Modul English SPM (Writing) Sentence Construction - Sumber Pendidikan

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Introduction

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1 Sentence Construction

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1

1.1 Simple Sentence ... 1

1.2 Compound Sentence ... 3

1.3 Complex Sentence ... 5

2 Directed Writing

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6

2.1 Speech/ Talk ... 7

2.2 Report ... 14

2.3 Article ... 20

2.4 Informal Letter ... 33

2.5 Formal Letter ... 43

3 Summary

... 54

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Sept 2012

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INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES:

Welcome to the journey of writing techniques necessary for effective writing in English. It is

hoped that by using this module, learners would be able to:



improve their competence in English;



understand and utilize the strategies and skills given for effective writing for exams;



write precise, grammatically correct English; and



use appropriate writing techniques essential to meet the requirements of SPM

Paper 1.

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE:

This module consists of 4 units which encompasses

Sentence Construction, Directed Writing,

and

Summary

. Hence, learners are introduced to a typology of writing techniques appropriate

in answering SPM English Paper 1 and 2.

We hope you enjoy using this module. Do not be discouraged when errors are made. Errors are

an important part of learning and an important part of life. Remember that each lesson is an

instructional sequence and not a test. Repeat the lessons as many times as you like.

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1.0 SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION

A sentence is a group of words that makes a complete statement.

1.1

 It is also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.

 It can also contain a compound subjects or verbs and still express a complete thought.

Study these sample sentences :

a) Some students like to study in the mornings. b) Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. c) Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb.

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SENTENCE WORD ORDER

SIMPLE SENTENCES

Now try these: SUBJECT

GROUP/ SUBJECT

VERB GROUP/

VERB OBJECT

ADVERBS OF

MANNER PLACE TIME

Some students like to study in the

mornings

Juan and Arturo play football every

afternoon

Mary bought a bag

yesterday

They can go home now

The bus driver shouted at us angrily

Jane and I ate our meal in silence

at the dining hall

The boy with

red spectacles drove his sports car

across town

SUBJECT GROUP/ SUBJECT

VERB GROUP/

VERB OBJECT

ADVERBS OF

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1.2



It contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator.



The coordinators are as follows:

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

.

(Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells

FANBOYS

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a)

I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.

b)

Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.

c)

Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two

independent clauses, and they are joined by a

coordinator

with a comma.

COMPOUND SENTENCES

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT CONJUNCTION SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

Jack _{fell off} _{his bike} _but _he _was _unhurt

He washed his car but did not polish it

We rarely stay in

hotels for we cannot afford it

Alejandro played football , so Maria went shopping

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5

I tried to

speak Spanish , and my friend

tried to speak

Ennglish

Now try these:

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT CONJUNCTION SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

1.3

 It has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses.

 It always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.



When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator,

comma is required at the end of the dependent clause.  When the independent clause begins the sentence with

subordinators in the middle, no comma is required.

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a) When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. b) The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.

c) The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. d) After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. e) Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying. f) It is a shame that she has resigned from her job.

g) I am glad that you are feeling better.

h) The woman who called my mom sells cosmetics. i) The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.

j) The house which Abraham Lincoln was born in is still standing. k) The town where I grew up is in the United States.

Now try these:

1………..…

2………..

3………..

4………..

5………..

6………..

7………..

8………..

9………..

10………

11………

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2.0 DIRECTED WRITING

2.1 SPEECH / TALK:

Here are some guidelines you should follow when giving a speech or a talk. Let’s look at a sample question of a TALK.

You recently won the ‘Best Student Award’ in your school. You have been asked to give a talk during assembly to share tips with the other students on what they need to do so that they too can become successful students. Use the following notes to write your talk.

Suggestions:

 set goals

 be motivated

 pay attention

 ask questions

 be organised

 complete homework on time

 prepare well for exams

 take part in co-curricular activities

 obey school rules

 respect everyone

Avoid:

 wasting time

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When writing your talk, you should remember to:

 address your audience

 state the purpose of the talk

 use all the points given

 end your talk appropriately

Example:

Introductory Paragraph:

1. Address your audience 2. Introduce yourself

3. State the purpose of your talk

Second Paragraph: 1. point 1 (set goals) 2. point 2 (be motivated) 3. point 3 (pay attention) 4. point 4 (ask questions)

Third Paragraph:

1. point 5 (be organised)

2. point 6 (complete homework on time) 3. point 7 (prepare well for exams)

Fourth Paragraph:

1. point 8 (take part in co-curricular activities) 2. point 9 (obey school rules)

Fifth Paragraph

:

1. point 10 (respect everyone)

Sixth Paragraph:

1. point 11 (avoid wasting time) 2. point 12 (avoid skipping school)

Final Paragraph

:

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Here is a sample answer.

INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH:

A very good morning to our beloved principal, Pn Norashikin Tan, senior assistants, teachers and friends. On this glorious morning, I, Muhammad Aliff, the recipient of this year’s “Best Student Award” am going to give a talk on

“How to Become a Successful Student”.

SECOND PARAGRAPH:

In my speech, I am going to share with you some tips on how you can be a successful student. If you want to be successful, you must set goals. Research shows that people who

set goals accomplish more than those who do not. In deciding your goals, ask yourself “What do I want to be?” and “What do I do to get there?” Besides, you must be motivated. When you are motivated you will have a strong desire to do well and to achieve your goals. In addition, you must pay attention in class. Listen actively and focus on what the teacher is teaching. If you have disruptive classmates, sit in front of the classroom, away from them. Always ask questions if you do not understand. Seek clarifications from your teachers or your friends if you are shy to approach the former.

