From each cluster which is formed, then calculate the value of Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI). Each value of VM and DBI with minimum value showed the most optimal number of cluster. Results of validity measurement for each test images, are shown in Table II.
TABLEII Validity Measurement Results
Image Validity Index Number of Cluster
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Img01.jpg
Davies-Bouldin
Index 1.333 2.233 2.586 2.35 2.394 2.149 2.878 2.907 3.349
Validity Measure 4.166 6.869 3.388 1.654 3.047 3.024 16.14 11.5 31.82
Img02.jpg
Davies-Bouldin
Index 1.266 2.107 3.263 2.397 2.803 3.001 3.793 3.892 4.501
Validity Measure 4.89 4.655 7.584 4.701 4.594 4.691 8.66 8.911 48.11
Img03.jpg
Davies-Bouldin
Index 1.057 4.986 3.137 3.122 4.609 4.497 4.944 4.766 4.736
Validity Measure 2.412 110 14.59 16.93 17.78 14.86 13.73 13.97 17.66
Img04.jpg
Davies-Bouldin
Index 1.209 1.396 2.073 1.978 1.959 2.774 2.744 3.175 3.252
Validity Measure 3.099 3.752 2.98 1.694 3.132 2.526 8.253 7.775 7.107
The cells with blue color in Table II are shown the most optimal number of cluster for all test image by Davies-Bouldin Index, and the green areas are the most optimal number of cluster by Validity Measure. From the results, the optimal cluster of all test images are shown in Table III.
TABLEIII
Optimal Cluster for All Test Images
No Image
Optimal Number of Cluster Davies-Bouldin
Index Validity Measure
1 Img01.jpg 2 5
2 Img02.jpg 2 6
3 Img03.jpg 2 2
4 Img04.jpg 2 5
The validity measurement using the Davies-Bouldin Index, by average produces 2 clusters as optimal cluster. While the optimal cluster results with Validity Measure are more varied and larger than the results obtained by DBI.
Segmentation results with the optimal number of cluster obtained by DBI for each test images are shown in the Fig. 4.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
(g) (h) (i)
(j) (k) (l)
Fig. 4. Clustering Results : (a) Img01.jpg, (d) Img02.jpg, (g) Img03.jpg, (j) Image04.jpg. Noise Removal Results : (b) Img01.jpg, (e) Img02.jpg, (h) Img03.jpg, (k) Image04.jpg. Region Merging Results : (c) Img01.jpg, (f) Img02.jpg, (i) Img03.jpg, (l) Image04.jpg
System can show the results separately, depend on its cluster. Fig. 5 show each clusters from the segmentation results for all of the test images.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(g) (h)
Fig. 5. Each cluster from Img01.jpg : (a) Cluster 1, (b) Cluster 2. Each cluster from Img02.jpg : (c) Cluster 1, (d) Cluster 2. Each cluster from Img03.jpg : (e) Cluster 1, (f) Cluster 2. Each cluster from Img04.jpg : (g) Cluster 1, (h) Cluster 2
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
The result of image segmentation on Img01.jpg has successfully separates star fish object of other objects. For Img02.jpg, flower crown has been properly secured. Result of image segmentation for Img03.jpg with DBI, form 2 clusters as the optimal cluster, first cluster is the deer with little region from the background, and the other one is background area, like grass, leaves, and so on. The segmentation result for Img04.jpg also can successfully separates the horses of the grass.
IV.CONCLUSION
Color image segmentation with Kohonen SOM method has been created successfully. Distance measurement method with Normalized Euclidean Distance can performs color clustering well, and generates image segmentation results, which are close to human perception. With this proposed method, image segmentation process can be done automatically and unsupervised , by using cluster validity measurement.
Validity measurement of 2 indexes, Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI) relatively yields distinct of optimal number of clusters. For each test images, the optimal number of clusters produced by DBI, on average are less than the results which are obtained by VM.
Spatial operations, which are implemented, relatively can improve the segmentation results. Noise removal step, success to eliminate the noise which is formed from the clustering results. Region merging step can eliminates unnecessary small region accurately.
REFERENCES
[1] H. Palus, M. Bogdanski, “Clustering techniques in colour image segmentation,” in Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Methods of Artificial Intelligence, 2003, pp. 223-226.
[2] A. Chitade, Katiyar, “Colour Based Image Segmentation using K-Means Clustering,” International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 2(10), pp. 5319-5325, 2010.
[3] C. Chandok, “Color Image Segmentation using K-Means Clustering,” International Journal of VLSI & Digital Signal Processing Application, vol. 2(3), pp. 241-245, 2012.
[4] T. W. Chen, Y. L. Chen, S. Y. Chien, “Fast Image Segmentation Based on K-Means Clustering with Histograms in HSV Color Space,” in Multimedia Signal Processing IEEE 10th Workshop, 2008, pp. 322-325.
[5] C. Amerijckx, J. D. Legat, M. Verleysen, “Image compression using self-organizing maps,” Systems Analysis Modelling Simulation, vol. 43(11), pp. 1529-1543, 2003.
[6] J. S. Kirk, D. J. Chang, J. M. Zurada, “A Self-Organizing Map with Dynamic Architecture for Efficient Color Quantization,” in Proceedings. IJCNN'01. International Joint Conference on, IEEE, 2001, pp. 2128-2132.
[7] G. Dong, M. Xie, “Color Clustering and Learning for Image Segmentation Based on Neural Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 16(4), pp. 925-936, 2005.
[8] K. C. Yao, M. Mignotte, C. Collet, P. Galerne, G. Burel, “Unsupervised segmentation using a self-organizing map and a noise model estimation in sonar imagery,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 33(9), pp.1575-1584, 2000.
[9] S. Paul, M. Gupta, “Image Segmentation By Self Organizing Map With Mahalanobis Distance,” International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 3(2), pp. 288-291, 2013.
[10] S. Ray, R. H. Turi, “Determination of number of clusters in k-means clustering and application in colour image segmentation,” in Proceedings of the 4th international conference on advances in pattern recognition and digital techniques, 1999, pp. 137-143.
[11] P. Darma, Pengolahan Citra Digital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia : Andi Offset, 2010.
[12] U. Maulik, S. Bandyopadhyay, “Performance Evaluation of Some Clustering Algorithms and Validity Indices,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24(12), pp. 1650-1654, 2002.
[13] P. Arbelaez, C. Fowlkes, “Contour Detection and Hierarchical Image Segmentation,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 33(5), pp. 898-916, 2011.
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Country: India
Subject Area: Engineering
Subject Category: Engineering (miscellaneous)
Publisher: Engg Journals Publications. Publication type: Journals. ISSN: 09754024
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