e-PROSIDING
PERSIDANGAN KEBANGSAAN PENGAJIAN ASASI DAN UMUM
(PERSePADU 2019)
‘Transformasi Pendidikan dan Kesihatan Sejagat: Isu dan Cabaran’
14 November 2019
Universiti Selangor, Shah Alam, Malaysia
PENGURUSAN & PERNIAGAAN| LINGUISTIK & KESUSASTERAAN |
TEKNOLOGI MAKLUMAT | PENDIDIKAN| KOMUNIKASI | SAINS |
PENGAJIAN ISLAM | PENGAJIAN TAHFIZ DI IPT | SAINS SOSIAL
KESIHATAN | PSIKOLOGI | BAHASA
Chief Editor:
Dr. Nor Suhaila Yaacob
Editors :
Nadiah Zubbir
Siti Amalina Ahmad Khairudin
Wan Hazwani Wan Hamedi
Hairin Nisa Meor Nordin
Siti Aisyah Roslan
Center for Foundation and General Studies (CFGS)
Universiti Selangor
E-ISBN 978-967-17756-0-8
Persepadu 2019
Cetakan Pertama 2019
Hak Cipta Terpelihara. Tiada bahagian daripada terbitan ini diterbitkan
semula, disimpan untuk pengeluaran atau ditukarkan ke dalam sebarang
bentuk atau dengan alat juga pun, sama ada dengan cara elektronik,
bergambar serta rakaman dan sebagainya tanpa kebenaran bertulis daripada
pihak, Center for Foundation and General Studies (CFGS), Universiti
Selangor terlebih dahulu
Diterbitkan oleh:
Center for Foundation and General Studies (CFGS)
Universiti Selangor
Shah Alam Campus
Jalan Zirkon A7/A, Section 7,
40000 Shah Alam,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Tel : +603-5522 3499
Laman Web:
[email protected]
e-proceeding: cfgs.unisel.edu.my
Centre for Foundation and General Studies (CFGS)
Universiti Selangor,
Jalan Timur Tambahan,
45600 Bestari Jaya,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Tel: +03-32805152/53/54
Laman Web:
[email protected]
E-ISBN 978-967-17756-0-8
Persepadu 2019
Kata-Kata Aluan
Alhamdulillah, syukur ke hadrat Allah S.W.T. kerana dengan limpah rahmat dan izin-Nya, Persidangan Kebangsaan Pengajian Asasi dan Umum (PERSePADU) 2019 dapat diadakan dengan jayanya pada hari ini. Tahniah dan syabas kepada Jawatankuasa Persidangan khususnya Pusat Asasi dan Umum (PADU) di atas komitmen dalam menjayakan persidangan yang sangat bermanfaat ini.
Selaras dengan slogan UNISEL sebagai “Peneraju Transformasi”, pelbagai usaha telah dan sedang dijalankan bagi memastikan UNISEL berkembang maju tanpa meminggirkan kualiti hidup dan kesihatan masyarakat. Menepati tema “Transformasi Pendidikan dan Kesihatan Sejagat; Isu dan Cabaran” PERSePADU kali ini, UNISEL terlebih dahulu telah menjalankan pelbagai inisiatif dalam mengisi keperluan kesihatan secara amnya. Ini dapat dilihat menerusi usaha menghijaukan kampus, mewujudkan taman herba, menaiktaraf kemudahan sukan dan sebagainya yang dilihat mampu memberi manfaat kepada seluruh warga kampus dan masyarakat setempat.
Akhir kata, saya mengharapkan agar PERSePADU 2019 kali ini mampu memberikan impak yang sangat positif kepada pembangunan dan pemeliharaan kesihatan secara total seterusnya menghasilkan modal insan yang holistik dalam menjana kemajuan universiti, negeri dan negara. Sekian, terima kasih dan selamat bersidang.
Prof. Dato’ Dr. Mohammad Redzuan bin Othman Presiden dan Naib Canselor Universiti Selangor
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Pembuka Kata
Sebuah kajian yang dijalankan pada tahun 2016 mensasarkan kira-kira 10 peratus daripada jumlah keseluruhan penduduk di Malaysia diramal mengalami penyakit mental menjelang tahun 2020. Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia pula merekodkan 1 dari 3 individu mengalami penyakit mental, menobatkan penyakit mental sebagai masalah kesihatan kedua tertinggi di Malaysia. Statistik ini bukan pengukur yang baik kepada negara dan isu ini memerlukan penyelesaian yang realistik. Malahan, Timbalan Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Wan Azizah Wan Ismail turut menyuarakan kebimbangan beliau dan menyarankan satu dasar yang lebih terangkum untuk menangani hal ini dalam ucapannya sempena Majlis Sambutan Hari Kesihatan Mental Sedunia 2018.
Pusat Pengajian Asasi dan Umum (PADU), Universiti Selangor menyedari kepentingan pendidikan kesihatan mental dan mengambil langkah proaktif untuk menganjurkan Persidangan Kebangsaan Pengajian Asasi dan Umum 2019 (PERSePADU 2019) bertemakan “Transformasi Pendidikan dan Kesihatan sejagat; isu dan cabaran”. Persidangan ini menyediakan platform terbaik untuk mempromosikan kesihatan mental, membincangkan isu-isu berkaitan secara terbuka dan tanpa stigma bagi membuahkan beberapa resolusi berbentuk strategi penyelesaian terhadap isu-isu kritikal berkaitan kesihatan mental.
Setinggi-tinggi tahniah dan terima kasih saya ucapkan kepada jawatankuasa penganjur persidangan yang begitu komited dalam menjayakan persidangan ini. Saya turut mengalu-alukan kehadiran semua peserta yang berhimpun dalam PERSePADU 2019. Semoga persidangan ini dapat memperkaya ilmu kesedaraan kesihatan mental selari dengan tujuan dan tema persidangan.
Akhir kalam, saya ingin memetik kata-kata daripada Dr. Firdaus Abdul Gani yang merupakan Setiausaha Persatuan Psikiatri Malaysia (MPA), “Tiada kesihatan yang baik tanpa kesihatan mental yang sejahtera”.
Sekian, terima kasih.
Prof. Madya Dr. Maegala A/P Nallapan Maniyam Dekan
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Mesej Pengarah Program
Assalamualaikum wbt,
Alhamdulillah syukur ke hadrat Allah SWT atas izin dan limpah kurniaNya kami dapat melaksanakan program ‘Persidangan Kebangsaan Pengajian Asasi dan Umum (PERSePADU) pada tahun 2019 dengan bertemakan Transformasi Pendidikan dan Kesihatan Sejagat: Isu dan Cabaran. Tema yang dipilih fokus kepada isu kesihatan mental yang sangat perlu diambil tahu dan di fahami oleh semua pihak bagi melahirkan masyarakat yang harmoni.
PERSePADU 2019 merupakan program yang julung kalinya dikendalikan oleh Pusat Pengajian Asasi dan Umum (PADU) bertujuan untuk mengumpul ahli akademik, pendidik, mahasiswa Institusi Pengajian Tinggi, ahli badan professional daripada pelbagai bidang bagi menyalurkan input dan hasil kajian mereka dalam program ini sekaligus menghasilkan penerbitan e-proceeding dan jurnal. Jutaan penghargaan kepada pengurusan kanan UNISEL termasuk para dekan, pengarah dan semua staf UNISEL atas sokongan yang diberikan samada secara langsung dan tidak langsung. Penghargaan khusus kepada semua staf PADU yang sangat komited bagi memastikan program ini dapat dilaksanakan dengan jayanya.
Program ini mendapat kerjasama yang sangat baik daripada pihak Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) dan Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor (KUIS). Tidak dilupakan kepada rakan penaja kami Pusat Islam Unisel, Tabung Amanah Zakat UNITEN, Lembaga Zakat Selangor, Syarikat Karangkraf, Telaga Biru dan Hospital AVISENA. Semoga jalinan kerjasama ini dapat diteruskan di masa akan dating.
Saya mengharapkan program PERSePADU 2019 ini akan memberikan impak positif dan manfaat kepada semua pihak yang terlibat.
Sekian terima kasih, wassalam.