THIRD PARAGRAPH:

Another important tip to being a successful student is to be organised. You can use a planner or notebook to write down all your assignments when they are given. This way you will not forget your homework, dates of tests or projects. Remember, if you are organised you will be well- prepared and you will have less stress. Moreover, you must complete your homework on time. Homework helps reinforce what you have learnt. It helps you understand and remember the information. You must prepare well for exams. A successful student is one who prepares for exams well in advance, and not at the eleventh hour. If you study consistently, you will have ample time for revision.

FOURTH PARAGRAPH:

Friends, to be a successful student you must have diverse interests. You should take part in co-curricular activities in order to become a well-rounded person. These activities help develop leadership skills and teamwork besides instilling values like cooperation and tolerance. Discipline is an important aspect of our lives. No matter where you go or what you do, you will be subjected to rules and regulations. Hence, it is crucial that you obey the school rules.

FIFTH PARAGRAPH:

Dear friends, What is success if you lack the common courtesies in life? Remember, you must respect everyone. You must respect your parents, your teachers, the school staff

and also your friends. You must respect other people’s feelings and opinions.

SIXTH PARAGRAPH:

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not benefit you in any way. Remember, ‘Time and tide wait for no man’. Also, avoid skipping school.

FINAL PARAGRAPH:

Some students feel that school is a waste of time as they can learn better from their tuition teachers. This is not true. The teachers in our school are experienced and well qualified. They are also experienced examiners and they know how to impart knowledge effectively. I have to stop here. I hope you have found my talk helpful. Thank you for listening attentively.

Here are some samples of Opening Remarks:

 Thank you very much, Prof. Sarimah, for your very kind introduction. Mr. Chairman,

 Ladies and gentleman, Good morning! I consider it a great honor to be asked to speak

about …on this session of our symposium.

 Ladies and gentleman. It’s an honor to have the opportunity to address such a

distinguished audience.

 Good morning. Let me start by saying just a few words about my own background.

 Mr. Chairman, thank you very much for your kind introduction. President, distinguished colleagues, ladies and gentleman, Good morning! Is my voice loud enough?

 Good morning, everyone. I appreciate the opportunity to be with you today. I am here to talk to you about…

 Good morning, everyone. I am very happy to have this chance to give my presentation. Before I start my speech, let me ask you a question. By a show of hands, how many of you own a car?

Expressing thanks to the Chairperson:

 Mr. Chairman, thank you for your introduction.

 First, I would like to thank Mr. Chairman for his gracious introduction.

 Thank you very much, Prof. Azizah, for your very kind introduction.

 I would like to thank Dr.Sarimah for permitting me the privilege to speak to this audience.

Forms of Address and Greetings:

 Distinguished colleagues, Ladies and gentleman, Good morning!

 Members of the conference!

Expressing Pleasure and Honour:

 I am very happy/glad/pleased to be here in this school.

 I am honoured/privileged to be here (with you this afternoon).

 I am proud to be here on this special occasion.

 It’s a very great pleasure for me to be able to attend this conference.

 I consider it a great honor to be asked to speak about …on this session of our

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 It is a great pleasure to be given the honor of first speaker on this important topic.

Here are some samples of Closing Remarks:

 That's all, thank you.

 That's the end of my presentation.

 So much for my speech, thank you.

 Thank you for your attention.

 Thank you for your listening.

HOW TO WRITE A SPEECH:

Your school is having a month-long ‘A Healthy Body Campaign’. As President of the Health Club of your school, you decide to give a speech on the ‘Tak Nak Campaign’ recently launched by the government.

Suggestions:

 Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi launched an anti-smoking campaign called “Tak Nak”.

 many criticised our government for overspending over 6 years

 remind us of the hazard of smoking

 progress steadily from regular use to being addicted to it

 aggressive advertising among the public

 being irresponsible by affecting non-smokers with second-hand smoke.

 harmful effects of tobacco addiction on the body

 shocking statistics of smoke-related deaths

 more effective if other people and organisations are actively involved

 adults have to be good role models by not smoking

 praise the Malaysia Amateur Athletic Union for its zero-tolerance of smoking

 smoking and health just do not mix.

When writing your speech, you should remember to:

 address your audience

 state the purpose of the speech

 use all the points given

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Here is a sample answer.

“Tak Nak Campaign”

INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH

A very good morning to our dear Principal, Puan Norain bt Md. Din, teachers and students. As you know, our school is having a month-long ‘A Healthy Body Campaign’. As President of the Health Club of this school, I am going to give a speech on the “Tak Nak Campaign” recently launched by the government.

SECOND PARAGRAPH

Recently, our former Prime Minister, Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi launched an anti-smoking campaign called “Tak Nak”. You can now see this short phrase “Tak Nak” everywhere – on billboards, posters, TV ads, and sometimes I even hear it on the radio. Though some people have criticised our government for overspending a lot of money over 6 years for the campaign, it is nothing compared to the huge amounts that tobacco companies spend to promote smoking.

THIRD PARAGRAPH

But in this war against smoking, money definitely talks; it is necessary for the “Tak Nak” Campaign to constantly remind us of the hazard of smoking because about 50 Malaysian teenagers light up for the first time every day. In fact, some of these youth progress steadily from this to regular use, and being addicted to it within a few years. And, this is despite the warning on every pack of cigarettes that states clearly “Smoking is dangerous to

your health”.

