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. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … E G A P E L T I T
.. . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … E G A P L A V O R P P A
.. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … E G A P E C N A T P E C C A
.. … … … … I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E L
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y T I L A N I G I R O F O T N E M E T A T S
.. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … E G A P O T T O M
T A C I D E
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.. .. .. . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C A
.. . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
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.. . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … K A R T S B A
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A Backgroundoft heStudy………………………………………….. .
B ProblemFormulaiton……………………………………………… .
C Objecitve soft heStudy…………………………………………… .
D Deifniitono fTerms………………………………………………..
… … … … … … … … … … … W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T : I I R E T P A H C
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A Reviewo fRelatedStudies………………………………………... .
B Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires………………………………………. .
1 Type so fSentences……………………………………………. .
a Declaraitves/Statements………………………………….. .
b Interrogaitves/Quesiton s………………………………….. .
c Imperaitves/Command s…………………………………... .
d Exclamatory/Exclamaiton s……………………………….. .
2 CommunicaitveFuncitons……………………………………. .
a Representaitve s…………………………………………… .
b Driecitve s………………………………………………… .
c Commisive s………………………………………………. .
d Expressive s……………………………………………….. .
e Declaraiton s………………………………………………. .
3 Ar tC iritcism………………………………………………….. .
C Theoreitca lFramework…………………………………………...
… … … … … … … … … … … … Y G O L O D O H T E M : I I I R E T P A H
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B Approachoft heStudy……………………………………………. .
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d Statement sa sCommissive s………………………………. .
2 TheFuncitono fUsingQuesitonsI/nterrogaitve s……………... .
a Quesiton sa sDriecitve s…………………………………… .
b Quesiton sa sExpressive s…………………………………. .
c Quesiton sa sCommisive s…………………………………. .
3 TheFuncitono fUsingCommandsI/mperaitve s……………… .
a Command sa sDriecitve s………………………………….. .
4 TheFuncitono fUsingExclamaitons/Exclamatory…………... .
a Exclamaiton sa sExpressive s……………………………… .
b Exclamaiton sa sCommisive s……………………………...
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… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y H P A R G O I L B I B
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a c s i s n a rF Des iNataila Aryanit .ANALYSIS ON MEN’ S AND WOMEN’ S S ’ Y E L S G N I L L I B R E T E P N I S E C N E T N E
S COUPLES RETREAT.
a m r a h D a t a n a S , s r e tt e L f o y tl u c a F , s r e tt e L h s il g n E f o t n e m tr a p e D : a tr a k a y g o Y . 2 1 0 2 , y ti s r e v i n U s ti n
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s spoken by women a sthe data .From those sentences ,there are 80 o t d e d u l c n i e r a n e m o w f o s e c n e t n e s 9 4 d n a n e m f o s e c n e t n e s e r a n e m o w f o s e c n e t n e s 6 1 d n a n e m f o s e c n e t n e s 6 2 , s e v it a r a l c e d / s t n e m e t a t s f o s e c n e t n e s 2 d n a n e m f o s e c n e t n e s 4 , s e v it a g o r r e t n i/ s n o it s e u q o t d e d u l c n i p m i/ s d n a m m o c o t d e d u l c n i e r a n e m o
w eraitves ,and 10 sentence so fmen and . t s e r e h t s a y r o t a m a l c x e / s n o it a m a l c x e o t d e d u l c n i e r a n e m o w f o s e c n e t n e s 3 1 s ’ n e M . s n o it c n u f e v it a c i n u m m o c r a li m i s e v a h o s l a n e m o w d n a n e m h t o B s a s e c n e t n e s 8 1 , s e v it a t n e s e r p e r s a s e c n e t n e s 8 3 f o t s i s n o c s t n e m e t a t s ri
d ecitves ,13 sentence sa sexpressives ,and 11 sentence sa scommissives , 8 , s e v it a t n e s e r p e r s a s e c n e t n e s 3 2 f o t s i s n o c s t n e m e t a t s s ’ n e m o w , s a e r e h w s a s e c n e t n e s 7 d n a , s e v i s s e r p x e s a s e c n e t n e s 1 1 , s e v it c e ri d s a s e c n e t n e s i m m o
c ssives . Men’ s quesiton s consis t o f 18 sentence s a s driecitves , 6 s i m m o c s a s e c n e t n e s 2 d n a , s e v i s s e r p x e s a s e c n e t n e
s sives ,whereas ,women’ s 4 d n a , s e v i s s e r p x e s a s e c n e t n e s 3 , s e v it c e ri d s a s e c n e t n e s 9 f o t s i s n o c s n o it s e u q s i m m o c s a s e c n e t n e
s sives . Men’ s command s consis t o f 4 sentence s a s . ll e w s a s e v it c e ri d s a s e c n e t n e s 2 f o t s i s n o c s d n a m m o c s ’ n e m o w d n a s e v it c e ri d , y l n o s e v i s s e r p x e s a s e c n e t n e s 0 1 f o t s i s n o c s n o it a m a l c x e s ’ n e m s i t s a l e h T 2 d n a s e v i s s e r p x e s a s e c n e t n e s 1 1 f o t s i s n o c s n o it a m a l c x e s ’ n e m o w , s a e r e h w s i m m o c s a s e c n e t n e
s sives .Fromt he analysi ,s t hewrtie rconcluded t ha tint hi s f o t p e c n o c e h t y d u t s r a l u c it r a
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m il a k 3 1 , s e v it c e ri
d t berfungsisebagaiexpressives ,dan 11 kailmatberfungsi i
a g a b e
s commisives ,sedangkandalambentukpernyataanwantiaterdi irdar i23 t
a m il a
k berfungsi sebaga i representaitves , 8 kailmat berfungsi sebaga i t
a m il a k 1 1 , s e v it c e ri
d berfungsi sebagai expressives ,dan 7 kailmat befrungsi i
a g a b e
s commisives .Bentuk petranyaan ap ir terdiir dar i18 kailmat berfungsi t
a m il a k 6 , s e v it c e ri d i a g a b e
s berfungsi sebagai expressives ,dan 2 kailmat i
s g n u f r e
b sebagai commisives ,sedangkan dalam bentuk petranyaan wan tia i
d r e
t ir dar i9 kailmatbefrungsisebaga idriecitves ,3 kailmatbefrungsisebagai t
a m il a k 4 n a d , s e v i s s e r p x
e berfungsi sebagai commisives .Bentuk peirntah r
e t a ir
p d i ir dar i4 kailmat befrungsi sebaga idriecitve sdan bentuk kailmat a
ti n a
w terdi ir dar i2 kailma tyang juga berfungsi sebaga idriecitves .Yang ri
h k a r e
t adalah bentuk seruan p ira yang terdiir dar i10 kailma tyang hanya i
s g n u f r e
v i x t
a m il a
k befrungsi sebagai expressives dan 2 kailmat berfungs i sebagai li
s a h i r a D . s e v i s i m m o
c anailsis ,penuilsmenyimpulkan bahwadalamstudii n i p
e s n o
k gende ryang mengarah pada p nira d a wan tia itdak mempengaruhi n
a k a n u g i d g n a y t a m il a
k , karena dalam stud i in i b aik p ira d an wantia n
a k a n u g g n e
m itpe kailmat yang sama dengan fungs ikomunikas iyang sama .