Puan Hafiza Ab Hamid
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Latar Belakang Program
Persidangan Kebangsaan Pengajian Asasi dan Umum (PERSePADU) adalah
persidangan pertama yang julung kalinya di anjurkan oleh Pusat Pengajian Asasi dan
Umum pada tahun 2019 ini. Persidangan ini dilaksanakan sebagai satu langkah proaktif
dan galakan bagi membuat kajian akademik sekaligus sebagai pemangkin kepada para
penyelidik dalam pelbagai peringkat untuk berkongsi penemuan baru serta mencari
idea-idea penyelesaian yang tuntas pada masa kini.
Objektif Program
Menjalin kerjasama antara pemberi perkhidmatan dalam pendidikan asas, dan
umum di Selangor khususnya dan Malaysia amnya.
Saluran perbincangan antara para penyelidik, institusi, sarjana dan penggubal
dasar dalam pendidikan.
Mempamer dan berkongsi pencapaian pengurusan dan pelaksanaan pengajaran
dan pembelajaran (P&P) yang berkesan dalam pengajian asas dan umum.
Sasaran Program
Peserta dan pembentang adalah terbuka kepada umum terdiri daripada ahli akademik
dan para cendekiawan dalam pelbagai bidang yang berminat untuk berkongsi hasil
penyelidikan mereka. Jemputan khusus kepada semua guru-guru di Malaysia, khususnya
di Selangor.
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1.
Kata-kata Aluan Presiden & Naib Canselor UNISEL
I
2.
Pembuka Kata Dekan PADU
II3.
Mesej Pengarah PERSePADU 2019
III4.
Latar Belakang dan Objektif Program
1V5.
KERTAS KERJA PENUH PEMBENTANGAN
6.
MODIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR
OPTIMUM BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF RHODOCOCCUS
UKMP-5M
Maegala Nallapan Maniyam
1,2*, Anupriya Sundarajoo
2., Nor Suhaila
Yaacob
1,2, Hazeeq Hazwan Azman
1,2and Hasdianty Abdullah
31-3
7.
EFFECT OF PHENOL CONCENTRATION ON THE GROWTH
AND PHENOL DEGRADATION OF RHODOCOCCUS SP.
Suhaila, Y., Hasdianty, A., Maegala, N.M., Kanchana, R., Hazeeq
H. H.,and M. Arbakariya. A.
Nor
4-6
8.
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING Polygunum
minus EXTRACT AND ANALYSIS OF THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL
PROPERTY
Nadzirah Abu Samah, Abdul Latif Ibrahim, Salina Muhamad,
Massuri Mahamudin and Rozila Alias
7-9
9.
RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF PATOGENS GROWN ON
CHROMOGENIC ORIENTATION MEDIA ISOLATED FROM
HEALTHY GASTROINTESTINE TRACT (GIT) CHICKEN
Rozila Alias, Thivyah Karunageran, Siti Nurfatehah Kamal, Faizal
Riza Abu Hasan, Siti Hasmah Moktar, Yusmi Mohd Yunus, Mohd
Nizam Lani, Norazah Mohammad Nawawi and Abdul Latif Ibrahim
10-12
10.
PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION OF CHLOROPHYL A AND B FROM
MICROALGAE ISOLATED FROM SELANGOR SEA WATER
Norazah Mohammad Nawawi, Saraswathy Selvakumar, Norasyiqin
Bakeri, Roshani Othman, Farah Nazuha Mansor
13-15
11.
APPLICATION OF NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS: A CASE
STUDY ON JOBSTREET ADVERTISEMENT FOR SEASONED
ACCOUNTANT IN MALAYSIA
Siti Hawa Mohd Yusoff, Ilani Dayana Noor Azman, Shahida
Abd.Latif dan Naeimah Mamat
16-18
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SELANGOR UNIVERSITY
Mardhiyati Mohd Yunus, Sawal Marsait, Abdullah Mohd Noh, Siti
Zurina Mat Noor, Norhafizah Zahari and Azman Ariffin
13.
PROTOTAIP APLIKASI REALITI MAYA PANORAMA UNISEL SEBAGAI ALAT BANTU PEMASARAN
Mohd Noor Rizal Bin Arbain, Norhayati Binti Mohd Amin dan Norzita
Binti Duriat
22-24
14.
KEBERKESANAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DAN KOMUNIKASI
DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DI PUSAT MATRIKULASI KUIS
Nurul Nadirah Zakaria, Muhammad Fansuri Mohd Zahari dan Mohd
Azrul Sulaiman
25-27
15.
THE POVERTY OF EQUALITY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS OF HARRISON BERGERON
Muhamad Farid Abdul Latiff, Hannah Suraiya Feisal
28-30
16.
THE USE OF HEDGES IN ACADEMIC WRITING: A
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN NATIVE WRITERS AND
MALAY WRITERS OF ENGLISH
Sakinah binti Mohamad @ Md.Som
31-33
17.
SIFAT KESEDARAN FONOLOGI DAN PERANAN ARTIKULASI
DALAM KOMUNIKASI BAHASA MELAYU PENDIDIKAN
AWAL KANAK-KANAK
Abu Bakar Mohd Sheikh dan Said Darkasi
34-36
18.
THE FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENTS SATISFACTION
TOWARDS SELECTION OF EDUCATION LOAN
Nor Effuandy Pfordten, Norhaila binti Sabli, Dr. Norasekin binti Ab
Rashid and Salbiah Hanum binti Mohd Hajali
37-39
19.
READINESS TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURIAL PRACTICES: AN
ANALYSIS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AMONG
UNISEL STUDENTS
Hairin Nisa Meor Nordin and Norhasdalina Hasim
40-42
20.
CAMEL CHARACTERISTICS, FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND
STABILITY OF SELECTED ISLAMIC BANKING IN MALAYSIA
Salina Rasli, Nor Hazwani Hassan, Norhasbi Abdul Samad, Salbiah
Hanum Mohd Hajali and Jamilah Kamis
43-45
THE FACTORS OF COUNTERFEIT BEAUTY PRODUCTS
PURCHASING BEHAVIOUR AMONG WOMEN
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STUDENTS
Jamilah Binti Kamis, Norhasbi Binti Abdul Samad, Lee Siew Pheng,
Salina Binti Rasli, Salbiah Hanum Mohd Hajali and Sylvia Ee Fee
Peing
23.
MODEL PENGURUSAN PEMBANGUNAN MODAL INSAN
ISLAMIK STAF UNISEL
Siti Amalina Ahmad Khairundin, Wan Yusnee Abdullah, Nadiah
Zubbir, Hajar Opir dan Zaharudin Othman
52-54
24.
MODEL PEMBANGUNAN MODAL INSAN PELAJAR DI UNISEL
Wan Yusnee Abdullah, Ahmad Tarmizi Zakaria, Hajar Opir ,
Zaharudin Othman
55-57
25.
HUBUNGAN TRET PERSONALITI DENGAN TAHAP
PENCAPAIAN AKADEMIK GURU PRAPERKHIDMATAN
Uzzairah Nabila Ahmad Tazli,Muhammad Ghazawi Zulkarnain ,
Nurrul Huwaina Ridzuan Lotfi , Norazly Nordin
58-60
26.
KAJIAN MASALAH PENGUASAAN DAN PENGGUNAAN
BAHASA INGGERIS DALAM KALANGAN GURU PELATIH
PENDIDIKAN AWAL KANAK- KANAK UNIVERSITI SELANGOR
Nurhusna binti Abdul Malek, Dr Md Rosli bin Haji Ismail, Irma
Syuryani bt Jaswir, Fazlina binti Haji Ismail, Ng Ming Yip
61-63
27.
PENILAIAN REKABENTUK KURIKULUM PROGRAM
BERDASARKAN DIMENSI LATIHAN MENGAJAR
Syed Lamsah bin Syed Chear, Hafizah binti Khusni, Norsyahida
binti Mat Nazir
& Nurul Ain binti Ismail
64-66
28.
AN INTEGER PROGRAMMING APPROACH FOR LOCATING
PRESCHOOL OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITY IN KUALA
SELANGOR
Hasnur Hidayah Kamaruddin; Khairil Bariyyah Hassan;
Zuraini Ayop; Sharifah Zuraidah Syed Abdul Jalil
67-69
29.