FOURTH PARAGRAPH

What can the “Tak Nak” Campaign do to fight this? Their aggressive advertising creates media awareness among the public, especially among the fashionable young crowd, that smokers have yellowed teeth and suffer from shortness of breath and tells them that it is not cool to smoke. It is also irresponsible of them to affect non-smokers with second-hand smoke.

FIFTH PARAGRAPH

Also, there is a series of infomercials on TV and in the papers showing the harmful effects of tobacco addiction on the body and shocking statistics of smoke-related deaths. We are now familiar with the graphic pictures of damaged lungs on billboards which should scare people into not smoking. This works, as I know some of my friends are quitting now, or trying to reduce the number of cigarettes they smoke per week.

SIXTH PARAGRAPH

However, I feel any anti-smoking campaign is more effective if other people and organisations are actively involved too. Yes, the first step has been taken by the top, but sad to say, many of our politicians smoke themselves and so do some of our parents and teachers.

SEVENTH PARAGRAPH

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EIGHTH PARAGRAPH

On a more positive note, I praise the Malaysia Amateur Athletic Union for its zero-tolerance of smoking because they know that smoking and health just do not mix. How can our sportsmen excel if they cannot stop smoking.

FINAL PARAGRAPH

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2.2 REPORT

You have witnessed two men on a motorcycle trailing behind a woman. One of them attacked her and snatched her bag. You have been asked to write a report of the incident.

Write your report based on the information below.

 A woman-trying to cross the road - in front of school - two men on a motorcycle trailing behind-attacked her

 Some students waiting at the bus stop - too shocked to do anything  You and your friend ran into the school to get help.

When writing the report, you should remember: - to give a suitable title

- use all the points given

- to provide two relevant details/examples for each of the four points - to write in paragraphs

STEPS

1. Read the question carefully. 2. Identify the situation and format.

3. Use the 5Ws + 1H approach to elaborate the points given.

You witnessed two men on a motorcycle trailing behind a woman. One of them attacked her and snatched her bag. You have been asked to write a report of the incident.

Write your report based on the information below.

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Model Answer

Report on an Attack by Motorcyclists

To: The Principal,

Sek. Men. Seri Melawati, Kuala Selangor.

From: Michael Chua Date: 22 April 2012

On Thursday, 22nd_{April at 7.05 a.m., a young woman in her twenties, who was trying to} cross the road, was attacked by two men on a motorcycle near the T-junction in front of my school, Sekolah Menengah Seri Melawati at Jalan Dato Hamzah, Kuala Selangor. One of them hit her on the head with a helmet. When she fell, he started to kick her. He tried to take her bag away.

Although there were five other students waiting at the bus stop, no one went to

the woman’s aid. First, we were too shocked. Second, the incident happened too quickly.

Third, we dared not interfere.

The unlucky woman clung on to her bag. I think she was too shocked to let go. When we regained our wits, my friend, Redzuan and I ran into the school shouting for help. Encik Shan, a discipline teacher from my school, immediately called for the police. When we went back to the road, I saw a man had come to the poor woman’s aid. She was so traumatized that she could hardly speak.

I am devastated that such an incident could happen in the daytime right in front of my school. Some of the school students who witnessed the incident were also in deep shock as the woman was badly beaten and there was blood all over her head.

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WORKSHEET ONE:

Fill in the blanks with correct sentences. [Use these questions as guidelines]

[1] What is the approximate age of the woman?  a young woman in her twenties

[5] Where were the students?

 five other students waiting at the bus stop

[6] Why didn’t the students do anything to help?  too shocked

[7] What did you do?

 Redzuan and I ran into the school shouting for help

[8] What happened to the young woman?

 so traumatized that she could hardly speak.

 the woman was badly beaten and there was blood all over her head.

To: The Principal,

On Thursday 22ndApril at 7.05 a.m., …………..[1]……….., who was………[2]…………, was attacked by two men on a motorcycle near the T-junction in front of my school, Sekolah Menengah Seri Melawati at Jalan Dato Hamzah, Kuala Selangor.

One of them………[4]……….. When she fell,………[4]……….

we regained our wits, my friend,………..[7]……….. Encik Shan, a

discipline teacher from my school, immediately called for the police. When we went back to

the road, I saw a man had come to the poor woman’s aid. She was………[8]………..

I am devastated that such an incident could happen in the daytime right in front of my school. Some of the school students who witnessed the incident were also in deep shock as

………..[8]……….

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WORKSHEET TWO:

Fill in the blanks using the sentences given in the box:

To: The Principal,

On Thursday 22ndApril at 7.05 a.m., …………..[1]……….., who was………[2]…………, was attacked by two men on a motorcycle near the T-junction in front of my school, Sekolah Menengah Seri Melawati at Jalan Dato Hamzah, Kuala Selangor.

One of them………[4]……….. When she fell,…..…………[4]….……….

He………..[3]……….

Although there were………..[5]………, no one went to the woman’s aid. First, we were………[6]……….. Second, the incident happened too quickly. Third, we dared not interfere.

The unlucky woman clung on to her bag. I think she was too shocked to let go. When

we regained our wits, my friend,………..[7]……….. Encik Shan, a discipline teacher from my school, immediately called for the police. When we went back to

the road, I saw a man had come to the poor woman’s aid. She was…………..[8]…………..

I am devastated that such an incident could happen in the daytime right in front of my school. Some of the school students who witnessed the incident were also in deep shock as

………..[8]……….

It is unthinkable that such a cruel thing can happen in our society and I fear many more people will get hurt. I suggest that the police patrol the roads more stringently as there have been many cases of Mat Rempit assaulting ordinary folks on the roads.

trying to cross the road tried to take her bag away too shocked

the woman was badly beaten and there was blood all over her head. so traumatized that she could hardly speak.