1
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A Backgroundoft heStudy
h d r a W o t g n i d r o c c
A augh (2010:12) ,socio ilnguisitc sconcern wtih
l a o g e h t h ti w y t e i c o s d n a e g a u g n a l n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t g n it a g it s e v n i
w o h f o d n a e g a u g n a l f o e r u t c u rt s e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u r e tt e b a g n i e
b language s
e g a u g n a l n e e w t e b s p i h s n o it a l e r e m o s e r a e r e h T . n o it a c i n u m m o c n i n o it c n u f
f o e n o , y t e i c o s d n
a which i s ilnguisitc srtucture o rbehavio rtha tmay etihe r
ll a c e w t a h w o t s u d a e l ll i w w e i v s i h T . e r u t c u rt s l a i c o s e n i m r e t e d r o e c n e u lf n i
G d n a e g a u g n a
L ende.r
h d r a
W augh said tha t a majo r topic in socioilnguisitc s i s the
r a l u c it r a p g n i s u f o s y a w d n a , s e ir a l u b a c o v , s e r u t c u rt s e h t n e e w t e b , n o it c e n n o c
e h t k a e p s o h w n e m o w d n a n e m e h t f o s e l o r l a i c o s e h t d n a s e g a u g n a l
i h t e m o s s i r e d n e g t a h t d e u g r a e H . e g n a u g n a
l ng t ha tcan no tbeavoided . tIi sa
y t e i c o s h c a e h ti w , s u d n u o r a d e r e d r o e r a s e it e i c o s h c i h w n i y a w e h t f o t r a p
t g n i o
d ha tordeirngdfiferenlty( Wardhaugh ,2010:333) .Wardhaughaddedt ha t
t a h t n o s a e r e l b i s s o p e h
t men and women use language in dfiferen tways ,
f o d n i k a s i ti r o f l e s ti e g a u g n a l e h t f o e r u t c u rt s e h t f o e s u a c e b s i ti r e h t e h w
. y t e i c o s e h t n i r e h t o h c a e o t e t a l e r s e x e s e h t h c i h w n i s y a w e h t f o n o it c e lf e r
h t h ti w g n il a e
D e possiblitiy, tha tthe dfiference between men and
g a u g n a l e h t g n i s u n i n e m o
w e because oft herelaiton of t hesexest hemselve ,s
y d u t s s i h
e z y l a n
a s men and women l anguage i n t erm soft ype so fsentencesi n ordert o
e h t o t d e t a l e r t a h t e c n e r e f fi d y n a r e h t e h w d n
if relaiton o fmen and women i n
r e d n e g h ti w n o it a l e r n i e g a u g n a l t u o b a g n i k l a t , s e d i s e B . y t e i c o s e h
t i sstli l
n e m o w d n a n e m t a h t e v e il e b s t s i u g n il o i c o s y n a M . s n o c d n a s o r p e m o s e t a e r c t n e r e f fi d n i s e c n e f fi d e s o h t d e u g r a y e h T . y lt n e r e f fi d e g a u g n a l e s u a n i a l p x
e iton .s
n i , s e t a o C r e fi n n e
J Women ,Men ,and Language (1991) , analyzed
r i e h t e d u l c n i h c i h w e c n a t e p m o c e v it a c i n u m m o c n i s e c n e r e f fi d r e d n e g n i d e r u c c o s e c n e r e f fi d e m o s e r a e r e h t t a h t d n u o f s e t a o C . s e l y t s l a n o it a s r e v n o c c e h S . n e m o w d n a n e m g n o m a s n o it a s r e v n o
c atego irzed the dfiference sinto
l a m i n i m , e c n a n i m o d l a n o it a s r e v n o c r o y ti s o b r e v e r a e s o h t , s tr a p n e v e s s e y r o s n o it s e u q g a t ,s e g d e h , s e s n o p s e
r -noquesitons ,command sanddriecitves ,
. ) 6 1 1 : 1 9 9 1 , s e t a o C ( s t n e m il p m o c d n a , e g a u g n a l o o b a t d n a g n ir a e w s i r e h t o n
A dea came from Laur iP.Arilss ,having an anyilsi son sex
k o o b r e h n i d e n i a l p x e s i t i s a n o it a c i n u m m o c n i s e c n e r e f fi
d Gende r
n o it a c i n u m m o
C (1991), she argued t hat t herearesome aspectsi ncluded .One
l p x e h c i h w n o it a c i n u m m o c t c e p s a l a b r e v s i s t c e p s a e s o h t f
o ore abou ttopics ,
s s il r A . n e m o w d n a n e m y b d e s u s n o it c u rt s n o c l a c it a m m a r g d n a , y r a l u b a c o v d e n i a l p x e o s l a e h s t u b , t n e r e f fi d e ti u q e g a u g n a l e s u n e m o w d n a n e m t a h t e e r g a e m o s e r e w e r e h t t a h
t change sast hechangeo fitme(Arilss ,1991:49) .
