The Industrial Revolution
Great Britain: Contributing Factors
• Began in GB sometime around 1780
• Within 50 years took hold in the rest of the western
Europe
• In 18th century Britain was producing more food
because agriculture improvements
– More farmland, better transportation, and new crops like the
potato increased the food supply
– More people could be fed at lower prices and less labor – With more abundant food supplies, the population
Contributing Factors
• Parliament passed laws that allowed landowners to
fence off common lands: enclosure movement
• Many peasants forced to move to towns to find work –
plentiful labor
• Britain had a ready supply of money: capital to invest
in new industrial machinery and factories
– Wealthy people entrepreneurs sought new business
opportunities and new ways to make profits
• Natural resources were plentiful
– The country’s many rivers provided water power for the
steam engine, and transportation for raw materials and finished products
– Rich in coal and iron ore that was necessary for
Contributing Factors
• Britain had a relatively free society
• Government did not heavily regulate the economy,
and ideas circulated freely
• The British had a ready market in the vast empire,
and British ships could transport manufactured goods anywhere in the world
• In Britain, market was growing as population was
growing
• With demand expanding, those with money to invest
Changes in Cotton Production
• In 18th century, Britain already ahead of other
countries in making inexpensive cotton goods
• People worked from their rural cottages: cottage
industry
• Technological advances make weaving faster
– Flying shuttle
– The spinning jenny – Water-powered loom
– It became more efficient to bring workers to the new
machines and have them work in factories near streams and rivers
• James Watt improved the steam engine – allowing
Industrial Revolution in Britain
• A series of complex developments brought about the
IR.
– Increased demand and the fact that some business people
had capital to invest
– Another major step forward came when steam power could
be used to spin and weave cotton
• Because steam engines were fired by coal, they no
longer needed to be near rivers – spread all over Britain
• By 1840, Britain imported 366 million lbs of cotton per
year
• Factory made cotton cloth Britain’s most valuable
The Coal and Iron Industries
• Coal and iron ore plentiful
• In 1780s Henry Cort developed a way to produce
better iron with a process called puddling
– In puddling, coke, a coal derivative was used to purify crude
iron – higher quality iron – iron industry boomed
– In 1852, Britain produced more iron than the rest of the
world combined
• New iron used to make machines and build railroads
– Made moving more efficient and improved transportation – First public railway opened between Liverpool and
Manchester
– Building railroads created more jobs and less expensive
The New Factories
•
The factory very important to industrialization
•
With new energy sources developed, factories
could be located in cities near workers
•
New labor system was created
•
To keep machines producing constantly,
workers were forced to work in shifts to keep
machines going
•
Early factory workers migrated from rural areas
•
Workers disciplined, worked repetitive tasks
The Spread of Industrialization
•
By the mid-nineteenth century, Britain the
richest nation
•
The IR spreads to France, Belgium
•
Prussia, one of the largest German states
created a free trading zone
•
Transforms German economy after unification
•
Western Europe and US industrialized first,
had an advantage in becoming wealthy and
powerful
•
Japan follows the western example to become
IR in the US
• Pace of industrializing fairly quick
• In 1800, six of seven workers farmers
• Between 1800 and 1860, the population grew from 5
million to 30 million
• Cities grew, only half of population worked as farmers • Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat,
makes transportation easier
• Railroads bring the nation together
• Factory workers first came from Northeast
• Women and girls made up a substantial majority of
Newspaper ad in NY:
Wanted: a few sober and industrious
Social Impact in Europe
• Growth of population and cities
– Between 1750 and 1850, population doubled (140-266
million) – decline in deaths from wars and plagues, famine disappeared
– Cities grew faster than clean water supply and sewers, bred
dirt and disease
• The Industrial middle class emerges with industrial
capitalism
– Men who built the factories, bought the machines, and
figured out where the markets were; had vision, ambition, and often greed
• The industrial working class were workers who
worked from 12-16 hours a day, six days a week
– No minimum wage and could be fired with no notice, unsafe
Early Socialism
• Some reformers opposed a capitalist system which
they saw as responsible for destroying people’s lives,
advocated Socialism
• Socialism is an economic system in which society,
usually in the form of the government, owns and
controls important parts of economy, such as factories and utilities.