Redzuan and I ran into the school shouting for help hit her on the head with a helmet

he started to kick her.

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WORKSHEET THREE:

To: The Principal,

On Thursday 22nd_{April at 7.05 a.m., a young woman in her twenties, __________________}

_________________________________________________________________________

in front of my school, Sekolah Menengah Seri Melawati at Jalan Dato Hamzah, Kuala Selangor.

One of them hit her on the head with a helmet. _____________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Although there were five other students waiting at the bus stop, ________________

_________________________________________________________________________

The unlucky woman clung on to her bag. __________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Encik Shan, a discipline teacher from my school, immediately called for the

police. ____________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

I am devastated that such an incident could happen in the daytime right in front of my school. ________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

It is unthinkable that such a cruel thing can happen in our society and I fear many more people will get hurt. I suggest that _________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

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WORKSHEET FOUR:

Title: ________________________________________

To: _________________________

_________________________

From: ________________________ Date: ______________

______________________________________________________________________

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2.3 ARTICLE

Question 1

You have been asked by the editorial board of the school magazine to write an article on ‘The benefits of sports in schools’. Write your article based on the notes given below.

- carried out for fun, pleasure or exercise

- good for health– healthy body keeps sickness away - instills discipline and develops leadership qualities

- help to develop social skills - relieve stress and tension

- proper time management

When writing your article, you must:

- give your name as the writer

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Practice 1 - Fill in the blanks with the appropriate phrases from below:

 good for health  proper time management

 help to develop our social

skills

 for fun, pleasure, relaxation or exercise

 Release stress and tension

 instills discipline and develops leadership qualities

The Benefits of Sports in Schools

The word ‘sports’ means games or activities that are done

_______________________________ Playing games like tennis and football or taking part

in athletics are sports activities. They can be done in singles or in groups.

One of the main reasons why sports is highly encouraged in schools is that it is

_________________________. When it is done outdoors, fresh air is taken into the lungs,

resulting in greater flow of oxygen into the heart. Muscles are toned up, fat is burnt and

impurities are removed from the sweats glands. All these, together with a balanced diet, keep

our bodies strong and healthy. Remember the saying, ‘Health is Wealth’. When we are

healthy, illnesses are kept away and we are able to perform better in all we do.

It is an undeniable fact that participation in sports _______________________. For

example, students must attend the various practices and training programmes punctually.

When they are late, they are reprimanded and soon they realize that obeying orders is

important. In addition, some students involved in sports activities may get elected as captains,

secretaries or other positions. Students holding these positions usually develop leadership

qualities. These experiences will help them face up to the challenges of adulthood.

Sports, especially team sports, also _________________________________.

Interaction between teammates, players and their coaches as well as players and their

supporters is instrumental in helping students to open out to each other. The ability to

communicate with others and to work in groups is of importance to every single student.

Sports participation helps students ____________________________________.

The increasing amount of homework and the fear of failure in examinations do not allow

students to relax. Taking part in sports allows them to unwind. After a game or workout at

the gymnasium, the students feel much better and are ready to study after a good bath. This

way of releasing stress is healthy unlike some methods many students resort to such as

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We often hear of parents complaining that sports activities affect their children’s

academic performance. From experience, we know that with _________________________

___________, the students are able to excel not only in studies but also in games and sports.

In conclusion, it is obvious that the benefits of sports activities are many. Involvement

in them will not affect one’s studies. On the contrary, it will enhance the student’s ability to

study and perform excellently in examination.

Written by,

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Practice 2 – Topic Sentence

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate topic sentences as given below:

It is an undeniable fact that

participation in sports instills discipline

and develops leadership qualities

The word ‘sports’ means games or

activities that are done for fun, pleasure,

relaxation or exercise,

Sports participation helps students to

release stress and tension.

Sports, especially team sports, also

help to develop our social skills

One of the main reasons why sports is

highly encouraged in schools is that it

is good for health

With proper time management, the

students are able to excel not only in

studies but also in games and sports

________________________________________________________________ ___

_________________. Playing games like tennis and football or taking part in athletics are

sports activities. They can be done in singles or in groups. Most people have fun and they

enjoy themselves when they play games with their friends.

_______________________________________________________________.

When it is done outdoors, fresh air is taken into the lungs, resulting in greater flow of oxygen

into the heart. Muscles are toned up, fat is burnt and impurities are removed from the sweats

glands. All these, together with a balanced diet, keep our bodies strong and healthy.

Remember the saying, ‘Health is Wealth’. When we are healthy, illnesses are kept away and

we are able to perform better in all we do.

___________________________________________________________________

_________________. For example, students must attend the various practices and training

programmes punctually. When they are late, they are reprimanded and soon they realize that

obeying orders is important. In addition, some students involved in sports activities may get

elected as captains, secretaries or other positions. Students holding these positions usually

develop leadership qualities. These experiences will help them face up to the challenges of

adulthood.

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__________. Interaction between teammates, players and their coaches as well as players

and their supporters is instrumental in helping students to open out to each other. The ability

to communicate with others and to work in groups is of importance to every single student.