NEEDS ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES
(EAP) IN UNIVERSITY SELANGOR – THE STUDENTS’
PERCEPTIONS
Bashahriyah Bakar, Nadiah Zubir, Noor Fazzrienee JZ Nun Ramlan
Hazrina Ab. Rahim, Che Manisah Mohd Kasim
70-72
30.
UNISEL FOUNDATION STUDENTS’ UNDERSTANDING
TOWARDS PLAGIARISM AS AN ACADEMIC CRIME
Nurshahirah binti Azman, Wan Hazwani binti Wan Hamedi, Nur
Athirah Syuhada binti Hasni, Sakinah binti Mohamed Tajularifin.
73-75
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GAMES
Khairil Bariyyah Hassan, Rahayu Md Khalid, Hasnur Hidayah
Kamaruddin and Yeow Seuk Fei
32.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF 21ST CENTURY SKILLS ON
STUDENT’S ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION TOWARDS STEM
Yusman Istihat, Norhasbi Abdul Samad, Salina Rasli, Muhamad
Ilham Khalit
79-81
33.
KEBOLEHINTEGRASIAN PENDIDIKAN AL-QURAN DAN STEM:
KAJIAN KESEDARAN DI KALANGAN PELAJAR MAAHAD
TAHFIZ SAINS
Salina Muhamad, Muhammad Nazir, Zahirrudin Idris dan Sahrul
Izwan Sapardi
82-84
34.
INOVASI DALAM PENGAJARAN DAN PEMBELAJARAN TAHFIZ
DI UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL: TINJAUAN AWAL
Amaluddin Arshad, Siti Salma Mohamad Shokri dan
Syafawati Salihan
85-87
35.
AN ASSESSMENT OF CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF
DOMAIN AND ZERO IN RATIONAL FUNCTIONS AMONG
PRE-DEGREE STUDENTS
Nabilah Mustapa, Raudzatul Fathiyah Mohd Said , and Raisnee
Lumbihan
88-90
36.
EVALUATION OF EMPLOYEE’S EFFECTIVENESS IN HIGHER
EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (HEI): A CASE STUDY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF SELANGOR (UNISEL)
Ng Ming Yip, Hamdan bin Dato’ Mohd Salleh, Nurdiyana binti
Mohamad Yusof and Iswandi Harahap Burhanuddin
91-93
37.
MASALAH GANGSTERISME DALAM KALANGAN PELAJAR
INDIA DI DAERAH SABAK BERNAM, SELANGOR.
Parameswari Krishnan, Mohd Zaidi Mohd Hajazi, Gunasegaran
Karuppannan, Jamilah Mustafa, Khatipah Abdul Ghani
94-96
38.
ASSESSMENT ON E-WASTE MANAGEMENT AWARENESS
AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN MALAYSIA
Azar Fatiha Mohd Lud, Hasdianty Abdullah, Marini Ibrahim,
Norhayati Mohd Amin1 and Hazeeq Hazwan Azman
97-99
39.
IMPAK PINJAMAN MIKRO KREDIT PERNIAGAAN HIJRAH
SELANGOR TERHADAP POLITIK
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Hamdan Mohd Salleh, Ng Ming Yip and Nadiah Binti Zubbir
41.
TAHAP DAN FAKTOR PENGLIBATAN AKTIVITI FIZIKAL
KAKITANGAN UNIVERSITI SELANGOR
Mohd. Norazwan A. Bakar, Hamdan Dato’ Mohd Salleh, Khairul
Firdaus Ne’matullah
105-107
42.
KESELESAAN INTERAKSI ANTARA ETNIK SEBAGAI
PENANDA ARAS TAHAP PERPADUAN PELAJAR DI UNITEN
Husni Mohd Radzi, Mohd Husin Talib, Nur Sa'adah Mohd Puzi
108-110
43.
FINANCIAL AIDS AMONG ASNAF IN UNIVERSITI TENAGA
NASIONAL
Abdul Aziz Mat Isa, Mohd Husin Talib
111-114
44.
TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE OF MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE
COURSE (MOOC) AMONG STUDENTS AT PUBLIC
UNIVERSITY: A PILOT STUDY
Hafiza Haron, Supyan Hussin, Rizal Yusof, Nor Zakiah, Wan Asnida
115-116
45.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
Ibrahim Hamid, Abdul Rahman Abdul Rahim
117-119
46.ATTITUDE AND PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS AMONG
ORANG ASLI PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SELANGOR
Sharifah Zuraidah Syed Abdul Jalil, Che Manisah Mohd Kasim, Erni
Tanius, and Saibah Siregar
120-122
47.
FAKTOR PENENTU YANG MEMPENGARUHI KADAR
KEPUASAN PENGGUNA BAS SMART SELANGOR: KAJIAN
KES DI BANDARAYA SHAH ALAM
Hanita Hashim, Yati Ashikin Abdul Wahab, Hasliza Mohamad Ali
123-125
POSTER
48.
PROGRAM PSIKOPENDIDIKAN KELOMPOK TENTANG
PERKEMBANGAN SOSIAL EMOSI DALAM HUBUNGAN
ROMANTIK REMAJA
Kong Shin Yee, Zuria Mahmud
126-128
49.
PSIKOPENDIDIKAN KELOMPOK BAGI MURID TIDAK
MENYIAPKAN KERJA SEKOLAH
Lau Yi Yu, Zuria Binti Mahmud, Salleh Bin Amat
129-131
50.
PSIKOPENDIDIKAN KELOMPOK DALAM REMAJA BERCINTA
Tiong Chu Ging and Zuria Binti Mahmud
132-134
51.CRACK DISTANCE DETERMINATION OF CARBON STEEL
SPECIMEN USING METAL MAGNETIC MEMORY TECHNIQUE
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52.
KAJIAN KEBOLEHLAKSANAAN DAN KEBOLEHINTEGRASIAN
PENDIDIKAN AL-QURAN DAN STEM DALAM KOKURIKULUM
SEKOLAH MAAHAD TAHFIZ SAINS (MTS)
Zahirrudin Idris, Muhammad Nazir Mohammed Khalid dan Sahrul
Izwan Sarwadi
138-140
53.
CONVERSION OF GLUCOSE TO LACTIC ACID
BY USING MICROWAVE TREATMENT
Baarathyee Manogaran, Mohammad Syawal Mohammad Collin, SM
Shahrul Nizan Shikh Zahari, Muhammad Humaidi Mansor,
Hasdianty Abdullah, Marini Ibrahim, Maegala Nallapan Maniyam,
Nor Suhaila Yaacob, Hazeeq Hazwan Azman
141-143
54.
APPLICATION OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING METHOD: A CASE
STUDY ON OPTIMIZATION OF COOKIES PRODUCTION
Zuraini Ayop, Atha Maulana Rahim Abu Khoir.
144-146
55.
THE EFFECT OF MOTHERS’ AGE AND PARITY
ON THE NEED OF EPISIOTOMY DURING CHILDBIRTH
Naeimah Mamat; Nithya Naidu Gandi Naidu; Shahida Abd. Latif;
Siti Hawa Mohd Yusoff.
147-149
SENARAI JAWATANKUASA PERSEPADU
150-151
MODIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR OPTIMUM BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF RHODOCOCCUS UKMP-5M
Maegala Nallapan Maniyam1,2*,
Anupriya Sundarajoo
2., Nor Suhaila Yaacob1,2, HazeeqHazwan Azman1,2and Hasdianty Abdullah3
1Centre for Foundation and General Studies, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Institute of Bio-IT Selangor, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Zirkon A7/A, Seksyen 7, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
3Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
*Correspondence Email: [email protected] Abstract
Despite its toxicity, cyanide has been utilized in many industrial processes leading to the generation of voluminous effluents which necessitated treatment prior to discharge into the environment. However, the existing physical and chemical methods for cyanide-containing wastewater removal are incompetent due to reasons such as cost, generation of secondary pollutants and ineffective decontamination of cyanide complexes. Therefore, the development of biological method which can support complete detoxification at low costs is desired for treatment of cyanide-containing wastewater. Rhodococcus UKMP-5M exhibited the potential to detoxify cyanide due the presence of nitrile (organic cyanide) catabolism in its genome sequence. In the present study, the optimized culture conditions at temperature 30 °C and pH value of 6.6 yielded maximized production of biomass for the detoxification cyanide. These findings are highly significant since they accommodated the tropical temperature of Malaysia and the alkaline nature of cyanide-containing wastewater which should be of great interest from an environmental and economic point of views.
