Processing of Steel Chips Waste for Regenerative Type of Biogas Desulfurizer.

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I Made Sucipta,

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INTERNATIONAL JOU RNAL

of

REN EWABLE EN ERGY RESEARCH Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia et al., Vol.3, No.1, 2o1J

Processing

of

Steel

Chips Waste

for

Regenerative

Type

of

Biogas

Desulfurizer

TjokordaGdeTirtaNindhia*l, I Made Sucipta*,

I

WayanSurata*

,I

KetutAdiatmika*,

DewaNgakanKetut

Puta

Negara*, KomangMettyTrisna Negara*

+Departrnent _of_{Mechanical Engineering, Engineering}_Facult5r,_Udayana_University_Jimbaran

[email protected], m.sucipta@4mail com, [email protected], tnadi2O0l@yahoo com, derpr:[email protected], [email protected]

tCorresponding _{Author; ljokordaGdeTirtal.Iindhi4Department of}_Mechanical_Engineering_{Engineering Faculty, Udayana}

University Jimbaran, Badung

Bali,Indonesia

80361, +6203618953472,[email protected]

Received: 09. I 1. 20 I 2 Accepted: 3 1.0 l. 20 I 2

Abstract-In

this research regenerative type

of

biogas desulfurizer

by utilizing

waste steel chips is introduced. The waste

of

steel chips was obtained

form

metal forming process

of

tuming. The annealing process was conducted

on

steel chips

prior

compacting to

yield

a

billet.

The pqpose

of

ann€aling was

to

eliminate the residual stress as

well

as to let the oxidation

to

occur

in

order to obtain

iron

oxide. As residual stress eliminated, the steel chips was possible

for

compacting as a

billet.

The annealing process was carried out

by

buming the steel chip at 900oC. During the annealing process the steel

will

react

with

oxygen to form iron oxide (FezOr) and

if

during oxidation there is water vapor in the air then the iron bog ore (Fe(OII)3)

will

be formed. Both Fe2O3 and Fe(OIDa are reactive to H2S and therefore able to eliminate the HzS contaminant inside the biogas. The result from the process

ofdesulfirization

was precipitation

ofsulfrr

(S) in the form

ofFelg

in the surface

ofsteel

chips urhich

will

reduce the performance of desulfirizer- The affectivity of desulfurizer then is recovered by reacting the Fe2S3 in the same time with 02 and H2O, drerefore the desulfurizer can be used again (regenerative used).

Keywords-hydrogen sulfide, desulfurizer, regenerafivg waste, steel chips, biogas.

l.

Introduction

This work

is

continuation

of

our

initial unrk

[].

As an altemative for the renewable energy, the utilization of biogas should be promoted especially

for

dre developing countries

due

to

simplicity

and

low

cost

of

installation.

An

improverrent

for

better prcoess should always introduce

for

lhe optimum result.

In Asian emerging C.ountries such as China [2]

tre

rapid economic development has also seen a development

in

the scales of biogas plants conskucted. Although the technology

has

been

inrproved,

it

has identified

problems

in

the construction and operation

of

biogas plants.

In

South Korea

[3]

it

was found that there are several lacks

of

conceptual design

of

biogas tectrnolory. Designs

wtrich

deliver lower

cost

improved

robustness,

functionality,

ease

of

constructiorq

operation

and

maintenance

would

aid

the market penetration

of

biogas plants

for

future

of

domestic biogas plants in the developing world _[4].

As

well

known that

hydrogen sul-fide

(tI2S)

always found in the biogas and generally

in

the developing corntry, the biogas digesters are

not

completed

with

component to

reduce

or

eliminated

the

H2S contaminant. Some

of

the desulfurizer for filtering dre H2S contaminant are available

in

dre market bra

tre

process quite corrylicated and

difficult

to

be implemented

in

developing country. Hydrogen sulfide is a

harmfrrl gas and

very

corrosive

to

metal

thc

corrode the stove. Another serious problem due

to

existence

of

the H2S in the Biogas is:

If

the biogas is used as a fuel for the intemal

combustion engine

for

electrical generator

for

instance. The combustion charnber

will

hardly corrode and fire function

of

lubricant

ofthe

engine

will

fail to operate.

The hydrogen Sulfide (HzS) is a pollutant gas lhat can be

found as contaminant

in

the commercial gas. The hydrogen Sulfide

(IIrS) is

a smelly and deadly gas and very corrosive

for

certain

type

of

metals.