________________________________________________________________ The

increasing amount of homework and the fear of failure in examinations do not allow students

to relax. Taking part in sports allows them to unwind. After a game or workout at the

gymnasium, the students feel much better and are ready to study after a good bath. This way

of releasing stress is healthy unlike some methods many students resort to such as smoking,

loitering in shopping complexes or taking drugs.

academic performance. From experience, we know that

_________________________________________________________________________

study and perform excellently in examination

Written by,

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Practice 3:

Choose the correct elaboration to complete the article

When it is done outdoors, fresh air is taken into the lungs, resulting in greater flow of oxygen into the heart. Muscles are toned up, fat is burnt and impurities are removed from the sweats glands. All these, together with a balanced diet, keep our bodies

strong and healthy. Remember the saying, ‘Health is Wealth’. When we are healthy,

illnesses are kept away and we are able to perform better in all we do.

The increasing amount of homework and the fear of failure at examinations do not allow students to relax. Taking part in sports allows them to unwind. After a game or workout at the gymnasium, the students feel much better and are ready to study after a good bath. This way of releasing stress is healthy unlike some methods many students resort to such as smoking, loitering in shopping complexes or taking drugs.

Involvement in them will not affect one’s studies. On the contrary, it will enhance the

student’s ability to study and perform excellently in examination

Interaction between teammates, players and their coaches as well as players and their supporters is instrumental in helping students to open out to each other. The ability to communicate with others and to work in groups is of importance to every single student.

For example, students must attend the various practices and training programmes punctually. When they are late, they are reprimanded and soon they realize that obeying orders is important

Students holding these positions usually develop leadership qualities. These experiences will help them face up to the challenges of adulthood.

The word ‘sports’ means games or activities that are done for fun, pleasure, relaxation or exercise. Playing games like tennis and football or taking part in athletics are sports

activities. They can be done in singles or in groups. Most people have fun and they enjoy

themselves when they play games with their friends.

One of the main reasons why sports is highly encouraged in schools is that it is good

for health ________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

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It is an undeniable fact that participation in sports instills discipline and develops

leadership qualities. _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

In addition, some students involved in sports activities may get elected as captain,

secretaries or other positions. _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Sports, especially team sports, also help to develop our social skills.

_________________________________________________________________________

Sports participation helps students to release stress and tension.

_________________________________________________________________________

academic performance. From experience, we know that with proper time management, the

students are able to excel not only in studies but also in games and sports.

In conclusion, it is obvious that the benefits of sports activities are many

Written by,

Salina bt Mokhtar

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The Benefits of Sports

The word ‘sports’ means games or activities that are done for fun, pleasure, relaxation or exercise. Playing games like tennis and football or taking part in athletics are sports activities. They can be done in singles or in groups. Most people have fun and they enjoy themselves when they play games with their friends.

One of the main reasons why sports is highly encouraged in schools is that it is good for health. When it is done outdoors, fresh air is taken into the lungs, resulting in greater flow of oxygen into the heart. Muscles are toned up, fat is burnt and impurities are removed from the sweats glands. All these, together with a balanced diet, keep our bodies strong and

healthy. Remember the saying, ‘Health is Wealth’. When we are healthy, illnesses are kept

away and we are able to perform better in all we do.

It is an undeniable fact that participation in sports instills discipline and develops leadership qualities. For example, students must attend the various practices and training programmes punctually. When they are late, they are reprimanded and soon they realize that obeying orders is important. In addition, some students involved in sports activities may get elected as captains, secretaries or other positions. Students holding these positions usually develop leadership qualities. These experiences will help them face up to the challenges of adulthood.

Sports, especially team sports, also help to develop our social skills. Interaction between teammates, players and their coaches as well as players and their supporters is instrumental in helping students to open out to each other. The ability to communicate with others and to work in groups is of importance to every single student.

Sports participation helps students to release stress and tension. The increasing amount of homework and the fear of failure at examinations do not allow students to relax. Taking part in sports allows them to unwind. After a game or workout at the gymnasium, the students feel much better and are ready to study after a good bath. This way of releasing stress is healthy unlike some methods many students resort to such as smoking, loitering in shopping complexes or taking drugs.

academic performance. From experience, we know that with proper time management, the students are able to excel not only in studies but also in games and sports.

study and perform excellently in examination.

Written

by,

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Question 2 - Article for School Magazine / Newsletter

As Chairperson of the English Language Society, you are going to try to persuade

the students to study the language by writing an article in the school newsletter. In the article

you have to tell the students the importance of studying the language. Your article is given in

the point form below:

- will help you to further your studies

- will help you to get a job - will help you in your job

- will help you in your travels

- will help you to enjoy many interesting programmes in television

- will help you to appreciate many of the world’s most beautiful literary works

When writing your article, you must:

- give your name as the writer - include all the notes given

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Practice 1

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate phrases given.

The Importance of Studying English

It is a big concerned for teenagers nowadays as they are unaware of the

importance of English language as they tend to ignore to learn the language. Students’ attitude

towards the language is also crucial to make sure that these teenagers can face the future

world better by learning English language as it is an international language.

Although the government has repeatedly told us of the importance of English, many

students are still not bothered about studying it seriously. There is also a campaign that is still

on to make all the Malaysian becomes a better English learner, which is ‘To uphold Bahasa Malaysia and to strengthen the English Language’. English is the most important and the most

useful language in the world today. There are many reasons why you should study the

language properly.

First and foremost, English ______________________________________________

_________________________. Almost all books in most subjects at the university are written

in English. In addition, it is a compulsory for any candidate to pass English with credit before

entering any universities. So, if you are poor in English, you will miss the chance for better

education or you are going to have a big problem studying at the university.

The second reason why you have to study English well is that it

______________________. When you go for a job interview, the interviewer will surely talk to

you in English. The first impression you should give in order to succeed and have the job is,

to respond in English fluently. Your chances of getting the job are very slim if you stutter while

interviewing.