Keywords: Biomass, environmental factors, growth factors, optimization, Rhodococcus Introduction
Rhodococcus species have remarkable ability to degrade many pollutants besides producing
biosurfactants or emulsifiers with beneficial applications. They are increasingly becoming more valuable in the field of bioremediation and biotechnology. This is due to their indigenous property in contaminated sites and thus making them suitable to be used as inocula for bioremediation (Hernandez et al., 2019). The metabolic diversity of Rhodococcus is more versatile than the pseudomonads with great persistent in the environment even though they often demonstrate slow growth. In addition, catabolite repression is absent in
Rhododcoccus suggesting that pollutants like hydrocarbons, phenols and nitriles (organic
cyanide) would be degraded even in the presence of more easily assimilable carbon sources (Kuyukina and Ivshina, 2019). Thus, it is only reasonable to capitalize on these locally isolated Rhodococcus strains in cyanide bioremediation. Malaysia, with its rapid growth in industrial sector could greatly benefit from this study since the utilization of biological methods in wastewater treatment is cost effective and most importantly environmentally friendly. Hence, in the present study, the culture conditions for optimal growth of
Rhodococcus UKMP-5M were identified in order to produce maximum biomass to be used as
resting cells for the biodetoxification of cyanide in the future study. Materials and Methods
Preparation of seed culture
Rhodococcus UKMP-5M was kindly supplied by the Culture Collection Unit, Institute of
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containing 8 g/L nutrient broth. A loop full of culture of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M maintained routinely on agar plate from glycerol stock was transferred aseptically into medium and left to shake at 30 °C for 24 hours at an agitation of 160 rpm. The experiment was terminated when the optical density of the seed culture reached the range between 0.900 and 1.000.
Optimization of nutritional and physical parameter
The production medium consisting of 8 g/L nutrient broth was prepared in triplicate with 50 mL medium in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask each. Bacterial suspension amounting to 1 mL (2 % v/v) from 24 hours old seed culture (0.900 to 1.000 at 600 nm) was inoculated into the production vessels. Control experiment was established in the absence of the cultures. Table 1 shows the physical variables that were tested in order to maximize the growth of
Rhodococcus UKMP-5M for the biodetoxification of cyanide.
Table 1: Factors tested to obtain highest growth rate of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M
Affecting Factors Variables
Temperature (°C) 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 pH 5, 6, 6.6, 7, 8 and 9 Determination of cell density and dry cell weight
The optical density in triplicate was measured using the spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 600 nm against distilled water as the reference. The determination of dry cell weight followed the protocols established Nallapan Maniyam et al. (2013).
Statistical Analysis
All experiments were carried out in triplicate and the data were analyzed by using SPSS version 17.0. Comparison between groups was performed by using Duncan analysis (values with different letters in superscript are significantly different). A one-way ANOVA test (95% confidence interval) was used to evaluate differences between groups and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results and Discussion
At optimum temperature, all aspects of cell metabolism function at their finest whereby the cells were able to rapidly increase in size leading to efficient enzymatic systems. It was found that the ideal temperature for the cultivation of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M was at 30 °C as supported by previous reports (Moradkhaniet al., 2018), a feature of many bacteria isolated
from environmental habitats, generating an amount of 6.3222 g/L dry cell weight. Malaysia with temperature ranging from 28 °C to 33 °C could greatly benefit from these findings since most actual cyanide bioremediation sites were operated at ambient temperature which coincided with the optimal growth of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M. The strain proliferated reasonably well at 25 and 35 °C which corresponded to a biomass of 2.9889 and 2.5889 g/L, respectively as shown in Table 2. Rhodococcus UKMP-5M survived better in the temperature range between 25 °C and 35 °C implying the typical characteristics of a mesophile (Moradkhaniet al., 2018). The growth reduced rather substantially at 20 and 40 °C resulting in
merely 0.5922 and 0.1033 g/L dry cell weight, respectively. The movement of molecules decelerated as the temperature was lowered suggesting the inability of enzymes to mediate in chemical reactions and eventually all activities were brought to a halt due to the viscosity of the cell interior. Meanwhile, at higher temperature, enzymes started to denature and the total affect was detrimental to cellular growth (Chalidahet al., 2018).
E-ISBN 978-967-17756-0-8
Persepadu 2019
with a biomass of 0.2556 and 0.2311 g/L respectively. This may be due to lowered stability of plasma membrane coupled with inhibited enzyme membrane as well as proteins transport (Shukor et al., 2009). It was rather apparent from Table 2 that the alkaline conditions appeared to encourage the cultivation of this isolate since it could tolerate higher pH considerably as compared to that of acidic conditions, a distinct characteristic of an actinomycete (Moradkhani
et al., 2018). It was also observed that Rhodococcus UKMP-5M exhibited highest growth at
near neutral pH which was acknowledged by the fact that the cytoplasm in most bacteria has a pH level of 7.
Table 2: Effect of different culture conditions on the growth of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M Factor Dry Cell Wight (g/L) Optical Density at 600 nm Temperature (°C) 20 25 30 35 40 0.5922d± 0.0136 2.9889b± 0.0215 6.3222a± 0.0016 2.5889c± 0.0011 0.1033e± 0.0119 0.480d± 0.002 1.338b± 0.000 1.849a± 0.001 0.992c± 0.000 0.229e± 0.001 pH 5 6 6.6 7 8 9 10 0.2556e± 0.036 2.6000d± 0.027 4.3222a± 0.019 3.9222b± 0.301 3.2889c± 0.121 2.3889d± 0.164 0.2311e± 0.088 0.348e± 0.02 1.240d± 0.01 1.616a± 0.00 1.466b± 0.01 1.373c± 0.01 1.184d± 0.01 0.251e± 0.00 Conclusion
The discoveries from the present study indicated that the optimum temperature and pH for maximized growth of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M was 30 °C and alkaline pH values, respectively which are beneficial for actual use in the biodetoxification of cyanide. This is because cyanide-containing wastewater is alkaline in pH and the optimum temperature is fitting for tropical Malaysian climate with temperature ranging from 28 °C to 33 °C.
References
Chalidah, N., Khotimah, I. N., Hakim, A. R., Meata, B. A., Puspita, I. D., Nugraheni, P. S., & Pudjiraharti, S. 2018. Chitinase activity of Pseudomonas stutzeri PT5 in different fermentation condition. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science l(139): p. 012042. IOP Publishing.
Hernández, M. A., Alvarez, H. M., Lanfranconi, M. P., Silva, R. A., Herrero, O. M., & Villalba, M. S. 2019. Central Metabolism of Species of the Genus Rhodococcus. In Biology of Rhodococcus (pp. 61-85). Springer, Cham.
Kuyukina, M. S., & Ivshina, I. B. 2019. Bioremediation of Contaminated Environments Using Rhodococcus. In Biology of Rhodococcus 231-270. Springer, Cham.
Maniyam, M. N., Sjahrir, F., Ibrahim, A. L., & Cass, A. E. 2013. Biodegradation of cyanide by acetonitrile-induced cells of Rhodococcus sp. UKMP-5M. The Journal of general and applied microbiology, 59(6): 393-404.
Moradkhani, M., Yaghmaei, S., & Nejad, Z. G. 2018. Biodegradation of cyanide under alkaline conditions by a strain of Pseudomonas putida isolated from gold mine soil and optimization of process variables through response surface methodology (RSM). Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering, 62(3): 265-273.
Shukor, M. Y., Gusmanizar, N., Ramli, J., Shamaan, N. A., MacCormack, W. P., & Syed, M. A. 2009. Isolation and characterization of an acrylamide-degrading Antarctic bacterium. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(1): 107-112.
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Persepadu 2019
EFFECT OF PHENOL CONCENTRATION ON THE GROWTH AND PHENOL DEGRADATION OF RHODOCOCCUS SP.