, h c r a e s e r s i h t n
I et h conversaiton sweret aken from a sourcet ha thad
y e l s g n il li B r e t e P y b d e t c e ri d e i v o m a s a w h c i h w , a t a d e h t s a n e s o h c n e e b ) 9 0 0 2
h t g n o m a s n o it a s r e v n o c y n a m y b d e w o ll o f s r e t c a r a h
c e hc aracter .s From the
e r e h t s n o it a s r e v n o
c a re vairou sutterance sshow how men and women uset he
s i s y l a n a e h T . a t a d e h t s a e i v o m s i h t e s u o t e l b i s s o p s i ti t a h t o s , e g a u g n a
l w as
t i d n a , s r e t c a r a h c e h t n e e w t e b d e n e p p a h s n o it a s r e v n o c e h t n o d e s a
b wast aken
m o r
f thes cirp toft hemovie tisefl .
a t a d e h t s a e i v o m a g n i s o o h c f o n o s a e r e h
T w asbecauseamoviecan
e v it a t n e s e r p e r a e v a
h o f the society .M.H Abrams (1993) in hi sbook A
s m r e T y r a r e ti L f o y r a s s o l
G stated some ltierary theo ires ,one o fthem i sthe
c it e m i
m theory .In mimeitc theory the word i‘mtiaiton ’become sthe focu s
f o n o it a n a l p x e e h t s i t I . fl e s ti n o it a t n e ir o c it e m i m f o g n i n a e m e h t f o e s u a c e b
l l a t a h t s d d a o t a l P . e s r e v i n u e h t f o s t c e p s a f o n o it a ti m i n a y ll a it n e s s e s a s tr a
f o m r o f a s i n o it a e r c c it s it r
a imtiaiton .I tcanbes aidt ha tmovies ea r includedt o
n a c e i v o m a , e r o f e r e h T . y ti l a e r m o r f g n i h t e m o s e t a ti m i h c i h w s tr a f o k r o w e h t
, e fi l l a i c o s f o n o it c e lf e r f o d n i k a e
b since tii sani mtiaitonoft her ea lone .
.
B ProblemFormula iton
e r e h t , y d u t s s i h t n
I are two problem formulaiton sto be analyzed in
.s i s y l a n a e h t n o s u c o f o t r e d r o
.
1 Whatt ype so fsentence sareused by men andwomencharacter sin making
n i n e e s s a s e ir i u q n
e Couple sRetreat?
.
2 Wha t communicaitve funciton s are performed by each type o f the
t n e
.
C Objecitve soft heStudy
y d u t s s i h
T is expected to give benefti sfo rthe reader sand othe r
. s r e h c r a e s e
r Based on t heproblemf ormulaiton ,st hi sstudy hast wo objecitves .
n e m o w d n a n e m y b d e s u e r a s e c n e t n e s f o s e p y t e h t d n if o t s i e v it c e j b o t s ri f e h T
e h t d n if o t s i e v it c e j b o d n o c e s e h T . s e ir i u q n e g n i k a m n
i communicaitve
d e m r o fr e p e r a s n o it c n u
f by each t ype o fsentences . tIi sexpected t o offert he
y t e i c o s n i r e d n e g d n a e g a u g n a l n o g n i d n a t s r e d n u e r o m s r e d a e
r andto help t he
s r e h c r a e s e r r e h t
o , especially socio ilnguisitc researchers t o study fu trhe rabou t
o s l a t i ,s e d i s e B . r e d n e g d n a e g n a u g n a
l migh tbecomeasourceo rar eferencet o
d e t a l e r h c r a e s e r r e h tr u f o
d tol anguageandgenders tudy .
.
D Deifni itono fTerms
f o s n o it i n if e d e m o s e r a e r e h t , y d u t s s i h t n
I term s used to avoid
. g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i m
.
1 Gender
d n a ” n e m “ , s e ir o g e t a c o w t o t n i e l p o e p f o n o i s i v i d e h t s i r e d n e G
” . n e m o w
“ tIr eferst ot hesociallyconsrtuctedr oles ,behaviours ,acitviites ,and
n e m r o f e t a ir p o r p p a s r e d i s n o c y t e i c o s n e v i g a t a h t s e t u b ir tt
a and women .
a tt a g r o B
( andMontgomery ,2000:1057 .)
.
2 Sentence
a h ti w s n i g e b t I . r a m m a r g f o t i n u t n e d n e p e d n i t s e g r a l e h t s i e c n e t n e S
. t n i o p n o it a m a l c x e r o , k r a m n o it s e u q , d o ir e p a h ti w s d n e d n a r e tt e l l a ti p a
c The
d r o w a s a d e n if e d y ll a n o it i d a rt s i e c n e t n e
. d r a h c i R , t s i u q d r o N ( . b r e v a d n a t c e j b u s a e d u l c n i t a h t d n a a e d i e t e l p m o c
. n o it i s o p m o C d n a r a m m a r
G Sentence– Deifniiton and Example so fSentence.
b a .r a m m a r g // : p tt
6
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f o w e i v e r s i t r a p t s ri f e h T . s tr a p e e r h t o t n i d e d i v i d s i r e t p a h c s i h T r e h t o y b e n o d y l s u o i v e r p s e i d u t s r e h t o e h t s n i a t n o c h c i h w , s e i d u t s d e t a l e r t a l e r f o w e i v e r s i tr a p d n o c e s e h T . y d u t s s i h t o t d e t a l e r ll it s t a h t s r e h c r a e s er ed
t a h t s e ir o e h t e m o s s n i a t n o c h c i h w , s e ir o e h
t w asused t o analyzet he data .The
e h t f o n o it u b ir t n o c e h t h ti w s n r e c n o c t a h t k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h t s i t r a p t s a l y e h t y a w e h t d n a s e ir o e h
t w ereappiledt oanswert heproblemsi nt hiss tudy.