A good command of English ___________________________________________.

If the company you work is actively involved in international trade, you have to speak to

prospective customers in English. Miscommunication might occur if your English is bad. And

this will put your company at risk and you will likely be dismissed if this happen.  will help you to get a job

 will also help you greatly in your job  will also help you a lot when you travel  will enjoy television’s best programmes

 will enjoy and appreciate the beautiful literary works

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Good English __________________________________________________. Every

country in the world studies English. Even the roadside stall-holders in China speak fairly good

English! At least some of the people you meet on your travels in other countries can

understand English. The language is certainly practical when you are lost in your trip.

Inevitably, English is one of the languages used in any airport in the world in making

announcement. Travelling overseas will be easier if you have a good command of the English

language.

Besides all these, entertainment is one of the major advantages you will experience if

you are good in English. You __________________________________________________

We must admit that many of the best programmes are produced by the Americans and British

companies. The programmes will indirectly improve you language proficiency and boost up

your self confidence in using the language. Quality time is worthily spent if you understand

and enjoy the programmes.

If you are proficient in the language, you will be able to gain knowledge and information

from various sources of reading materials. By reading you _________________

_____________________________ of great writers such as William Shakespeare, Charles

Dickens and Anne Fine just to name a few.

I hope that many students will see and realise the importance of the English Language

for their own future. Although it is a second language in our country, it is now an international

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Sample Answer

The Importance of Studying English

It is a big concerned for teenagers nowadays as they are unaware of the importance

of English language as they tend to ignore to learn the language. Students’ attitude towards

the language is also crucial to make sure that these teenagers can face the future world better

by learning English language as it is an international language.

Although the government has repeatedly told us of the importance of English, many

students are still not bothered about studying it seriously. There is also a campaign that still

on to make all the Malaysian becomes a better English learner, which is ‘Enhance Proficiency

in Bahasa Malaysia, Strengthen the English’. English is the most important and the most useful

language in the world today. There are many reasons why you should study the language

properly.

First and foremost, English will definitely help you a lot when you want to further

studies. Almost all books at university are written in English in all subjects. Plus, it is a

compulsory for any candidate to pass English with credit before entering any universities. So,

if you are poor in English, you will blow you chance for better education or worse, you are

going to have a big problem studying at university.

The second reason why you have to study English well is that it will help you to get a

job. When you go for a job interview, the interviewer will surely talk to you in English. The first

impression you should give in order to succeed and have the job is, to respond in English

fluently. Your chances of getting the job are very slim if you stutter while interviewing.

A good command in of English will also help you greatly in your job. If the company

you work is actively involved in international trade, you have to speak to prospective customers

in English. Miscommunication might occur if your English is bad. And this will put your

company at risk and you will likely be dismissed if this happen.

Good English will also help you a lot when you travel. Every country in the world studies

English. Even the roadside stall-holders in China speak fairly good English! At least some of

the people you meet on your travels in other countries can understand English. The language

is certainly practical when you are lost in your trip. Inevitably, English is one of the languages

used in any airport in the world in making announcement. Travelling overseas will be easier if

you have a good command of the English language.

Besides all these, entertainment is one of the major advantages you will experience if

you are good in English. You will enjoy television’s best programmes. We must admit that

many of the best programmes are produced by the Americans and British companies. The

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confidence in using the language. Quality time is worthily spent if you understand and enjoy

the programmes.

If you are proficient in the language, you will be able to gain knowledge and information

from various sources of reading materials. By reading you will enjoy and appreciate the

beautiful literary works of great writers such as William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens and

Anne Fine just to name a few.

I hope that many students will see and realise the importance of the English Language

for their own future. Although it is a second language in our country, it is now an international

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2.4 INFORMAL LETTER

Question 1

You have just witnessed the National Day Celebration held in your place. Write a letter to your foreign pen-friend who wants to know about the National Day Celebrations. Use the notes below to help you.

 celebrations started with the arrival King and Queen

 contingents marched past

 national anthem, national flag raised

 school children formed National Day logo

 ended with a concert

 headed home - feeling tired

In your letter, you should:

 mention the date, time and place of the event

 write about the various events

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How are you? Hope you are doing well with your family and friends. I received your letter almost a month ago. You requested some information about our National Day

Celebrations. We celebrated our National Day on 31st_{August 2011 and I waited until the} celebrations were over.

I witnessed the National Day celebrations held in Kuala Lumpur. _____________

______________________________________________________________________ The other dignitaries who were present were the Prime Minister, his deputy and other cabinet ministers. The spectators started to gather as early as 6.30 a.m. People from all walks of life turned up in full force to watch the celebrations.

The King took the salute from a guard of honour. _________________________

______________________________________________________________________

The stadium grounds were filled with colourful banners. Contingents from government ministries, the Armed Forces and multinational companies thrilled the crowds. The marched past was led by the Malay Division Army music band.____________________

______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ It took 120 students to form the beautiful logo. All attention then turned to the fly-past by the national flags while fighter planes soared past billowing trails of colourful smoke. _____________

______________________________________________________________________

Famous Malaysian artists gave a wonderful performance and it was a blast. _________

______________________________________________________________________

Once I reached home, I went to bed.

I made it a point to go and witness the National Day celebrations just to tell you about it. How are the National Day celebrations held in your country? I hope you will write and tell me in your next letter.

Your pen-friend,

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Suggested Answers:

Here are some suggested phrases to complete your letter.