Nor Suhaila, Y1.2*; Hasdianty, A3; Kanchana, R1; Maegala, N.M1.2; Hazeeq H, H3and
M. Arbakariya, A4
1Institute Bio-IT Selangor, Jalan Zirkon A7/A, Seksyen 7, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor
2Centre for Foundation and General Studies, Universiti Selangor, Jalan ZIrkon A7/A, Seksyen 7, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor
3Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
4Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Correspondence Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Biological method for phenol degradation was performed in this study using versatile strain of
Rhodococcus sp. Experiment was conducted using 250 mL shake flask. The effect of phenol
concentration on growth and phenol degradation were investigated. This study suggested that the strain was able to utilize phenol at concentration up to 0.9 g/L, whereby growth is inhibited at lower or high phenol concentration. Therefore, Rhodococcus sp. has potential to be used in phenol containing waste as well as in bioremediation process.
Keywords: Bioremediation, carbon source, degradation, optimization, phenol degradation,
Rhodococcus sp.,
Introduction
Chlorinated aromatic compounds pose one of the most serious contemporary environmental problems worldwide because they have been used in large quantities as herbicides, pesticides and solvents. In the 1980s, rapidly increasing environmental contamination raised concerns about health of ecosystems and humans and interest in biological methods of pollution cleanup (bioremediation) (Martinkova et al., 2009). Phenol also is a reasonably common wastewater contaminant which has been found to be either toxic or lethal to fish and most types of microorganisms at relatively low concentrations (Agarry et al., 2007). Due to the toxicity effects and endocrine disrupting properties of phenolic compounds, their removal from water and wastewater has gained widespread global attention. Therefore, biodegradation of phenol at high concentration has been an interesting topics of research for many years (Bajaj et al., 2009) and phenol biodegradation has been chosen as a method to remediate environments contaminated by phenol, which is massively discharged from uncontrolled industrial waste disposal. Rhodococci may be naturally present in contaminated environment and are promising candidates for bioremediation (Martinkova et al., 2009). The genus
Rhodococcus is Gram-positive aerobic bacteria, and is closely related to the other mycolic
acid containing genera: Nocardia, Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium. Recent studies on their metabolic activities have shown rhodococci to be of important use in industrial, pharmaceutical and environmental biotechnology. Beside, it is also proving useful in pharmaceuticals as antibiotic, anti-fungal and anti-tumor. Rhodococcus sp. P1 was also found to degrade high phenol concentration. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ability of Rhodococcus UKMP-5M to degrade phenol. The effect of various phenol
Material and Methods
Microorganism andinoculum preparation
The bacterium, Rhodococcus rubber (also known as Rhodococcus UKMP-5M) was used throughout this study. This bacterium was isolated from a petroleum contaminated soil at Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia and maintained at the UNISEL Culture Collection Centre, Selangor, Malaysia. The bacterium from the stock culture was grown in nutrient broth for 24 h and the culture was used as standard inoculums for all cultivation and degradation experiments.
Medium
Liquid mineral salt medium (M1) consisted of (g/L): K2HPO4, 0.4; KH2PO4, 0.2; NaCl, 1;
MgSO40.1; MnSO40.01; FeSO4H2O, 0.01; Na2MoO4.2H2O, 0.01; (NH4)2SO4,0.4 and phenol,
0.1-1.3 was used in all cultivation and phenol degradation experiments. The initial pH value of the medium will be adjusted to 7.5 using 30 % NaOH before autoclaving and phenol will be filter sterilized using 0.2 µm regenerated cellulose membrane filter. The variables varied for the cultivation experiments include phenol concentration and glucose concentration.
Fermentation
Batch fermentation in was carried out in 250 mL shake flask containing 100 mL medium. Medium was sterilised at 121oC for 20 minutes. The medium was inoculated with 10 % (v/v)
inoculum that was previously grown overnight on the nutrient broth medium (NB) to initiate the cultivation and degradation of phenol. The flask was incubated at temperature 30oC on a
rotary shaker, agitated at 160 rpm. All fermentations were performed in triplicate and the results were presented in average value. During the cultivation, 10 mL of culture samples were withdrawn at different time intervals for analysis of cell concentration and phenol degradation. Sample was analyzed for dry cell weight dan phenol degradation (APHA, 1998). Results and Discussion
Effect of phenol concentration
The cell growth and biodegradation of increasing phenol concentration was shown in Figures 1. Rhodococcus UKMP-5M fully degraded phenol in concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.9 g/L. Up to 0.7 g/L, phenol was completely degraded within one day cultivation. The rest of phenol concentration had taken up to 8 days or more to degrade. Although 0.9 mg/L phenol was only degraded after 8 days of fermentation, but the Rhodococcus UKMP-5M cells concentration was significantly the highest with maximum concentration of 0.27 g/L cell. Bacterium in 1.3 g/L phenol was not degraded until 10 days of fermentation. Similar to control experiment, cell growth of Rhodococcus was inhibited at the lowest and the highest concentration of phenol. With increasing amounts of phenol, lag-phases increased due to substrate inhibition by the toxic substrate phenol (Margesin et al., 2005). Results from this study indicated that the degradation of phenol was non-associated with growth of
Rhodococcus UKMP-5M. Rhodococcus UKMP-5M was observed can tolerate up to 0.9 g/L
Figure 1. Effect of phenol concentration on growth profile of Rhodococcus sp. and phenol degradation. Symbols: (◊) 0 g/L (control); (■) 0.2 g/L; (∆) 0.3 g/L; (□) 0.5g/L; (○) 0.7 g/L; (●) 0.9 g/L; (▲) 1.3 g/L
Conclusion
Rhodococcus sp. has demonstrated that it was capable to degrade phenol and the degradation
rate was greatly affected by phenol concentration supplied to the culture. Only up to 700 g/L phenol was degraded in 24 hours even though Rhodococcus sp. can tolerate up to 900 mg/L phenol.
Acknowledgements
Thank you to Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia for supporting this project.
References
1. APHA, 1998. Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.2 th Edition. Method 5530. pp. 540-544.
2. Agary, S.E, Betiku, E. and Solomon, B.O. 2007. Inhibition Kinetics of Phenol Degradation by Binary Mixed Xulture from Continuous Culture and Wash-Out Data.
Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2(6): 1020-1026.
3. Bajaj, M., Gallert, C. and Winter, J. 2009. Phenol degradation kinetics of an aerobic mixed culture. Biochemical Engineering Journal 46: 205-209.
4. Margesin, R., Fonteyne, P.A. and Redl, B. 2005. Low-temperature Biodegradation of High Amounts of Phenol by Rhodococcus spp. and Basidiomycetous Yeasts. Research in
Microbiology 156 (2005): 68–75.
5. Martinkova, L., Uhnakova, B., Miroslav Patek, M., Nesvera, J. and Kren, V. 2009. Biodegradation potential of the genus Rhodococcus. Environment International 35: 162-177.
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING Polygunum minus EXTRACT AND ANALYSIS OF THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY
*Nadzirah Abu Samah1,2*, Abdul Latif Ibrahim1, Salina Muhamad3, Massuri Mahamudin1and Rozila
Alias1,2
1Institute of Bio-IT Selangor, Universiti Selangor, A7/A Jalan Zirkon, Seksyen 7, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Centre for Foundation and General Studies,
Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia3Faculty of Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, 45600 Bestari Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
*Correspondence Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing and promising field that makes best use of inert metals
like silver, gold and platinum to synthesize metallic nanoparticles with high potential for
various applications. Among all metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have much
attention due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) (strong absorption in the visible region),
which can be easily observed by UV–visible spectrophotometer. This study aims to investigate
an antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesize using Polygonum minus
extract as a reducing agent and aqueous silver nitrate as a precursor. Based on the observation,
the colorless reaction mixture slowly changed from yellowish green to reddish brown and
further confirmed by surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) band at 440 nm using UV–visible
spectroscopy indicating of reduction of silver ion after several minutes of reaction. The AgNPs
was characterized by Field-emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) and
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The observation of FE-SEM showed the size of AgNPs
was produced in range of 15 nm – 25 nm, while based on EDX, 82.6% of AgNPs were
determined and strong peaks for silver (Ag). Three bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus
(ATCC 43300), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)
were chosen to be tested for this study. The morphological changes of bacterial cells treated
with AgNPs were observed by FE-SEM and showed that the AgNPs has good antimicrobial
properties against microorganisms and it is proven by low of MIC value. Thus, the ability of
AgNPs to release Ag ions is a key to their antimicrobial activity.