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies
o s l a r e d n e g h ti w n o it a l e r n i e g n a u g n a l t u o b a s i s y l a n a e h t n o y d u t s A . K U , r e t e x E f o y ti s r e v i n U f o s t n e d u t s , ll i h y M a r b e D d n a s e n o J n a s u S y b e n o d d e lt it n e s i s e h t e h t n
I Gende r Difference s in Linguisitc Characterisitc s o f
g n it i r
W (2007) , Jone s and Myhli l presen t research tha t explore s gende r
r i e h t g n i o d n I . g n it ir w n i e c n e t e p m o c c it s i u g n il n i s e it ir a li m i s r o s e c n e r e f fi d y r a d n o c e s y b e d a m g n it ir w e h t f o t c u d o r p e h t n o s u c o f y e h t , s i s y l a n
a -aged
f o s e c e i p o w T . n e e t x i s o t n e e tr i h t t u o b a n e r d li h c , s r e ti r
w w iritngwerecolected
d n o c e s e h t d n a e c n e ir e p x e l a n o s r e p n o d e s a b e v it a r r a n a s i t s ri f e h t , a t a d e h t r o f d n a s e n o J . n o i n i p o s ’ r e ti r w e h t g n i s s e r p x e r o t n e m u g r a g n i k a m , e v i s a u s r e p s i v e l e c n e t n e s d n a l e v e l t x e t e h t t a r e d n e g n e e w t e b n o s ir a p m o c e h t o d l li h y
M e .l
n o it a t o u q g n i w o ll o f e h
T concludes ht e discussion o f Jone s and
li h y
y l n o t a h t s i a t a d e s e h t m o r f n w a r d e b o t n o i s u l c n o c t n e r a p p a t s o m e h T f o s m r e t n i ,t a h t t n e m u g r a e h t s tr o p p u s e c n e d i v e d e ti m
il the ilnguisitc
y lt n e r e f fi d e r a s lr i g d n a s y o b , s e m o c t u o n e tt ir w e h t f o s c it s ir e t c a r a h c e r e w l e v e l e c n e t n e s t a s e c n e r e f fi d t n a c if i n g i s y ll a c it s it a t s e h T . e t a r e ti l e r e w e s e h t , d e g r e m e s e c n e r e f fi d e r o m h g u o h t ,l e v e l t x e t t a d n a , ll a m s n a h t r e w e f y l b a r e d i s n o
c those idenit ifed by achievemen t level . e h t n o t c a p m i o n d a h e p y t t x e t t a h t t c a f e h t s i y h tr o w e t o n y lr a l u c it r a P n o n r e f e r p s y o b t a h t s n o it a t c e p x e o t y r a rt n o c , e c n e r e f fi d f o l e v e
l -ifciton
3 7 4 : 7 0 0 2 ( . e r n e g s i h t n i r e tt e b e ti r w e r o f e r e h t d n
a -474)
e h
T above quotaiton i staken from Canadian Journa lo fEducaiton
) 7 0 0 2
( where the thesi so fSusan Jone sand Debra Myh li lwa sinclude .The
e d n e g t u o b a t n e m u g r a e h t t a h t y a s o t s e ir t n o it a t o u
q rdfiference sin w iritng
n a
c no tbe proved from the data because there were only ilmtied signiifcan t
h c i h w s e c n e r e f fi
d areno tenought os uppo trt heargumen .t
e h t n o y d u t s e h t d i d o h w l li h y M a r b e D d n a s e n o J n a s u S y l n o t o n s i tI g d n a e g a u g n a l t u o b a s i s y l a n
a ender ,Rety Ardianitka also did t he same t hing
, s i s e h t r e h n I . s u c o f t n e r e f fi d n o t u
b A Case Study on The Relaitonship
s r e k a e p S h s il g n E e v it a N y b d e s U y r a l u b a c o V d n a r e d n e G n e e w t e
B (2005) ,she
e z y l a n
a d whethe rgenderi n lfuencet hevocabularyused i n speakingEngilsh o r
e h t o t s w e i v r e t n i d n a s e ri a n n o it s e u q d e s u e h s , h c r a e s e r e h t o d o T . t o n o t n i s i s y l a n a r e h d e d i v i d e h S . s r e k a e p s h s il g n E e v it a n e r e w o h w s t n e d n o p s e r d n a r e d n e g n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t n o n o i s s u c s i d e h t e r a e s o h t , s tr a p o w t n i d e s u y r a l u b a c o
v speaking Engilsh and the discussion on the factor s
. h s il g n E g n i k a e p s n i d e s u y r a l u b a c o v e h t g n i c n e u lf n i e h t e c n e u lf n i d a h y t e i c o s f o g n i g n a h c e h t t a h t d i a s a k it n a i d r A y t e R n o it a l e r o n s a w e r e h t t a h t d e v o r p e h s , n o i s s u c s i d r e h n I . e g a u g n a l f o g n i g n a h c e w t e
s g n i d n if e h t , a t a d w e i v r e t n i e h t d n a a t a d e ri a n n o it s e u q e h t m o r F s a n e tf o s a s e v it e l p x e g n o rt s d e s u s t n e d n o p s e r e l a m e f t a h t d e w o h s y t p m e , s e v it e l p x e d li m d e s u s t n e d n o p s e r e l a M . s t n e d n o p s e r e l a m r e if i s n e t n i d n a s e v it c e j d
