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S T A K E H O L D E R M E E T I N G S T R A T E G I C A L L I A N C E F O R

A C H I E V I N G M D G S B A N D U N G , 2 1 O C T O B E R 2 0 1 0

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AKB dan AKA Membaik Tetapi Terdapat Disparitas Antar Propinsi 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 D I Y o g y a k a rt a C e n tr a l J a v a C e n tr a l K a lim a n ta n D K I J a k a rt a B a li E a s t K a lim a n ta n N o rt h S u la w e s i E a s t J a v a D I A c e h B a n g k a B e lit u n g J a m b i R ia u W e s t J a v a S o u th S u m a tr a S o u th S u la w e s i L a m p u n g B a n te n R ia u I s la n d s W e s t K a lim a n ta n W e s t S u m a tr a S o u th -e a s t S u la w e s i W e s t P a p u a P a p u a B e n g k u lu N o rt h S u m a tr a C e n tr a l S u la w e s i G o ro n ta lo N o rt h M a lu k u S o u th K a lim a n ta n E a s t N u s a T e n g g a ra W e s t N u s a T e n g g a ra M a lu k u W e s t S u la w e s i D e a th f o r e v e ry 1 0 0 0 l iv e b ir th

Infant Mortality Child Mortality

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Terjadi Pula Disparitas Antar Income Quintiles

56 47 33 29 26 23 12 12 8 6 Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest

Mortality rate per 1.000 live births

W ea lth qui n ti le

Child mortality Infant mortality

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Umur Harapan Hidup Bervariasi antara 60 Tahun di NTB dan 75 Tahun di Jogjakarta

4

Add PER figure 1.6 on life expectancy

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0 20 40 60 80 100

Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest

percen

tage

Wealth quintile

Delivery by health professional by wealth quintile

1987 1991 1994 1997 2003 2007

Data source : IDHS 1987-2007

Pertolongan persalinan oleh tenaga terlatih meningkat, tapi masih terjadi disparitas antara kelompok kaya dan kelompok miskin

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Disparitas Tempat Bersalin antara kelompok kaya dan miskin dan risiko kematian ibu

87,5 73,9 60,9 45,7 17,9 10,8 24,7 37,9 53,4 81,3 710 558 219 195 256 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 20 40 60 80 100

Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest

MMRa ti o p er 100 .0 00 l ive b irth s p erce n ta ge Wealth quintile Delivery at home Delivery at Health facility MMR

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Disparitas juga terjadi antar propinsi

0 20 40 60 80 100 M al u ku W es t Su la w es i N ort h M al u ku Ea st N u sa Ten ggara Papu a B ant en G oront al o Sou the ast Su la w es i W es t Pa pu a Sou th Su la w es i Ce nt ra l Su la w es i W es t K al ima nt an W es t Nu sa Te ngga ra Sou th Su ma tera Ce nt ra l Ka li ma nt an W es t Java Jam bi L ampu ng B en gk u lu DI Ac eh Ea st Ka li ma nt an Sou th K al ima nt an Ea st J ava W es t Su ma tera Ba ng ka Be lit u ng Ce nt ra l Java No rt h Su ma tera Riau No rt h Su la w es i Ria u Isl ands Bal i DI Y ogya ka rt a DK I Jakarta percent age

Delivery assistance & place by province

% SBA % Facility base delivery

(8)

Besar belanja kesehatan percapita (pemerintah) bervariasi antar propinsi dan kabupaten

8

Source: World Bank 2008 Investing in Indonesia’s Health; Health Expenditure Review 2008

(9)

Targeting JAMKESMAS cukup baik, tapi pemanfaatan pelayanan oleh kelompok kaya tetap lebih tinggi

9

Utilization of ASKESKIN card by income quintile, 2008

11,30 7,54 5,65 3,87 2,21 0,31 0,24 0,21 0,16 0,10 1,10 0,77 0,65 0,46 0,29 11,9% 12,9% 14,5% 15,3% 17,3% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00 Poorest 2nd 3rd 4th Richest % of peopl e w ho ut il z e d A S K E S K IN c a rd (out of t hose w ho hav e a c c e s s t o the ca rd) # peopl e w ho ut il iz e d publ ic s e rv ic e s w it h A S K E S K IN c a rd ( M il li ons)

# of people in quintile with access to Askeskin Card # of people in quintile who utilized Askeskin Card to hospital # of people in quintile who utilized Askeskin Card to health center

% of people who utilzed ASKESKIN card (out of those who have access to the card) # people with

ASKESKIN card

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Distribusi bidan cukup merata

10

Note: All types of midwives included. Source: Indonesia Health Profile 2008

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Jumlah ahli kebidanan sangat rendah dan yang ada berkelompok di daerah perkotaan