Keywords: Silver Nanoparticles; Polygonum minus; green synthesis, antimicrobial
IntroductionRecent advancement in nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology has expanded our ability to
design and construct nano materials with targeting, therapeutic, and diagnostic functions. These
multifunctional materials have attracted our attention to be used as the promising tool for
selective bacteria sensing and therapy without the current drugs. The most effective vicinity of
nanotechnology is the competence of modulating metals into their nano size (Jeevanandam et
al., 2018) which offers unique approaches to probe and control a wide variety of biological and
medical processes that occur at nanometer length and is believed to have a successful collision
on biology and medicine (Zarina and Nanda, 2014). Owing to their high antibacterial properties,
nanoparticles of silver, oxides of zinc, titanium, copper, and iron are the most commonly used
nanoparticles in antimicrobial studies. Furthermore, these nanoparticles have been used to
deliver other antimicrobial drugs to the site of pathological process (
Gatto
and
Bardi
, 2018).
Metallic nanoparticles provide an attractive alternative to antibiotics in the pharmaceutical field
by developing novel applications. The synthesis of nanomaterials of specific composition and
size is a burgeoning area of materials science research. The properties of these materials in
applications as diverse as catalysis, sensors and medicine depend critically on the size and
composition of the nanomaterial (
Navya
and
Daima
, 2016). Thus, researchers have used
biological synthesis, since this technique provides the particles with good control over the size
distribution. The main reason for this may be that the processes devised by nature for the
synthesis of inorganic materials on nano- and micro- scales have contributed to the
development of a relatively new and largely unexplored area of research based on green
chemistry.
Material and Methods
Preparation of leaf extract
15g of Polygonum minus powder leaves were weighed and then 100ml of double distilled water
was added and boiled for 15 minutes at 100
oC. After cooling the extract was filtered using
Whatman No. 1 filter paper and store at 4
0C for further use.
Green Synthesis of Plant Silver Nanoparticles and CharacterizationAn accurate concentration of 0.1 M AgNO3 was prepared. By dissolving 3.058g of AgNO3in 180ml of
double distilled water and stored in amber colored bottle to prevent auto oxidation of silver. The concentration was set for 0.1 M which was the optimum concentration of AgNPs to show the smallest particles size according to our previous finding.
The synthesis of AgNPs was carried out by added of 20 ml P. minus extract in 180 ml of 0.1 M aqueous AgNO3 solution. The mixture solution was stirred and heated at 80˚C. The color change of the solution
was observed and recorded. UV-Vis spectrophotometer was used for the spectrometric analysis to confirm the formation of AgNPs. To determine the time point of maximum production of AgNPs, the absorption spectra of the sample was taken 300 – 700 nm using a UV-vis spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Model Biomate 3 spectrophotometer). The deionized water was used as the blank. Proceed with collected of AgNPs, the solution was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 30 minutes. The separated nanoparticles settled at the bottom was collected and washed for three time with double distilled water at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes of each sample. The collected AgNPs was dried in the oven at 60oC for until achieve to the constant weight. The stabilized powder forms of the nanoparticles were
stored for further characterization.
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
The minimum inhibitory concentration is defined as the lowest concentration able to inhibit any
visible bacterial growth on the culture plates. This was determined from readings on the culture
plates after incubation. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of silver nanoparticles
(Ag NPs) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was determined according to the
microdilution method of the CLSI M38-A2 using 96-well microtiter plates with some
modifications (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2008). A broth microdilution method
was recommended by CLSI as a general standard methodology for testing active compound or
commercialized antimicrobial agent. Thus, this method was employed to analysed the MIC of
0.1 M, 0.01 M and 1 mM of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). Each well contained the 10 µL of
bacteria at a final concentration of 1.0 × 10
6cells/mL, 100 µL of MH broth, and 100 µL of 0.1
M, 0.01 M and 1 mM Ag NPs. Mueller Hinton (MH) broth without test agents was included as
an agent-free control, and MH broth was used as medium blank. All plates were incubated in an
aerobic incubator at 37 °C for 24 h, after which the growth was determined
spectrophotometrically at 550 nm by means of a microplate reader (PowerWave 200, Bio-Tek
Instruments, and Winooski, VT, USA). The data were reported as the median of at least 3
MBC, indicating 99.5% killing of the original inoculum. Absence of viable growth following
24 to 48 h incubation indicated the MBC of compound on the respective strains.
Result And Discussion
It is well known that AgNPs exhibit brown color in aqueous solution due to excitation of
surface Plasmon vibrations in AgNPs. In this experiment AgNPs were successfully synthesized
from the aqueous AgNO
3solution using P. minus extract in a continuously heated and stirred
mixture. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by change in the color of the solution mixture
by the bioreduction of Ag
+to Ag
0(Khan et al., 2017). The colorless reaction mixture slowly
changed from yellowish green to reddish brown indicating of reduction of Ag ion after several
minutes of reaction (Figure 1).
Figure 1: The changes color of (a) Polygonum Minus Extract and (b) Synthesized of AgNPs
Minimum inhibitory concentrations are important in diagnostic laboratories to confirm
resistance of microorganisms to an antimicrobial agent and also to monitor the activity of new
antimicrobial agents. MIC is generally regarded as the most basic laboratory measurement of
the activity of an antimicrobial agent against an organism.
The MIC and MBC of AgNPs
towards all six bacterial species showed variations (Table 1). The MICs of 0.1 M of AgNPs
were determined within the range of 31.25 to 100 µg/mL, while the MBC values were from
62.5 to 100 µg/mL. For
Pseudomona aeruginosa
and
Staphylococcus aureus
the MBCs
were found to be greater than 100 µg/mL Among the six bacterial species S. aureus was
the most susceptible to the 0.1 M AgNPs. While the Bacillus subtilis showed a negative result
with AgNPs.
Table 1: MIC and MBC (µg/ml) inhibitory results of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)
Compounds Antibacterial susceptibility test (µg/ml)a1 2 3 4 5 6
MIC 50 50 100 50 31.25 >1000
MBC >100 100 >100 100 62.5 N.D
a
(1) Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, (2) Salmonella typhi, (3) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 15442, (4) Escherichia coli UPMC 25922, (5) Klebsiella, (6) Bacillus subtilis
ATCC®11774™
Conclusion
In this study, the synthesized AgNPs using P. minus extract with AgNO3aqueous were successfully produced. It can be conclude that plant extract being very ecofriendly, cost effective, promising a small size of molecule and as effective antibacterial materials against various microorganism and this method is potentially exciting for the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles.
References
Jeevanandam, J., Barhoum, A., Chan, Y. S., Dufresne, A. & Danquah, M. K. 2018. Review on Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Materials: History, Sources, Toxicity and Regulations. Beilstein J Nanotechnol, 9, 1050–1074. Zarina, A. & Nanda, A. 2014. Combined Efficacy of Antibiotics and Biosynthesised Silver Nanoparticles from Streptomyces Albaduncus. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 6, 1862-1869.
Gatto, F. & Bardi, G. 2018. Metallic Nanoparticles: General Research Approaches to Immunological Characterization. Nanomaterials (Basel), 8(10),753.
RAPID IDENTIFICATION OF PATOGENS GROWN ON CHROMOGENIC ORIENTATION MEDIA ISOLATED FROM HEALTHY GASTROINTESTINE TRACT (GIT) CHICKEN Rozila Alias1,2*, Thivyah Karunageran2, Siti Nurfatehah Kamal2, Faizal Riza Abu Hasan5, Siti Hasmah
Moktar3, , Yusmi Mohd Yunus3, Mohd Nizam Lani4, Norazah Mohammad Nawawi1,2and Abdul Latif
Ibrahim2
1Centre for Foundation and General Studies,Universiti Selangor, Bestari Jaya, Kuala Selangor, Selangor. 2Institute of Bio-IT Selangor, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Zirkon, A/7A, Seksyen 7, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor.
3Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Bestari Jaya, Kuala Selangor, Selangor. 4Faculty of Food Science and Agrotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu,
Terengganu
5Geneflux Biosciences Sdn Bhd., G-1, Menara KLH, Bandar Puchong Jaya, 47100 Puchong, Selangor. *Correspondence Email: [email protected]
Abstract
Sustainable chicken meat production is an important to provide a safe and good quality protein sources for human as foods and nutritions. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of chickens harbors a diverse and a complex microbiota that plays a vital role in digestion and absorption of nutrients, immune system development and pathogen exclusion. But however, the integrity, functionality and health of chicken guts depends on many factors, including environments, feed and the GIT microbiota. The symbiotic interactions between host and microorganisms is a fundamental to improve chicken health and production. Recently, many research studies were carried out on the chicken GIT microbiota relied on new techniques either molecular or microbiological study. A new chromogenic plate medium, CHROMagar Orientation, was evaluated for use in this study to differentiate and presumptive identification of gram-negative bacilli and Enterococcus species by differentiating color on agar plates. The aims of this study are to isolate pathogens in five parts of GIT healthy chickens. Five chicken’s farms were randomly selected in triplicate from each farms. Then the GIT was divided into five parts and the pathogens bacteria was isolated using a chromogenic agar. After the incubations, colonies on the plates were counted and calculated its colony forming unit (cfu). From the results, three chicken farms gave a similar value of cfu/ml within the range 4.2626 to 4.1200. Then another two farms gave a value of cfu/ml which are 0.9755 (local chicken farm) and 1.124 (broiler chicken farm). The chromogenic medium was found to be facilitating easier visual by coloring detection of mixed bacterial isolates especially pathogens in sample cultures. Further, there is a need for better understanding of the chicken GIT function and microbiology that will provide us new opportunities for the improvement of chicken health, meats and egg productions.
Keywords: chicken, GIT microbiota, Chromogenic media, pathogens Introduction
A healthy gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is essential for efficient conversion of feed into its basic
component for optimal nutrient absorption. The GIT has its function for digestive, absorptive,
metabolic, immunological and endocrinological. Over the past two decades, this GIT issue has
gained more interest in poultry production due to increasing demands for economic efficiency,
animal welfare, food safety, reduction in environmental impacts, and a ban on or avoidance of
growth promotant antibiotic use (Edgar, 2019). Chromogenic agar offers a faster approach for
Materials and Methods
Five chicken’s farms were selected randomly and triplicate GIT of healthy chickens were taken and proceed to isolate the microorganisms onto Chromogenic agar plates (CHROMagar Orientation plates). A serial dilution was prepared and GIT was divided into five parts which are trakea, duodenum, small intestine, colon and caesum. Then, the samples were spread onto chromogenic agar and incubated at 35-37oC for 16 to 24hr. Colonies with various colors and morphology appeared according to manufactured
instruction as in Table 1 were counted and calculated for colony forming unit (CFU) value. Colony forming unit (CFU)/ml = number of colonies x dilution factor
volume on plates (ml)
Table 1: Guidelines for Presumptive Identification Based on Different Colony Colors Bacteria species
Group Presumptive Bacteria species Colors and morphology
KECS group (Blue-torquise)
Klebsiella Medium-metalic-torquise blue to dark
blue colonies
Citrobacter Blue-purple colonies
Enterococcus Blue-green small colonies
S.marcencent Aqua Blue
S. agalactiae Light blue-green to light blue, pinpoint to
small colonies, with or without halos
Ec (Pinkish)
Escherichia coli Dark rose to pink, transparent colonies,
medium to large size, with or without halos in the surrounding medium
S. saprophyticus Light pink to rose, small opaque colonies
with or without halos
PAS group
(cream white) Pseudomonas, AcinetobacterS. aureus, S.epidermis, Providensia
Cream to yellow or clearance, small colonies
Results and Discussion
Appearance of isolates on CHROMagar Orientation plates.
A single colonies were grown on CHROMagar Orientation plates after 16 to 24 h incubation. There was a consistent color reaction observed for some species or genus, with discrepancies summarized in Table 1. The number of each colony with three colors (blue, pink and cream) were recorded to facilitate the identification of pathogens in mixed cultures. Colony forming unit (CFU/ml) was performed as in Figure 1 in five different GIT parts and also overall CFU/ml as stated in Table 2. A few question survey was also asked to the owner farm related to antibiotic used and other management. From the Figure 1, CFU/ml value is higher in duodenum and caesum parts. Based on the results, three chicken farms have a similar value of Log10CFU/ml and Farm B and Farm C have the lowest value. The selected of pathogens
were streaked again to get a pure culture for further species identification (Table 3). This finding very important as food safety has a risk to humans associated with poultry contaminated with pathogens that could contribute significantly to food-borne diseases in humans (Hald et al., 2016; Rouger et al., 2017; Edgar, 2019) specifically when animals reared for their meat are colonized by bacterial pathogens, these pathogens can be spread to humans via the food chain (Tahiru et al., 2019). Unfortunately, the food-borne bacterial pathogen risk to humans associated with poultry feed has not been given the desired attention currently.
Table 2: Estimation of Overall Average of Colony Forming Unit (CFU/ml) in GIT. No. Farms Location Chicken Overall Average of
CFU/ml in GIT (CFU/ml)Log10 1. A Kuala Pilah, N. Sembilan Local 4.2043 0.6237
2. B Kuala Pilah, N.Sembilan Local 0.9755 0.0107 3. C Meru, Klang, Selangor Broiler 1.1240 0.0507 4. D Kapar, Klang, Selangor Local 4.2652 0.6299 5. E Kuang, Rawang, Selangor Broiler 4.1200 0.6148
Figure 1: Microbial Count Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/ml in five parts of GIT from chicken farms.
Conclusion
ChromAgar Orientation medium was a good and fast discrimination presumptive of common species of pathogen bacteria from the mixed culture from GIT samples using direct plating.However, this finding will further confirmation identification of species by biochemical and DNA sequencing.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank to Selangor’s State government for sponsored the research grant (Geran Penyelidikan Negeri Selangor), Universiti Selangor and the farmers cooperations.
References
Edgar, O Oviedo-Rondon. 2019. Holistic view of intestinal health in poultry. Journal of Animal Feed Science and Technology, Vol: 250: pg. 1-8
Hald, T., Aspinall, W., Devleesschauwer, B. 2016. World Health Organization estimates of the relative contributions of food to the burden of disease due to selected foodborne hazards: A structured expert elicitation. PLoS ONE, Vol. 11 (1). Article ID e0145839.
Rouger, A., Tresse, O., and Zagorec, M. 2017. Bacterial contaminants of poultry meat: sources, species, and dynamics. Journal of Microorganisms. Vol. 5 (3). Article 50.
Tahiru Mahami , Wellington Togby-Tetteh, Delali Isaac Kottoh, Leticia Amoakoah-Twum, Emmanuel Gasu, Sylvester Nana Yao Annan, Daniel Larbi, Isaac Adjei, and Abraham Adu-Gyamfi. 2019. Microbial Food Safety Risk to Humans Associated with Poultry Feed: The Role of Irradiation. Hindawi International Journal of Food Science. Article ID 6915736, 7 pages
PRELIMINARY EXTRACTION OF CHLOROPHYL A AND B FROM MICROALGAE ISOLATED FROM SELANGOR SEA WATER
Norazah Mohammad Nawawi1,2*, Saraswathy Selvakumar3, Norasyiqin Bakeri2, Roshani Othman3and
Farah Nazuha Mansor3
1Centre for Foundation and General Studies, Universiti Selangor, Malaysia 2Institute of Bio-IT Selangor, Universiti Selangor, Malaysia 3Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Malaysia
*Corresponding Email: [email protected] Abstract
Microalgae are organisms found in marine and freshwater environments. the objective of this study was to obtain the chlorophyll a and b pigment from the microalgae isolated from a marine sample in Selangor. Chlorophyll a and b pigment were extracted from the sample by using methanol (99.5%), acetone (99.5%), and ethanol (95%) as the extraction solvents. Spectrophotometric analysis has been used to analyze and quantify the pigments. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content of acetone extracted samples were higher than compared to ethanol and methanol. Total chlorophyll was obtained at 6.196 ug/ml.