.

o _{The national anthem was played as the national flag was raised.}

o _{Next, several hundred school children took to the field to form the National Day}

logo.

o _{The three-hour celebrations ended with a concert.}

o _{The celebrations kicked off to a start after the arrival of the King and Queen.}

o _{Tired but happy, we headed home after the celebrations ended at about 11.30}

am.

o _{The excited crowds gave a thunderous round of applause as the colourful}

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Question 2

Mother’s Day is just around the corner. You are away from home. Your sister has written a

letter to you saying that she wants to get mother something special. She has two items in mind and she wants you to help her choose the gift.

Using the information below, write a letter to your sister. In your letter:

 compare both items

 state the item you think is more suitable

 give reasons for your choice by providing information about - what your mother’s preferences are

- previous Mother’s Day gifts she has received

When writing your letter, you must:

 use the correct format

 address your letter appropriately

 use all notes given

Koach Handbag

Specifications

 RM400

 Leather handbag

 20% discount

Pollo Watch

Specifications

 RM370

 Waterproof

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70, Jalan Bunga Raya,. Taman Bunga Raya, Perai,

13600 Butterworth, Pulau Pinang

Dear sister,

How are you doing there? Hope you are doing well with your studies. How are Mum and Dad? _________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

The depth of a mother’s love and her selfless services are not only beyond comparison but also not repayable. __________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Between the two items you mentioned, I prefer the Vinci leather handbag. Mom would be happy to receive a new handbag since she has been using her previous handbag three years ago.

_________________________________________________________________________

There, I have given all my reasons why I think the Vinci handbag should make the perfect gift. ________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Your sister,

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Suggested Answers

Here are some suggested phrases to complete your letter.

 However, the ultimate choice is yours. I hope you will make Mother’s Day a memorable one for Mum. Please send my regards to everyone at home. Really miss all of you.

 The handbag costs RM400 but with a 20% discount, you need to pay only RM320. The waterproof Pollo watch which costs RM370 and only with 10% discount. It will make a good gift but Mum received a watch for her birthday two years ago. If you buy her another watch, she will probably give it to you or Sylvia.

 _{If I remember correctly, Mum received a beautiful leather shoes for Mother’s}

Day last year and I know how much she appreciated it. Plus, Mother’s Day is a

time for us to show our appreciation of our mother’s unconditional love.

 One of the ways to show our appreciation for mothers is to buy them gifts as tokens of our appreciation.

 Your letter took me by surprised. It seems as if it was only yesterday that we celebrated the last Mother’s Day. Has it been a year already? How time

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Question 3

Write a letter to your cousin inviting him/her over to your home to stay for the holidays. Use the notes given below to write your letter.

When writing your letter, you must:

 address your letter appropriately

 ages since last seen each other – to catch up on each

other’s news

 exams over – take a break

 long holidays – final year holidays

 _{celebrate dad’s birthday –} memorable one

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How are you? I hope you are doing well with Uncle Johan and Aunt Zila? How are your preparations for the final exam? I am sure you will do well since you are always a brilliant student. As you know, we are going to have our holidays in two weeks time. I had discussed with Dad and Mom and I had suggested that you come over to my house. I think it will be exciting to spend time with you.

It has been ages since I last met you. _____________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

It will be a good time for us to catch up our news. __________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Furthermore, you will surely need a break after the exam is over, so, it is the best time for you to relax and be happy. _____________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

I can assure you that you will not be disappointed as we will be doing a lot of interesting activities together.

The year-end holidays will be a long time. Almost a month, so what better way than to spend it with us here? _____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Don’t forget too, that December 13 is my Dad’s birthday. He is your favourite uncle

right? ____________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

Dad will be very happy to have you around to celebrate his birthday.

Aside from that, Dad thinks that you will also enjoy the city lights that will be put up on December for Christmas. __________________________________________________

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This year, the Kuala Lumpur City Hall will organize a parade and I am sure that it will be a colourful parade and exhibitions. Just thinking about it makes me feel very excited.

Please think about it and I am sure Uncle Johan will give his permission to come over. Please send my warmest regards to the whole family. I will look forward to a favourable reply from you. _____________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Your cousin,

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Question 4

Your aunt has asked for a suggestion on a private school she can put her son in when they move to your city. You have decided to write a letter to tell her about your suggestions.

Use all the notes given below to write your letter.

SRI DAMANSARA SCHOOL

 about 700 students

 fully equipped with language lab  large field, mini gymnasium

 swimming class – 10 students in each session  well-known football programme

 experience teachers – locals

When writing the letter, you must:

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2.5 FORMAL LETTER

Question 1 : Let’s get to know your topic sentence….

Many of the students in your school are dissatisfied with the services at your school canteen. As the Head Prefect, you decide to write a letter of complaint to the Principal regarding the matter. Use the following notes to write the letter.

When writing the letter you must :

 address the letter to the principal

 mention the complaints

 provide suggestions to improve the canteen

 use all the notes given

Here are some suggested phrases/sentences to complete your letter.

The prices of food items are also very expensive.

The health authorities should conduct surprise checks to improve the cleanliness of the canteen.

In the first place, the food and drinks are prepared and served under filthy conditions.

I suggest that the school authorities provide more stern guidelines to the canteen operator regarding the types of food sold, prices and cleanliness.

The canteen sells a great variety of junk food and what is disheartening is that, the junk food sold at the canteen seems to be very popular with students.

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On behalf of the students of Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sentosa, I wish to complain about the unhygienic conditions of our school canteen. It has become a matter of crucial concern not only among the students but also among parents.