a s a s o tfen a s female respondents . ) 4 6 : 5 0 0 2 , a k it n a i d r A ( r e h n o d e s a b t a h t d e d u l c n o c e b n a c t i , n o it a t o u q e v o b a e h t n o d e t a t s s A h ti w n o it a l e r s a h r e d n e g t a h t s w o h s e c n e d i v e h g u o n e t o n s a w e r e h t , s g n i d n if ,s e d i s e B . d e s u y r a l u b a c o
v based on he r ifnding ,Rety Ardianitka also stated
g n i k a e p s n i d e s u y r a l u b a c o v e h t e c n e u lf n i s t c e p s a e m o s e r e w e r e h t t a h t . w o l e b n o it a t o u q e h t n i d e n i a l p x e s i tI . h s il g n E n i d e s u y r a l u b a c o v e h t g n i c n e u lf n i s r o t c a f e e r h t e r e w e r e h T o it a u ti s e h t s a w r o t c a f t s ri f e h T . h s il g n E g n i k a e p
s n sfaced by the
e h t m o h w h ti w y ti n u m m o c e h t s a w r o t c a f d n o c e s e h T . s r e k a e p s e h t f o s e it il a n o s r e p e h t s a w r o t c a f t s a l e h T . t c a r e t n i y ll a u s u s r e k a e p s .r e k a e p
s (Ardianitka ,2005:64)
e h t n i s n o c d n a s o r p e m o s e t a e r c l li t s r e d n e g d n a e g a u g n a l s m r e t e h T . y t e i c o
s Somebeilevet ha tmen andwomenusel anguagedfiferenlty ,bu tsome
d n a t n a c if i n g i s t o n e r a m e h t g n o m a r u c c o s e c n e r e f fi d e h t t a h t e v e il e b s r e h t o e r
a no tenough t o say t hatt herei sgende rdfiferencesi n l anguagea swha thad
a s e n o J n a s u S y b d e s s u c s i d n e e
b nd Debra Myhli lfrom Universtiy o fExeter ,
. y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S f o t n e d u t s a , a k it n a i d r A y t e R d n a K U t u o b a s i h c i h w , y d u t s s i h t h ti w c i p o t r a li m i s e v a h e v o b a o w t e h T r e d n e g d n a e g a u g n a
l .Thedfiferencei son t hef ocu soft hestudy .Thepreviou s
i d u t
s est alkabou tgende rdfiferencesi nw iritngandaboutt hevocabulary used .
s e c n e t n e s f o s e p y t e h t n o s i s u c o f e h t y d u t s s i h t n
I and ti scommunicaitve
e r a s n o it c n u
.
B Reviewo fRelatedTheorie s
a h c s i h
T pte rpresent sseveralt heo irest ha tw asused t o do t heanalysi s
. y d u t s s i h t f
o The fris ttheory i sthe theory abou ttype so fsentences .The
d e ll a c y ll a u s u r o n o it a c i n u m m o c f o n o it c n u f e h t t u o b a s i y r o e h t d n o c e s
i y r o e h t t s a l e h t d n a , n o it c n u f e v it a c i n u m m o
c st heoryaboutl tieraryciritcism.
.
1 Type sofs entences
e h t , y d u t s s i h t n
I use o ftheory abou ttype so fsentence shelps the
n o r e t c a r a h c h c a e y b d e c u d o r p s e c n e t n e s e h t e z y l a n a d n a h s i u g n it s i d o t r e ti r w
d e d i v o r p s e c n e t n e s f o s e p y t t u o b a y r o e h t e h T . e i v o m e h
t by Randolph Qurik
d e lt it n e k o o b r i e h t n i m u a b n e e r G y e n d i S d n
a AUniverstiyGramma ro fEngilsh
m u a b n e e r G d n a k ri u Q . ) 3 8 9 1
( stated t ha tsentence smay bedivided i nto fou r
, s e s s a l c r o j a
m whichusecorrelate swtihdfiferen tcommunicaitvef uncitons .
.
a Declara itv /eStatement
h c i h w t n e m e t a t s a g n i n i a t n o c e c n e t n e s e h t s i e c n e t n e s e v it a r a l c e d e h T
, s t n e v e s u o ir a v t u o b a n o it a m r o f n i e m o s r e n e t s il e h t r o r e d a e r e h t s e v i g
. g n il e e f d n a s t h g u o h t ,s e d u ti tt a r o s e it i v it c
a Statement saresentencesi n which
w l a s i s t c e j b u s e h
t ay spresen tand generally precede sthe verb (Qurik and
.) 1 9 1 : 3 8 9 1 , m u a b n e e r G
.
b Interroga itve/Quesiton
. n o it s e u q a g n i n i a t n o c e c n e t n e s e h t s i e c n e t n e s e v it a g o r r e t n i e h T
f o g n i c a l p e h t s a h c u s a ir e ti r c e r o m r o e n o y b d e k r a m s e c n e t n e s e r a s n o it s e u Q
o t a r e p o e h
h w r o e v it a g o r r e t n
i -element , and the irsing intonaiton . Quesiton s can be
o e p y t e h t o t g n i d r o c c a s e s s a l c r o j a m e e r h t o t n i d e d i v i
d fanswert hey except ,
e r a e s o h
t ;
.i Y – e s No quesitons:t hoset ha texpec tonly affrimaiton or r ejeciton ,asi n
? k o o b e h t d e h s i n if u o y e v a H
.i
i W – H quesiton s : those tha texpec t a replay supplying an tiem o f
n i s a , n o it a m r o f n
i Whati syou rname?
.i
ii Atlernaitve quesitons :those tha texpec ta sthe reply one o ftwo o rmore
n i s a , n o it s e u q e h t n i d e t n e s e r p s n o it p
o Would you ilket ogo f o rawalko r
? e m o h t a y a t
s (QurikandGreenbaum ,1983:191-192).