• In theory, this public ownership of means of
Reaction and Revolution
• With Napoleon gone, the representatives of great
powers meet in Vienna to restore old order:
Congress of Vienna
– Most influential Klemens von Matternich, foreign minister of
Austria
– Wanted to bring back monarchs who ruled before Napoleon
swept through Europe: principle of legitimacy
• The victors, GB, Russia, Prussia, Austria did not want
France or any other nation to become too powerful
– To achieve balance of power, some territories were divided
up and boundaries changed
– Believed in political philosophy known as conservatism,
based on tradition and social stability, favored obedience to political authority
– Believed religions were beneficial to social order
Forces of Change
• Great powers adopted a principle of intervention:
Great powers had the right to send armies to
countries threatened by revolutions in order to keep monarchs in power; maintained old order
• Liberalism, one of the powerful forces of change
– Held that people should be as free as possible from
government restraint
– Believed that people had the right to basic civil
liberties-equality before law, and freedom of assembly, speech, and the press
– Committed to religious toleration and separation of church
and state
– Believed in elected legislature, but not universal suffrage,
only for those with property: middle class attitudes
– Workers should not have the vote until becoming educated
Nationalism and Revolutionary Outbursts
• In the 19th century, nationalism was even more
powerful force than liberalism
– Arose when people began identifying themselves as part of
community defined by a distinctive language, religion, and customs
– Earlier, peoples loyalty was to a king, later to the nation – Spread by the French revolution and Napoleon
– Nations even willing to expand their own nations at the
expense of others
– Weakened some liberal principles
• Liberalism and nationalism began to break through
conservative domination of Europe through revolutions
– In France upper middle class overthrew the monarch
Charles X in 1830
The Revolutions of 1848
• Severe problems in the French economy spark
another revolution
– Led to universal suffrage (all adult males), final overthrow of
monarchy, and the Second Republic with the newly elected president: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
• Trouble in the German states, but unification not
accomplished
• Austrian empire in turmoil: collection of different
peoples including Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats,
Serbians, and Italians. The revolutions crushed with the help of Russian forces
The Crimean War
The shift in power in
Europe allowing
Germany and Italy to
unite
The Crimean War
A result of a very old struggle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire was in decline, and their authority over the
Balkans was weakening
Russia eventually lost too many troops and asked for peace with the
What did the Russians plan during the Crimean War?
Since they covered territory in the Balkans they would have
the ability to sail through the Dardanelles which was
between the Black sea and the Mediterranean. If this part of the plan was successful then Russia would be a major
power in Eastern Europe and would even be able to
What were the after effects of the
Crimean war?
The war ended the old Concert
of Europe
Neither side gained any kind of
advantage after the war
The humiliation of Russia
having to ask peace from their
foes and withdrew from
European affairs for the next 20
years
The war opened the doors for
German Unification
• Germans had been longing
for a unified national state for many decades, so they looked to Prussia for
leadership on unification.
• Prussia had become a
strong and prosperous
Otto von Bismarck
• A new prime minister appointed by King William I,
who ignored the legislative and strengthened the army.
• Governed without approval from parliament from
1862-1866, all the while he was following an activist foreign policy, which soon led to war.
• After defeating Denmark with Austrian, Bismarck
created tension with them and forced them into war on June 14, 1866.
The German States
• The Southern German states feared the Protestant
Prussia, but were also afraid of France.
• They signed a military alliances with Prussia for
protection against France.
• Prussia now dominated all of Northern Germany and
problems would soon arise with France.
• Bismarck realized that France would never be content
Franco-Prussian War
• France became angry over the candidacy for
the throne of Spain
• Bismarck decided to take advantage of the
misunderstandings between France and
Prussia to force the French into declaring war on Prussia on July 19, 1870.
• Sadly, the French stood no chance against the
Franco-Prussian War
• The Southern German states honored military
alliances and joined the war effort against the French
• On September 2, 1870, an entire French army and
ruler, Napoleon III, were captured.
• On January 28, 1871, Paris had finally
Aftermath of War
• France had 5 billion francs (about $1 billion) and
give up the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.
• The southern German states had agreed to
enter the North German Confederation.
• On January 18, 1871, Bismarck and six
hundred princes, nobles, and generals filled the Hall of Mirrors while William I of Prussia was
Reaction and Revolution
Italian
Italian Empire
•
1850 Austrian Empire controlled
Italian Peninsula.