The

disadvantages

of

HzS contaminant

is limited

the application

for

a

fuel

of

intemal

(11)

INTERNATIONAL JOUR NAL of R EN EWABLE EN ERGY RESEARCH Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia et al., Vol.3, No.1, 201J

technologies

[8]

is

ignoring

the

existence of

the

H2S as impurities

in

the biogas and

only

focusing

in

removing its CO2 content

The result of combustion of the gas that contains I{2S is

a sulfur and sulfuric acid that is very corrosive to metals. The H2S content

that

reach

200

ppm

can

cause death

in

30 minutes,

The

safety and

healthy

standard

give maximum

content of H2S in the level of 20 ppm

[f].

Other sources also informs that the HzS contaminant

will reduce

the

life

time

of

the plumbing system in the installation

in

which the biogas is used

[,

9].

The

result

form the

combustion

in

which

ft"

ft

S

involved

will

yield

sulfur oxide that

will

corrode the metal component and cause the lubricant

oil

become

acid.

If

it is

used

in

the

combines

heat

and

power

generation (CHP). The,refore to avoid the damage caused by H2S, then this gas should be eliminated or at least have to reduce in the system

tl,

el.

As

proposed

by

Deublein, and Steinhauser

[9],

H2S is possible to reduce by consider to the reaction with

iron. The

II2S

will react

to the bog steel ore (

Fe(OII)r)

or

iron oxide

of Fe2O3. Both

of

this

reaction

is

similar and recognize as

the way to eliminate HzS by dry desulfurization processes as uritten in the Equation

(l)

and (2).

2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2S +Fe2S3 +

6H2O

(l)

Fe2O3 + 3II2S -+ Fe2S3 +

3II2O

Q)

The result

from the

process

of

desulfurization in

equation

(l)

and (2) is precipitation of sulfi.rr (S)

in

the form

of FezSa

in

the surface of

iron

oxide that is used, wtrich

will

reduce the performance

of desulfurization.

To

recover the

affectivity of desulfurization process, the process

in

equation

(3)

uas

introduced.

It

is by

reacting The Fe2S3

in

the same time with Oz and IIzO which is yield Fe(OlI)3 and element

of

sulfur [9].

Fe2S, + 3O2+6H2O

+

4Fe(OlI)3 +

65

(3)

The element of

sulftr then was cleaned by

flowing

water in to

tre

desulfrrizer.

done to recycle

this

steel chips waste to become biogas

purifier from the HzS impurity

Fig.1. The waste of steel chips.

Only

spiral and long types of chips were selected. The annealing process was conducted

in the furnace

by

buming

the chips

at 900oC

with slou,ly

cooling.

The

oxidation process was also happen during process of annealing to yield

FezO: and also Fe(OlI)3. Fig. 2 is the appearance of the chips

after

annealing

and oxidation

process. The

result from

process

of

annealing

is

the

steel chips

free

from residual

stress due to

hnning

process, therefore

it

is possible

to be

compacted as a

billet.

The size

of each

billet

was

I

cm

of

thickness,

with 6

cm

of

diameter, and

the weight was

50 gram as showr in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. The appearance

ofthe

steel chips after annealing and oxidation process

X'ig. 3. The appearance of the

billet

The

compacting prccess

was

conducted

by

using

rylindrical

die

and was

compacted

by

using

hydraulic

pressing machine. There were

l0 bi[et

was provided in this

research with

totd

weight

of

500

gram

Afterward the billets

were set

in

the pipe of biogas line. The biogas was obtained

directly

from

the

fixed

dome digester _{[a], The}advantage

of

this

type

of

digester

is

the application

without

bag

of

gas holder

or

without storing the biogas. The flow of Biogas is caused by high pressure that is yield _{by the dome. The biogas} then

was flowed

to

pass

the

billet with

the rate

about 4

liter/minute. This

flow

rate

is

an average

of

the flow rate

in

(12)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

of

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH

Tiokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia et al., Vol.3, No.1, 2o1j

Fig. a.(a). The measurement

in

this research was done up to

volume of 300 liters of biogas that

flow

fiough the billet. The volume measurement of the gas was conducted by using gas

volume meter as shown at Fig 4(b).

Fig. a.

(a)

Portable HzS gas analyzer,

O)

Gas volume meter

After

300

liters

of

biogas passed

the

desulfurizer, the

proc€ss

of ld

recovery

was

conducted

by

putting

the

desulfurizer

in to

the water with

bubbling

air

in

order

reaction

in

Equation

(3)

to

occur.

The

performance

of

desulfrrization

after

ld

recovery

then was

evaluated by

measuring the HrS concenfiation before and after passing the

desulfurizer.

To

ensure

that the desulfirizer

can

be

used

repetitively, 2"d recovery was conducted again after passing 300 liter ofbiogas aud tested again its performance after used

as desulfurizer

for

the next 300

liter ofbiogas.