.
c Impera itve/Command
d n a m m o c a s e s s e r p x e h c i h w e c n e t n e s e h t s i e c n e t n e s e v it a r e p m i e h T
m o t r e k a e p s e h t f o e ri s e d e h t s y e v n o c h c i h
w ake someone t(he ilstener )
. n o it c a n i a tr e c a m r o f r e
p Those are sentence swhich normally have no over t
d n a k ri u Q ( e v it a r e p m i e h t n i s i b r e v e s o h w d n a , t c e j b u s l a c it a m m a r g
.) 1 9 1 : 3 8 9 1 , m u a b n e e r G
.
d Exclamatory/Exclama iton
e c n e t n e s e h t s i e c n e t n e s y r o t a m a l c x e e h
T which show ssrtong o r
. g n il e e f n e d d u
s tIi sasentencewhich has an i niita lphrasei nrtoduced by wha t
, m u a b n e e r G d n a k ri u Q ( r o t a r e p o d n a t c e j b u s f o n o i s r e v n i t u o h ti w , w o h r o
.
2 Communica itvef uncitons
e h t ,t r a p s i h t n
I theoryaboutt hef uncitons o fcommunicaitono rusually
n o it c n u f e v it a c i n u m m o c s a d e ll a
c s i susedt oexploret hef uncitons fo eacht ype
f
o sentencesi nt heconversaitons .Accordingt oJ ohnR.Sea lre(1969),t hereare
s r e h t o h c a e o t e t a c i n u m m o c e w n e h w s n o it c n u f l a r e n e g f o s e p y t e v
if .Thoseare
; w o l e b d e n i a l p x e .
a Representa itves
n i r e k a e p s e h t t i m m o c o t s i n o it c n u f s i h t f o e s o p r u p r o t n i o p e h T f e il e b r e h / s i h s e s s e r p x e r e k a e p s A . g n i h t e m o s f o h t u rt e h t o t s e e r g e d g n i y r a v y a m e h s / e H . e u rt s i e c n a r e tt u e h t f o t n e t n o c l a n o it i s o p o r p e h t t a h
t expres san
; s a h c u s s t c a f o s e p y t l a r e v e s g n i s u f e il e b f o e d u ti tt
a asseritng ,predicitng ,
g n i b ir c s e
d ,advising ,claiming ,hypothe issing ,andi nsisitng.
s a h y ll a c i m e d a c a s y o b g n i p p ir t s t u o n e e b e v a h s lr i g t a h t t c a f e h T : e l p m a x E s a p e h t r o f d e g d e l w o n k c a n e e
b t12years .
.
b Direcitves
t a h t s i t n i o p y r a m ir p e s o h w h c e e p s l l a s e d u l c n i e v it c e ri d f o s s a l c e h T o d o t r e r a e h /r e n e t s il e h t t e g o t r e k a e p s e h t f o t r a p e h t n o s t p m e tt a s a t n u o c y e h t n a m r o f r e p o t r e r a e h /r e n e t s il e h t e k a m o t s t n a w r e k a e p s e h t , e r e H . g n i h t e m o s ; s a h c u s y r o g e t a c s i h t r o f d e s u e b n a c s d r o w g n i s s e r p x e e m o s , e r o f e r e h T . t c a . g n it s e g g u s d n a , g n i d d i b r o f , g n it i v n i , g n it s e u q e r , g n i d n a m m o c h t u o m r u o y n e p o n a h t ,l o o f a t h g u o h t e b d n a t n e li s n i a m e r r e tt e B : e l p m a x
E and
.
c Commissive s
o d o t r e k a e p s e h t t i m m o c o t s i e r e h s e v i s s i m m o c f o n o it c n u f e h T s s e r p x e d n a n o it c a e r u t u f o t fl e s r e h / m i h s ti m m o c e r e h r e k a e p s e h T . g n i h t e m o s ; s a h c u s s d r o w e h t h ti w s t c a s e d u l c n i s i h T . s d n e t n i r e k a e p s e h t t a h
w promi isng ,
, g n i s u f e r , g n i n e t a e r h t , g n i r e ff
o vowing ,andvolunteering.
. e s u f e r t’ n a c e h r e f f o n a m i h e k a m l l’ I : e l p m a x E .
d Expressives
f o s e t a t s t u o b a s e d u ti tt a d n a s g n il e e f s s e r p x e o t s i s s a l c s i h t f o t n i o p e h T e h t t a h w g n it a t s , n o it c n u f e v i s s e r p x e n a e v a h t a h t s e c n a r e tt u e r a y e h T . s ri a f f a e f r e k a e p
s els .They expres spsychologica lstate sand can be statement so f
s d r o w e h t h ti w s t c a s e d u l c n i t I . w o r r o s r o y o j , s e k il s i d , s e k il , n i a p , e r u s a e l p ; s a h c u
s apologising ,praising ,congratulaitng ,deploring ,andr egretitng.
s i n a m a t u o h ti w n a m o w A : e l p m a x
E ilkea ifshwtihou tabicycle .
.
e Declara iton s
e h t e g n a h c t a h t s n o i s s e r p x e d n a s d r o w e r a s e v it a r a l c e d r o s n o it a r a l c e D t a h t s i s s a l c s i h t f o c it s ir e t c a r a h c g n i n if e d e h T . s e c n a r e tt u y r e v r i e h t y b d lr o w e h t n e e w t e b e c n e d n o p s e r r o c e h t t u o b a s g n ir b e c n a m r o f r e p e h
t word sand t he
n o s r e p e h t d n a g n i e b f o e t a t s w e n a t u o b a s g n ir b t i , d e r e tt u s i ti n e h W . d lr o w ; s a h c u s s d r o w e h T . o s o d o t r e w o p e h t e v a h t s u m s r e tt u o h
w declare ,bapitse ,
t e b d n a , n g i s e r , e c n u o n o r
p arei ncludedt ot hi scategory.
o b s i h t e s it p a b I : e l p m a x
.