•
1849 King Victor Emmanuel II
takes throne of Piedmont
•
Italian nationalists turned focus
to hope of independence on
Piedmont
•
1852 Emmanuel II appoints
Short War
• Cavour made an alliance with French
emperor, Louis-Napoleon to help against Austrians
• In return French will receive Nice and Savoy • 1859 War broke out after Cavour provoked
Austrians to invade Piedmont
• End of war peace treaty
-France takes Nice and Savoy
Giuseppe
Garibaldi
•
Italian patriot
•
Lead revolts in South America
•
Inspirational man of the people
Importance
•
Raised an army of 1, 000 volunteers
to fight for independence
•
“Red Shirts”
•
Could have created a new Italian
Red Shirt Victories
•
Strongest states in
southern Italy: Two
Sicilies, Sicily and
Naples.
•
Revolt in Sicily against
king, Red Shirts took
control by late July,
1860
•
Red shirts spread up
through the Italian
peninsula, by
September entire
Italy and Rome
•
Austrians went to war with
Prussia, Italy helped
Prussians and were rewarded
after victory with Venetia
•
During same war, French
were forced to retreat from
Rome, giving Italians a
chance to move in and claim
a new capital of the new
Great
Britain
Great Britain
•
Great Britain was governed by
aristocratic landowning
classes which dominated both
houses of Parliament
•
In 1832, the number of male
voters increased and by
giving them a vote, Britain
avoided revolution
•
In 1850s and 1860s, new
Great Britain’s Stability
In 1851, the nation held the Crystal Palace Exhibition in
London (Picture to the left)
From 1850- 1870, laborers income increased more than 25%
Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
Longest reign in English History. Most famous for sense of duty and moral
France
• One of Europe’s most powerful states - the
Austrian Empire – was a multinational empire that had been able to frustrate the desire of its ethnic groups for independence.
• The Austrian Empire was founded in 1804 by
Franz I on a remnant of the Holy Roman
Empire. It was a direct response to Napoleon Bonaparte’s proclamation of the First French Empire in that same year.
• Franz I Emperor (1804-1835), Napoleon I’s
father-in-law, was formerly Holy Roman
Emperor as Francis II. Austria, as part of the third coalition, was defeated by the French at Austerlitz in 1805 and Austrian foreign policy in the ensuing years was centered around its fear and distrust of France.
• After the Hapsburg rulers crushed the
revolutions of 1849, they restored centralized, autocratic government to the empire.
Austrian Empire
Franz I
• Austria’s defeat at the hands of the Prussians in 1866, forced the Austrians
to make concession to the fiercely nationalistic Hungarians, which resulted in the compromise of 1867. The compromise created the dual monarchy of Austria Hungary.
• Each of the two components of the empire now had its own legislature, its
own government bureaucracy, and its own capital.
• In domestic affairs, then, the Hungarians had become an independent
nation.
• The compromise did not satisfy the other minorities that made up the
multinational Austro – Hungarian Empire.
Russia
By Daniel Vue, Jose Cruz19th Century Russia
19th century Russia was overwhelming with rural, agriculture, and auto crating and
government withstood revolution for half of 19th century.
1856 Russians suffered humiliation of defeat in Crimean War
Czar Alexander II set emancipation in 3/3/1886 which made serfs free and government bought land for them from landowners
-Peasants had bad land and Alexander II tried more reforms but wasn’t working, conservatives thought him ruining old institution and
assassinated him in 1881.
Nationalism in USA
US divided into two groups
liberalism and nationalism
2 factions fought bitterly, federalist
wanted strong center government, liberalist wanted state government, fight stopped during 1812 British War
Election of Andrew Jackson in
1828 made new politics, voting extended to all white male
eventually, Mid-19th century
Nationalism in USA
(Continued)
South
economy
based on
cotton and
slave, so
refused to
abolish
slavery like
north,
Abraham
Lincoln
said in
1858 that
Civil War
will follow
in suit of
this
uncompro
mised,
South
Carolina
separated
from US in
12/10/1860
1861, six
states join
South
Carolina to
form
Confederac
y, Civil War
happened
1861-1865
with over
600,000
men dead
at the end
1/1/1863
Lincoln
said
emancipati
on
proclamatio
n which
said all
slaves free
Confedera
tes
surrendere
d on
4/9/1865
and USA
became
one Nation
of unity that
was