Keywords: Microalgae; pigment; chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b; extraction Introduction
Microalgae are unicellular which consists of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. These aquatic algae will be found in freshwater and marine systems which is 1-50 micrometer in diameter without any roots or leaves (Singh, Liu, & Sharma, 2013). According to estimation about 200,000 to 800,000 species in many different genera exist of which about 50,000 species are described (Marilum, 2019). Over 15,000 novel compounds originating from algal biomass have been chemically determined. Microalgae contain proteins, sterols, vitamins, pigments, carotenoids, and polysaccharides that can be extracted for further applications such as biofuel production, pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industry.
Algae consist of three major classes of photosynthetic pigments which are chlorophylls, carotenoid (carotenes and xanthophyll) and phycobilins.A primary pigment in microalgae which absorb blue and red wavelength and then transmits green light is chlorophyll. Environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature, pH and nutrient presence in culture medium affect the pigment production in microalgae (Begum et al., 2016). Suitable medium is needed to culture the microalgae. For the light intensity, sunlight or artificial light source can be used in culturing microalgae. Chlorophyll is one of the valuable bioactive compounds that can be extracted from microalgal biomass. Chlorophylls and its derivatives are essential as pharmaceutical and also is being used in cosmetics. They have some wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties so that they are being used widely in medicines (Ghosh et al., 2018). Chlorophylls have a wide range of applications due to its coloring effect, tissue growth-stimulating effect, antioxidant and ant mutagenic properties (Halim et al., 2010). Extraction solvents such as methanol (99.5%), ethanol (95%) and acetone (99.5%) were used in the extraction of pigment from microalgae. The degree of affinity to the chemical composition of the pigments is depended in choosing the effective solvent.
Materials and Methods
The growth of microalgae was monitored regularly so that the microalgae were harvested when the pigment content was the highest at the end of stationary phase (Ilavarasi et al., 2011). 5 mL sample culture was withdrawn into 50 mL falcon tube. The cells were centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 5 minutes. The upper part which is supernatant was removed. Before the centrifugation, the empty 50 mL of falcon tube was weighed. The pelleted cells contained falcon tube was weighed after the centrifugation.
Optimization of the extraction process was carried out using different solvents which were methanol (99.5%), acetone (99.5%) and ethanol (95%). The pellet was suspended in calculated volume of solvent by strong vortex mixing for 20 minutes. After the strong vortex mixing at high speed, the mixture of cell and solvent was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 1 minute. The supernatant was collected for further spectrophotometric analysis. Quantification of the pigment extracted was carried out by using composed equations (Henriques et al., 2007). Finally, statistical analysis was analyzed by one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance). The means comparisons significance was tested at P<0.05.
Results and Discussion
The regular observation was carried out frequently to ensure the growth of microalgae. After 5 days of the inoculation, the microalgae culture was turned to be green in color. Based on the optical density measurement, the growth rate of both microalgae gradually increased from 5thday to 25thday. Equations
were proposed to determine the concentration of the pigments by using specific absorption coefficient (Lichtenthaler, 1987).
Organic solvents were used in the extraction of pigments from microalgae sample. Table 1 shows the concentration of the pigments extracted by three different solvents which determined by using the composed equation for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophylls.
Table 1: The concentration of the pigments (μg/mL) extracted by Type of pigments Pigment
concentration using acetone (99.5%) (μg/mL) Pigment concentration using methanol (99.5%) (μg/mL) Pigment concentration using ethanol (95%) (μg/mL) Chlorophyll a 3.39 ± 1.5 2.52 ± 1.8 2.45 ± 1.0 Chlorophyll b 3.30 ± 0.7 1.15 ± 1.0 1.50 ± 0.4 Total chlorophylls 6.255 ± 1.8 3.66 ± 2.6 3.98 ± 0.9
Based on Table 1, which shows the concentration calculated by equations and Beer’ law, the concentration of chlorophyll b is quite lower than chlorophyll a. In pigmentation, microalgae show a great diversity whereas different groups’ algae have different pigment composition as well. As pigments usually can be found in chromophores which is a specialized plastid, all major algal groups will have minimum one pigment in their cells. Chlorophylls are the main pigments and being responsible for the green color of the algae. As a chlorine pigment, it is related to porphyrin which contains an iron compound (heme). Its chemical structure has the magnesium (Mg2+) in the center of the ring.
Of the three extraction solvents tested, for both samples, the best solvent for the extraction of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and phycoerythrin is acetone (99.5%). As a standard solvent for the chlorophylls extraction, it has given better result than the other two solvents because of its high insolubility among the three solvents. One-way Anova was carried out for all type of solvents. When comparing the effect of solvent, it was determined that p-value is 0.802 > 0.05. So, there is no significant difference in the yield for three solvents. However, the data obtained important as the guide to optimize the pigment extraction process from locally isolated microalgae.
Conclusion
References
Begum, H., Yusoff, F. M. D., Banerjee, S., Khatoon, H. & Shariff, M. 2016. Availability and Utilization of Pigments from Microalgae. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 56(13).
Ghosh, P., Das, P., Mukherjee, R., Banik, S., Karmakar, S. & Chatterjee, S. 2018. Extraction and Quantification of Pigments From Indian Traditional. International Journal of Pharmaceutical
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Halim, R., Hosikian, A., Lim, S. & Danquah, M. K. 2010. Chlorophyll extraction from microalgae: A review on the process engineering aspects. International Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2209– 2222.
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Lichtenthaler, H. K. 1987. Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Pigments of Photosynthetic Biomembranes.
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APPLICATION OF NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS: A CASE STUDY ON JOBSTREET ADVERTISEMENT FOR SEASONED ACCOUNTANT IN MALAYSIA
Siti Hawa Mohd Yusoff*, Ilani Dayana Noor Azman, Shahida Abd.Latif and Naeimah Mamat Department of Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Jalan
Timur Tambahan, 47000 Bestari Jaya, Selangor. *Correspoding Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to understand the credibility of online job advertisement which is Jobstreet by investigating the relationship of salary posted with years of experience required and type of company in Malaysia for seasoned accountant. 200 samples of job posted in Jobstreet have been collected ranging from four types of company which are Accounting, Consulting, Property Management, and Manufacturing. Using a nonparametric method of regression analysis (Theil Sen Estimator), this study found that the salary posted in Jobstreet advertisement and the years of experience required for a seasoned accountant has a positive correlation and significant relationship with each other. Also, based on the nonparametric analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis Test), the study showed that there is not enough evidence to support that there is a significant relationship between the type of company and the salary of a seasoned accountant.
Keywords: Jobstreet; Kruskal-Wallis Test; Nonparametric Statistics; Theil Sen Estimator. Introduction
Online hiring or e-hiring is the main sources for employer to attract the right candidate for the job nowadays. According to (The Star Online, 2017, Nov 2), online hiring activity in Malaysia, has recorded a 7% growth comparing to September 2016. This online hiring or e-hiring has transformed the human resources activity such as talent acquisitions and recruitment with the rise of internet technology in the past decades. As reported by the News Straits Times, 2019 saw a decline of 7% in online hiring activity in its first quarter; both January and February, (NST, 2019, March 29). Despite having numerous promising advantages over traditional recruitment practices, in one respect, according to (Kuhn & Skuterud, 2000), there is a serious disadvantage of e-recruitment which is that online hiring channel has been found to be a less credible sources as compared to other traditional recruitment channels such as campus interviews, career fairs and newspaper advertisements The credibility issues are a major shortcoming of online recruitment website as it will have significant impact on the job seekers preferences. Hence, this study will focus on the credibility issues of online job advertisements by looking into some of the factors that affecting salary that has been advertised.
Materials and Methods
To start the project, 200 data of accountant job advertisement posted are collected in Jobstreet website. These job advertisements provide the details on salary, years of experience required, size of company and type of industry. The focus in this study is on the seasoned accountant job advertisement in Malaysia and also the job advertisement posted directly by the employer. Four type of big company has been chosen which accounting, manufacturing, consulting and property management. In this project, experiment has been conducted to identify the salary against with several factors that affecting the data.
