HUKUM JUAL BELI (KE)PERUSAHAAN
Oleh: Dr. Miftahul Huda, SH, LLM
Disampaikan Dalam Kuliah
HUKUM JUAL BELI (KE)PERUSAHAAN
Program S1 Reguler/Paralel/Ekstensi Fakultas Hukum - Universitas Indonesia Semester Genap Tahun Akademik 2014/2015
APA & BAGAIMANA
PRINSIP-PRINSIP
JUAL BELI?
•
Perjanjian khusus (1457-1540 KUH Perdata)?
•
Asas konsensuil
- obligatoir (1458 KUH Perdata)?
•
Hak-hak & kewajiban-kewajiban?
•
Beralihnya resiko?
•
Beralihnya hak milik?
•
Cara pembayaran?
JUAL BELI DENGAN (PEMBUKAAN) L/C?
•
UCP 600
:
2007 Revision
berlaku 1 Juli 2007
•
Jenis L/C - Dari segi penggunaan:
(1)
Documentary L/C - Commercial L/C/Merchandise L/C
(2)
Standby L/C – SBLC -
Security
•
Istilah & Definisi
(1)
Istilah: Commercial Credit
Letter of Credit
Documentary Credit
Credit
JUAL BELI DENGAN (PEMBUKAAN) L/C?
ARTICLE 2
Meaning of Credit ([
UCP 500
]
For the purposes of these Articles, the expressions "Documentary
Credit(s)" and Standby Letter(s) of Credit" (hereinafter referred to as
"Credit(s)"), mean
any arrangement
, however named or described,
whereby a bank (the "Issuing Bank") acting at
the request
and on the
instructions of a customer (the "Applicant") or on its own behalf,
i.
is
to make a payment
to or to the order of a third party (the
"Beneficiary"), or is
to accept and pay
bills of exchange
(Draft(s)) drawn by the Beneficiary, or
ii.
authorizes
another bank to effect such payment, or to accept
and pay such bills of exchange (Draft(s)); or
iii.
authorizes
another bank
to negotiate
,
against
stipulated document(s),
provided that the terms and
conditions of the Credit are complied with.
For the purposes of these Articles, branches of a bank in different
countries are considered another bank.
SKEMA TRANSAKSI L/C & INCOTERMS
INCOTERMS 2000 = 13 TERMS A SELLER B BUYER D ADVISING BANK C ISSUING BANK F CARRIER SALES CONTRACT Goods/ Services L/C E EXPEDITUR GOODS/SERVICES = DELIVERY PRICE = PAYMENT APPLICATION DOCUMENTS AUTHORIZING: TO PAYTO ACCEPT & PAY TO NEGOTIATE L/C DOCUMENTS L/C Rp/$ RP/$ DOCUMENTS RP/$ RP/$ GOOD/SERVICES B/L B/L UCP 500/SKBDN AUTHORIZING: TO PAY
TO ACCEPT & PAY TO NEGOTIATE GOODS DOCUMENTS PERJ.PENGANGKUTAN PERJ. EXPEDISI EXW DDP
JUAL BELI DENGAN (PEMBUKAAN) L/C?
ARTICLE 2 DEFINITIONS [UCP 600]
“Credit" means any arrangement, however named or described, that is
irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of issuing bank to
honour a complying presentation.
“Honour” means:
a. to pay at sight if the credit is available by sight payment.
b. to incur a deferred payment undertaking and pay at maturity if the credit is available by deferred payment.
c. to accept a bill of exchange (“draft”) drawn by the beneficiary and pay at maturity of the credit is available by acceptance.
“Issuing bank” means the bank that issues a credit at the request of an applicant or on its own behalf.
“Complying presentation” means a presentation that is in accordance with the
terms and conditions of the credit, the applicable provisions of these rules and international standard banking practice.
“Presentation” means either the delivery of documents under a credit to the
issuing bank or nominated bank or the documents so delivered.
“Nominated bank” means the bank with which the credit is available or any
bank in the case of a credit available with any bank.
SKEMA TRANSAKSI L/C & INCOTERMS
INCOTERMS 2010 = 11 TERMS A SELLER B BUYER D ADVISING BANK C ISSUING BANK F CARRIER SALES CONTRACT Goods/ Services L/C E EXPEDITUR GOODS/SERVICES = DELIVERY PRICE = PAYMENT APPLICATION DOCUMENTS ANY ARRANGMENT – DEFINITE UNDERTAKING TO HONOUR: TO PAY AT SIGHT TOINCUR DEFERRED PAYMENTTO ACCEPTB/E (DRAF) TO NEGOTIATE
ISSUES A CREDIT AT THE REQUEST OF APPLICANT
OR
ON ITS OWN BEHALF
L/C DOCUMENTS L/C Rp/$ RP/$ DOCUMENTS B/E RP/$ RP/$ GOOD/SERVICES B/L B/L UCP 600/SKBDN
UNDERTAKING TO REIMBURSE NOMINATED BANK TO HONOUR:TO PAY AT SIGHT PAYMENT, TO INCUR DEFERRED PAYMENT, TO ACCEPT B/E & PAY OR NEGOTIATE
WITHOUT RECOURSE GOODS DOCUMENTS PERJ.PENGANGKUTAN PERJ. EXPEDISI EXW DDP
SURAT WESEL
Jakarta, 05/11/2012
Disetujui
Kepada Yth
[Dibayarkan di BNI]
Tuan B
JKT 05/12/2012
Di Jakarta
Pada tanggal 05/12/2012 harap Saudara
membayar Wesel ini kepada Sdr. C atau
penggantinya di Jakarta uang sejumlah
Rp 100.000.000,- (seratus juta Rupiah).