3 Ar tCriitcsim
e h t s a d e s u s i t a h t e i v o m e h t t u o b a n i a l p x e l li w e r e h t r a f o y r o e h t e h T
m a r b A H . M o t g n i d r o c c A . y d u t s s i h t n i a t a
d s (1993), in hi sbook’ spar tabou t
a f o k r o w a f o s t n e m e l e r u o f d e n i a l p x e e h , m s i c it ir c l a c it ir c f o n o it a t n e ir
o r ta s
; g n i w o ll o f
a s i s i h t e c n i s d n A . fl e s ti t c u d o r p c it s it r a e h t , k r o w e h t s i e r e h t ,t s ri F
e h t s i t n e m e l e n o m m o c d n o c e s e h t , t c a f e tr a n a , t c u d o r p n a m u h
, h c i h w t c e j b u s a e v a h o t n e k a t s i k r o w e h t , d ri h T . t s it r a e h t ,r e c if it r a
ir e d s i , y l s u o i v e d r o y lt c e ri
d vedf romexisitngt hing s– tobeabout ,o r n o it a l e r e m o s s r a e b r o , s i r e h ti e h c i h w g n i h t e m o s t c e lf e r r o , y fi n g i s
e h t e v a h e w t n e m e l e l a n if e h t r o F . s ri a f f a f o e t a t s e v it c e j b o n a , o t
e c n e i d u
a :the ilsteners ,spectators ,o rreader sto whom the work i s s
e r d d
a sed ,o rto whose atten iton ,a tany rate ,i tbecome savaliable . .)
6 : 3 9 9 1 (
n i s t n e m e l e r u o f e h t d e g n a r r a s a h e h , r e i s a e s r e tt a m e k a m o T
e h t n i , d e n i a l p x e e b o t g n i h t e h t , tr a f o k r o w e h t h ti w r a l u g n a ir t t n e i n e v n o c
. e rt n e c
E S R E V I N U
K R O W
ARTI ST AUDIENCE
Figure1 :O irentaitono fciritcalt heo ires( M .H .Abrams ,1993:6)
r u o f e s o h t f o p i h s n o it a l e r e h t f o g n i d n a t s r e d n u r e p e e d e k a m o t r e d r o n I
m a r b A H . M , s t n e m e l
e s deifne s severa l theo ire s o f the ltierary ciritcism
t e v o b a e h t o t g n i d r o c c
a irangle . tI i sdivided i nto fou rmajo rclasse snamely ,
e v it c e j b o d n a , s e ir o e h t e v i s s e r p x e , s e ir o e h t c it a m g a r p , s e ir o e h t c it e m i m
s e ir o e h t c it e m i m , t s ri F . n o it a n a l p x e d n a w e i v t n e r e f fi d s a h y r o e h t h c a E w e h t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t n i d e t s e r e t n
i orkandt heuniverse.I tsee sawork
e s r e v i n u e h t g n it c e lf e r s i ti f i s a e r u t a r e ti l f
o and i mtiaitng l fie .Thesecond i s
e h t d n a k r o w e h t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t n i d e t s e r e t n i , s e ir o e h t s c it a m g a r p . e c n e i d u
a I tseesltierature sa designed to achieve ti seffect son the audience .
d n a k r o w e h t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t n i d e t s e r e t n i s e ir o e h t e v i s s e r p x e , d ri h T e h t e b n a c h c i h w d lr o w r e n n i f o n o i s s e r p x e s a e r u t a r e ti l s e e s t I . t s it r a e h t r o e h t e v it c e j b o s i t s a l e h T . t s it r a e h t f o s g n il e e f d n a , s t h g u o h t ,s n o it p e c r e
p ies ,
f o s t n e m e l e l a n r e t n i e h t m o r f e r u t a r e ti l s e e s t I . fl e s ti k r o w e h t n o s u c o f h c i h w . n o it c i d d n a , e m e h t ,t c il f n o c , s r e t c a r a h c , t o l p s a h c u s k r o w e h t d e s a b s i h c r a e s e r e h t g n i o d n i a t a d e h t s a e i v o m f o e s u e h t , y d u t s s i h t n I m a r b A H . M f o e n o n
o s ’s theo ires , mimeitc theo ires , which explain the
e h t n i d e t a t s s A . e r u t a n / e s r e v i n u e h t d n a t r a f o k r o w e h t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r r o n o it a t n e s e r p e r e h t s a s k r o w t r a e e s s e ir o e h t c it e m i m , h p a r g a r a p s u o i v e r p . e fi l f o n o it a ti m i t a h t tr a f o k r o w e h t o t d e d u l c n i e r a s e i v o
M relfec tandi mtiatet hesocia l
e h t n i n e p p a h s g n i h t d n a y r o t s e h t h g u o r h t e fi l r o e s r e v i n u e h t s t n e s e r p e r tI . e fi l . e i v o m .
C Theoreitca lFramework
d n a g n i z y l a n a n i tr o p p u s o t r e d r o n i s e ir o e h t e m o s s e d i v o r p y d u t s s i h T m e l b o r p e h t n o s n o it s e u q e h t g n ir e w s n
a formulaiton tha taremen itoned i n t he
e h T . r e t p a h c s u o i v e r
e n o r e b m u n m e l b o r
p whichconcern swtih type so fsentence sareused by men
u o b a n o it a n a l p x e s ’ k ri u Q h p l o d n a R g n i s u y B . s r e t c a r a h c n e m o w d n
a t
k y fi t n e d i n a c r e ti r w e h t ,s e c n e t n e
s ind sor t ype so fsentence sa re used on t he
. e i v o m e h t n i s n o it a s r e v n o c
e h
T theoryabou tcommunicaitvef uncitons bySealrei susedt oanalyze
.s e c n e t n e s e h t f o s n o it c n u f e h t t u o b a n o it s e u q d n o c e s e h
t Thist heoryprovide s
o t r e ti r w e h t s p l e h t i t a h t o s , s e c n e t n e s f o e p y t h c a e f o s n o it c n u f c if i c e p s e h t
. m e l b o r p d n o c e s e h t e z y l a n
a Thel ast t heory i saboutl tierary ciritcism ,which
t a h t s e ir o e h t c it e m i m n o s e s u c o
f i s used to explain abou tthe movie a sa
il f o n o it a t n e s e r p e
16
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T
E
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, y d u t s e h t f o t c e j b o s i t s ri F . s tr a p e e r h t s r e v o c s i s e h t s i h t f o I I I r e t p a h C
s d r o c e r s ti d n a a t a d e h t s a d e s u s i h c i h w e i v o m e h t f o y r a m m u s f e ir b a s w o h s t i
e i v o m e h t g n i n r e c n o
c Couple sRetreat by Pete rBliilngsley (2009) .Second i s
y d u t s e h t f o h c a o r p p
a tha tpresents the ilnguisitc approache swere used to
s e d i v o r p t i , y d u t s e h t f o d o h t e m s i t s a l e h T . e i v o m e h t m o r f a t a d e h t e z y l a n a
s p e t s e h
t tha tweretakeni ndoingt heanalysisi nt hiss tudy.