(12)

Rasio dokter terhadap penduduk tingkat nasional menutupi disparitas yang cukup besar anatara daerah urban dan daerah

rural 12

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Meskipun terdapat 2.5 tempat tidur per 10,000 (5.6 RS per 1,000,000), dan 3.5 Puskesmas per 100,000 terdapat

disparitas yang cukup besar antar propinsi13

-2 4 6 8 10 12 14 -200 400 600 800 1.000 1.200 W est Pa p u a Malu ku N or th Su law esi E ast K ali ma n tan Bali Pa p u a W est Su ma te ra G or on talo DI Y og ya ka rta DK I Ja ka rta Sou th Su law esi Ce n tr al Su law esi N or th Malu ku Sou n th K ali ma n tan B en gk u lu N an gg roe Ac eh D ar u ssa lam Ce n tr al K ali ma n tan NTT Sou the ast Su law esi W est K ali ma n tan N or th Su ma te ra Ri au Cen tra l J ava Ja mb i Ba n gka Bel itu n g Isl an d Sou th Su ma te ra E ast Ja va N T B L amp u n g W est Ja va Ba n te n In d on esi a Rati o # H ea lt h ce n te r

Health Center ® Health Center ratio per 100.000(L) Ratio Bed per 10.000 (L)

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Kualitas tenaga kesehatan bervariasi antar wilayah dan tidak banyak berubah dalam 10 tahun terakhir

14

Service

National Java/Bali Sumatra Other Provinces

1997 2007 P= 1997 2007 P= 1997 2007 P= 1997 2007 P= Prenatal Care

Public 42 46*** 45 47** 35 39** 38 49***

Private 40 44*** 43 46*** 34 37** 39 46***

Child Curative Care

Public 56 64*** 58 66*** 48 56*** 55 65***

Private 55 59*** 57 62*** 50 52 54 60***

Adult Curative Care

Public 49 56*** 52 59*** 43 48*** 44 53***

Private 46 53*** 48 56*** 40 51*** 44 51***

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Sistem Kesehatan : Sistem yang Hidup

Sistem kesehatan seperti

roda-roda bergerak

yang saling

bersinggungan.

Perubahan salah satu

komponennya akan

mengubah kerja

komponen lainnya

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Financing Efficiency Quality Access Payment Organization Regulation Behavior THE HEALTH SYSTEM Health Status Customer Satisfaction Risk Protection TARGET POPULATION CONTROL KNOBS INTERMEDIATE PERFORMANCE

MEASURES PERFORMANCE GOALS

Source: Roberts et.al. 2004, Getting Health Reform Right

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Financing

Saat ini paling besar out of pocket dan dana

pemerintah (termasuk Jamkesmas).

Sumber lain: asuransi, dana masyarakat, dana

bantuan LN.

Total hanya sekitar 2% GDP

 Perlu tingkatkan efisiensi

 Tentukan apa yang bisa dibeli dengan uang yang

terbatas:

 idealis vs realistis

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Payment

Saat ini:

 Budget line item di sektor publik, berbasis input: gaji dll

(rigid)

 Sistem kapitasi JAMKESMAS: dibayarkan hanya ke

PUSKESMAS tanpa kompetisi pihak lain.

Alternatif lain: sistem kompetisi

 Provider berkewajiban merekrut peserta:kualitas pelyanan

baik, peserta banyak.

 Provider yang kualitasnya baik dan pesertanya banyak

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Organization

Desentralisasi: kesempatan untuk lebih tepat

sasaran dan lebih efisien

 Kebijakan “one size fits all”

 Otonomi dalam tanda petik terutama kebijakan pegawai

Sistem pelayanan daerah rural:

 “one size fits all” mahal dan tidak efisien

 Berbagai alternative rekrutmen nakes: insentif, beasiswa

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Regulation

WKS dokter, distribusi lebih rata

 Dual practice: dokter memilih tempat kerja di daerah

urban agar banyak pasien pribadi

Task shifting: ke bidan/perawat, ke dokter umum

(pelatihan, supervisi, komunikasi)

Regulasi meningkatkan kualitas: sertifikasi, lisensi,

akreditasi

 Penduduk miskin banyak menggunakan bidan dan

perawat (Hasil IFLS: kualitas terendah),

Regulasi sistem asuransi (financing, payment, risk

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Behavior

Pengetahuan penting untuk meningkatkan utilisasi:

JAMKESMAS, pertolongan persalinan di

fasilitas, kegiatan preventif/promotif

Strategi IEC yang baik tidak murah:

 isi pesan,

 penyajian pesan, dan

Referensi

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