AVALIST
Hormat kami,
TT
Tuan D
[Meterai]
PT A
- Dasar Hukum = Ps 100-Ps 173 KUHD
- Syarat formal & materiil = Ps 100 KUHD
TUJUAN
&
FUNGSI
?
• Merchant’s LC
?
• Banker’s L/C
?
• Fungsi (Banker’s) L/C:
-
perjanjian bank-bank
-
pengamanan para pihak yang terlibat
-
pemastian pembayaran
-
dokumen-dokumen
KELEBIHAN
&
KEKURANGAN
?
• KELEBIHAN
(?)
(1)
Penjual
– Kreditur – Jaminan pembayaran
Penjual – Pembiayaan (back to back L/C dsb)
(2)
Pembeli – Debitur – pembiayaan +
(re)financing
• KEKURANGAN
(?)
-
Biaya?
-
Waktu?
-
Bank-bank – dokumen?
PARA PIHAK
& HUBUNGAN (
KONSTRUKSI
) HUKUM?
Pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam (pembukaan) L/C?
(1)
Pembeli
– Debitur ?
(2)
Penjual
– Kreditur (Beneficiery)?
(3)
Bank (Issuing Bank)?
ISSUES ?
• A (Beneficiery) telah menerima L/C bernilai US$100,000 dari D (Advising Bank) yang diterbitkan oleh C (Issuing Bank) atas permintaan dan atau instruksi B
(Applicant). Dokumen (-dokumen) yang dipersyaratkan dalam L/C tersebut,
khususnya Wesel telah diserahkan kepada D, dan D telah mengakseptasi Wesel
dimaksud. Wesel tersebut kemudian dijual/dibeli oleh E dengan diskonto 20%.
Pada saat jatuh tempo (due) E menyerahkan Wesel kepada D untuk
mendapatkan pembayaran. Alangkah terkejutnya E karena D menolak membayar Wesel tersebut.
• Siapa yang harus bertanggung jawab terhadap ‘kerugian’ E?
• Upaya hukum apa yang dapat ditempuh oleh E?
ISSUES –
Contn’d
•
Hubungan hukum antara A dengan B ?
•
Hubungan hukum antara B dengan C ?
•
Hubungan hukum antara C dengan D ?
•
Hubungan hukum antara A dengan D ?
•
Hubungan hukum antara E dengan D ?
•
Hubungan hukum antara E dengan B ?
PARA PIHAK
& HUBUNGAN (
KONSTRUKSI
) HUKUM?
1. Pembeli (Debitur) v Bank ?
- Pemberian kuasa [dengan upah] (1792-1819 KUHPerdata)?
- Perj. melakukan beberapa pekerjaan (1601, 1601 b KUHPer)?
- Pinjam-meminjam (1754-1773 KUHPerdata)?
2 Pembeli (Debitur) v Penjual (Kreditur) ?
- Janji membuka L/C pada saat perj. jual beli?
- Janji membuka L/C setelah perj. jual beli?
- Saat-saat prestasi penjual & pembeli dipastikan kembali?
- Hak penjual terhadap pembeli setelah perintah membuka L/C?
3. Bank v Penjual [Kreditur] (Beneficiery)?
• Bank sebagai (pen)jamin (borg) bagi Pembeli (1820 KUHPer)?
• Bank sebagai (pen)jamin (aval) bagi Pembeli (131 KUHD)?
• Bank memenuhi kewajiban membayar(kan) Pembeli?
• Pelaksanaan “syarat untuk kepentingan P3” (1317 KUHPer)?
• Irr. L/C sebagai delegasi - novasi subyektif pasif (1417 KUHPer)?
• Sebagai akseptasi wesel (127 KUHD)?
SIFAT
(HUBUNGAN) HUKUM L/C DENGAN KONTRAK?
ARTICLE 4
Credits
v
. Contracts [
UCP 600
]
a. A credits by its nature is a
separate transaction
from the sale or other
contract on which they may be based. Banks are in no way
concerned with or bound by such contract, even if any reference
whatsoever to it is included in the credit.
Consequently
, the
undertaking of a bank to honour, to negotiate or to fulfil any other
obligation under the credit,
is not subject
to claims or defences by
the applicant resulting from his relationships with the issuing bank or
the beneficiary.
Beneficiary can in no case avail itself of the contractual relationships
existing between the banks or between the applicant and the issuing
bank.
b. An issuing bank should discourage any attempt by the applicant to
include, as an integral part of credit, copies of the underlying cntract,
proforma invoice and the like.
CONCERN &
FOCUS
BANK?
ARTICLE 5
Documents
v.
Goods, Services or Performances [
UCP
600
]
Banks
deal with documents
and
not with goods
,
services or other performance
to which the
AVAILABILITY
,
EXPIRY DATE
&
PLACE
FOR PRESENTATION
(
ARTICLE 6
)
a. L/C harus menyebutkan keberadaan dana – Nominated Bank = Issuing Bank.
b. L/C harus menyebutkan cara dan atau waktu pembayaran = sight payment,
deferred payment, acceptance or negotiation.
c. L/C dilarang mencantumkan kondisi keberadaan/pembayaran dana
berdasarkan wesel yang diterbitkan thd pembeli (pemohon) ?
d. L/C harus mencantumkan tgl daluarsa penyerahan dokumen – tgl daluarsa
‘pembayaran’ (honour/negotiation) dianggap pada tgl daluarsa penyerahan (dokumen).
b. L/C mencantumkan Bank tempat penyerahan dokumen.