.
A Objec toft heStudy i d s i s i s e h t s i h
T scussingsentence sareusedbymenandwomenont hei r
a t a d e h T . s n o it a s r e v n o
c tha tare used fo ranalysi si sa movie scirp tenitlted
t a e r t e R s e l p u o
C d riected by Pete rB liilngsley (2009) .The reason o fchoosing
e i v o m s i h t n i e s u a c e b s i a t a d e h t s a e i v o m s i h
t there are severa lmen and
s n o it a s r e v n o c y n a m e r a e r e h t , s r e t c a r a h c e s o h t m o r F . s r e t c a r a h c n e m o w
d e z y l a n a e b n a c t i , s n o it a s r e v n o c e h t m o r f t a h t o S . m e h t n e e w t e b d e n e p p a h
s t s i u g n il e m o s t a h w s a y lt n e r e f fi d e g a u g n a l e s u n e m o w d n a n e m r e h t e h w
h g u o r h t ,f e il e
b thes entencest heyused.
e i v o m e h
T Couple sRetreat i sstli lrelaitvely new because i t wa s
e r u t c i P l a s r e v i n U y b d e s a e l e
r onOctobe r9 ,2009 .Thi smoviewa sproducedby
r e t e P y b d e t c e ri d , r e b u t S t t o c S d n a n h g u a V e c n i
V Bliilngsley ,and w irtten by
c n i
n it s ir K , u a e r v a F n h o J , n a m r e k A n il a M , n h g u a V e c n i V s a h c u s s t s it r a l a r e v e s d n a , o n e R n a e J , k w a H i l a K , e v o L n o z i a F , ll e B n e t s ir K , n a m e t a B n o s a J , s i v a D . s r e t c a r a h c g n it r o p p u s r e h t o e c c a c il b u p e h
T ptancet owardt hi smoviei sgood enough .Mos tpeople
t n i e i v o m s i h t e t a
r hreestarsf ort hewholestory i ncluding Rege rEbetr ,oneo f
o d r a w A t n e m e v e i h c A e m it e fi L e h T n o w o h w s c it ir c m li
f f t he screenwrtier’ s
, ll a r e v o d o o g s i y r o t s e h t s k n i h t e H . d li u
G heonlyciritcize son somet hing sa s
e e r f r o f t p e c x e , y d e m o c e lt ti l s n i a t n o c t I “ , d i a s e
h -standing one-ilners ,and no
. ” n o it a il i c n o c e r y r o t a g il b o e h t f o g n i m it e h t r o f t p e c x e , e s n e p s u
s Desptieallt he
, s w e i v l a c it ir
c Couple Retreatmoviewa sabox of ifcesuccess .I twa sranking
o s ti r o f t s ri
f peningweekend andbecoming VinceVaughn' shighes tboxofifce
. s s e c c u s t a e r t e R s e l p u o
C i samovieabou tsomecouple swtihdfiferen tproblem s
p i h s n o it a l e r e h t f o n o it i d n o c e h t g n i z il a e R . s p i h s n o it a l e r r i e h t n o s e s s e rt s d n a s e l p u o c e v a h o t t s e g g u s s e l p u o c e h t f o e n o , a i h t n y C d n a n o s a J , t s r o w g n it t e g . e c r o v i d e h t d i o v a o t d n a r e tt e b p i h s n o it a l e r ri e h t e k a m o t y p a r e h
t Knowingthe
s e l p u o c r e h t o e h t k s a y e h t , e v i s n e p x e e v it a l e r s i y p a r e h t s e l p u o c e h t f o e g a k c a p s m e h t h ti w o g o
t o t hatt hey wli lge thal fo fnorma lcost .A tfe rhaving al tilte
n I . n e d E d e m a n t r o s e r y p a r e h t e h t o t o g o t e d i c e d y ll a n if y e h t , n o i s s u c s s i d n e e b d a h h c i h w t s il e h t o d o t d n a w o ll o f o t e v a h s e l p u o c e h t f o l l a , tr o s e r n e d E o it a l e r ri e h t e k a m o t m e h t r o f e d a
m nship better .Finally ,att heend oft hestory
.
B Approachoft heStudy
o t d e t a l e r y l e s o l c s i r e d n e g d n a e g a u g n a l t u o b a c i p o t e h T
o i c o
s ilnguisitcs .Accordingt oWardhaugh ,“Amajort opici ns ocioilnguisitcsi s
g n i s u f o s y a w d n a , s e ir a l u b a c o v , s e r u t c u rt s e h t n e e w t e b , y n a f i , n o it c e n n o c e h t
w n e m o w d n a n e m f o s e l o r l a i c o s e h t d n a s e g a u g n a l r a l u c it r a
p ho speak t hese
h d r a W ( ” e g a u g n a
l augh ,2010:333) .Sincet hi sstudy deal swtih t he conneciton
n e g d n a e g a u g n a l n e e w t e
b de r in term s o f sentence s and ti s funcitons ,
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