The result is

presented

in

the

graph

for

analyze.

The laser

induced breakdown spectroscopy

(LIBs)

was used to proof that there

is a residue of sulfur in the desulfurizer.

3.

Result and Discussion

A

positive result

is

obtained

in

this research that make

possible

for

the

waste

of

steel chips

to

be

used

as

a

desulfurization

of

biogas repetitively.

Fig.

5

is

the graph

of

ability

of

the desulfurizer at

initial

performance after passing 300 liter ofbiogas.

Initially

the desulfurizer is able to reduce II2S contends up to around 80% and then decrease gradually

until reach around 30%" after use to

puri$

about 300

liter

of

biogas-

In

this process the Equation

I

and 2 as proposed by

Deublein, and Steinhauser [9] is found to occur.

The

performance

of

desulfuriznr aftet

I't

recovery is presented in Fig 6. The performance increase sigrrificantly to

reach around 90Yo andjust a

little

decrease

rmtil

reach 85% after passing 300

liter

of

biogas.

Finally

the result from 2"d

recovery

is

depicted

in

Figure

7.

The

performance

of

dsnlfinizer

again

increases

to

reach 9O%;o and graduatly

decrease again to reach around 3tr/o. The Equation 3 that is suggested

by

Deublein

and

Steinhauser

[9] is

occurred

during

reoovery process.

It

can

be

proofed

that

the

desulfurizer

ftat

is

developed

in

this

research

work

successfirlly and-can be used repetitively. Previously, for the purpose

of

using

_{biogas as an engine}_{fuel, the}_existence

of

IIzS

in

the biogas was overcome

by

increasing frequency

of

engine

oil

change

uirich is will

increase the operating cost [10].

By

using the technolory

in

this invention, a frequency

oil

change

can

be

avoided.

In

comparison

with

recently

publication related

with

desulfurization

ofthe

biogas

[ll],

lte

invention in this report

still

have advantage uihich is can

be used repetitively so that designs urhich deliver lower cost,

improved

robustness,

functionality,

ease

of

construction, operation and maintenance [4] can be realized.

|.{1:./ri.lrlFjY ? -5,,q r.i t

t_. r r: lsr !J: '--t:

tn&Im.a d.strt.d hargfFrl

Fig. 5.

Initial

performance ofdesulfurizer

I

€ s I t I!

I

(b) (a) E_a C

I

.a 3 I

I

!! e !

t

6 I 'ui .al I

el

a.l

':i

:

a l'trrF :t df,.-r .=!! E:; ri4

:+ i(4 .75 l;{ :al ir{

Ilttu lI or arrult,llr{d _{Dh!.r llil}

Fig. 6. The performance of desulfurizer after l"t recovery

rilmrtlllEnrtrctt _trFf,tr

Fig. 7. The performance of desulfirizer after 2nd recovery

1+! !'Jr 4tf,i 45 :t€ lH

''!uffi irr#1 ire!

Fig.8. The residue of sulfur was found in the desulfurizer

F

a li'

t

,s

E Eq a

io'

t

t'-

_ti \. ttl 3

5t*

$ 8i4

a Ct'!.-@il:oJiF JHEr.dl

(13)

INTERNATIONAL JOU R NAL

of

R EN EWAB LE ENE RGY RESEARCH

Tiokorda Cde Tirta Nindhia et al., Vol.3, No.r, zor3

sensitivity of Fe2O3 or Fe(OII)3 as desulfirizer _[12]

Th

used

to

l,Y

during

'iH:

dre recovery batch.

In

this research

only

500 gram

of

the desulfurizer

billet

was installed

with

specific

flow

rate

of

biogas

(4

liters/minute).

For the

application

in

the

final

product _the

mass

of

the

billet

should determined

by

direct measurement

of

the

HzS

impurity that

is

desulfurizer.

If

the biogas still

the mass

of

the

billet

should b ofH2S impurities.

4.

Conclusion

It

can

be

concluded

that the

desulfurizer

that

_is

developed

in

this research is proofed successfully

to

reduce

HzS irnpurity in the biogas repetitively. This is meant that the desulfurizer can be use not only one time as desulfurizer that available

inl}re

market by today but can be used repetitively. The material uses

for

desulfiuizer is obtained from the waste

of

steel chips

which

is

yield

in low

cost

for

commercialization for the mass scale.

Aclnowledgements

Mnistry

throogh

30.?,,N.r4/Lppw2or2.

numb€r:

References

tU

T.G.T. Nindhia, Removal

of

Hydrogen Sulfide (II2S) Contaminant

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