2. We are extremely displeased with the cleanliness, services and the quality of food sold at the canteen. __________________________________________________ Furthermore, the canteen workers neither cover their hair nor wear aprons while cooking or serving food. The kitchen is dirty and is infested with cockroaches. Moreover, the cooking utensils are not properly washed.

3. _____________________________________________________________ This food is definitely unhealthy for the students. The sale of fizzy drinks has also caused dissatisfaction among parents as students prefer to quench their thirst with fizzy drinks rather than plain water. Why are the school authorities keeping mum over this? Considerations of students’ health and hygiene should override other concerns including profits.

4. _______________________________________________ The canteen operators are not adhering to the price list put up in the beginning of the year. On the other hand, they have increased the prices twice in recent month.

5. Will they only act when there is an outbreak of food poisoning? In view of above complaints, ________________________________________________________________ Perhaps they should also stop the sale of junk food. ________________________________ They must make sure that students are charged reasonable prices for quality food. If the canteen operator cannot provide this, the authorities should terminate their contract.

6. It is our hope that all the parties concerned will view our comments constructively and do something to upgrade the conditions of the canteen.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,

Alif

Imran

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Suggested answers : How’s your score?

Alif Imran,

45800 KUALA SELANGOR. 25 MARCH 2012

Dear Sir,

Unhygienic Conditions Of School Canteen

On behalf of the students of Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sentosa, I wish to complain about the unhygienic conditions of our school canteen. It has become a matter of crucial concern not only among the students but also among parents.

2. We are extremely displeased with the cleanliness, services and the quality of food sold at the canteen. In the first place, the food and drinks are prepared and served under filthy conditions.

Furthermore, the canteen workers neither cover their hair nor wear aprons while cooking or serving food. The kitchen is dirty and is infested with cockroaches. Moreover, the cooking utensils are not properly washed.

3. The canteen sells a great variety of junk food and what is disheartening is that, the junk food sold at the canteen seems to be very popular with students. This food is definitely unhealthy for the students. The sale of fizzy drinks has also caused dissatisfaction among parents as students prefer to quench their thirst with fizzy drinks rather than plain water. Why are the school authorities keeping mum over this? Considerations of students’ health and hygiene should override other concerns including profits.

4. The prices of food items are also very expensive. The canteen operators are not adhering to the price list put up in the beginning of the year. On the other hand, they have increased the prices twice in recent month.

5. Will they only act when there is an outbreak of food poisoning? In view of above complaints, I suggest that the school authorities provide more stern guidelines to the canteen operator regarding the types of food sold, prices and cleanliness. Perhaps they should also stop the sale of junk food. The health authorities should conduct surprise checks to improve the cleanliness of the canteen. They must make sure that students are charged reasonable prices for quality food. If the canteen operator cannot provide this, the authorities should terminate their contract.

6. It is our hope that all the parties concerned will view our comments constructively and do something to upgrade the conditions of the canteen.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,

Alif Imran

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Question 2 : Let’s expand it…

The Prefect’s Board conducted a survey on a few matters which could be improved in your school. As the secretary of the Prefect’s Board, write a letter to the principal to inform him about the matters.

These are the findings :

 the unsatisfactory services provided by the library  books are old and torn

 outdated novels and story books

 the need to improve the cleanliness of the school premises  rubbish all over the place

 toilets are unclean

 the need to provide a pedestrian crossing in front of the school

 busy road in front of the school  motorists tend to speed

When writing the letter, you should : - address the letter appropriately - use all the points given

- elaborate on the points

Here are some suggested elaboration to complete your letter.

There are a lot of cars and even lorries which use the road every day, as it is the main road for the people in the area.

Thus, students who prefer to read recently published books for example, books in the Harry Potter series find it bored to spend time in the library.

The pedestrian crossing will not only work as a deterrent for speeding motorists but it will also enhance the safety of the students who cross the busy road.

Therefore, the school administration should place a greater emphasis on cleanliness and beautification projects.

To do this, school authorities should rope in media and health officials.

Litter is strewn all over the school premises. Most of the time, the toilets are dirty and there are a lot of graffiti on the walls.

Modul English SPM (Writing) Sentence Construction - Sumber Pendidikan

Table of Contents

Introduction

...

i

1

Sentence Construction

...

1

1.1

Simple Sentence ... 1

1.2

Compound Sentence ... 3

1.3

Complex Sentence ... 5

2

Directed Writing

...

6

2.1

Speech/ Talk ... 7

2.2

Report ... 14

2.3

Article ... 20

2.4

Informal Letter ... 33

2.5

Formal Letter ... 43

3

Summary

... 54

| i

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES:

Welcome to the journey of writing techniques necessary for effective writing in English. It is

hoped that by using this module, learners would be able to:



improve their competence in English;



understand and utilize the strategies and skills given for effective writing for exams;



write precise, grammatically correct English; and



use appropriate writing techniques essential to meet the requirements of SPM

Paper 1.

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE:

This module consists of 4 units which encompasses

Sentence Construction, Directed Writing,

and

Summary

. Hence, learners are introduced to a typology of writing techniques appropriate

in answering SPM English Paper 1 and 2.

We hope you enjoy using this module. Do not be discouraged when errors are made. Errors are

an important part of learning and an important part of life. Remember that each lesson is an

instructional sequence and not a test. Repeat the lessons as many times as you like.

2

3

4

It contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator.

The coordinators are as follows:

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

.

(Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells

FANBOYS

)

I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.

Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.

Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two

independent clauses, and they are joined by a

coordinator

with a comma.

5

When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator,

6

7

8

:

:

9

₎