1
PUBLICATION JOURNAL
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
SITI NUR FAIDAH A320090215
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF VERB PHRASE USED IN THE HORSE DEALER’S DAUGHTER STORY
BY D.H. LAWRENCE (USING X-BAR THEORY)
Siti Nur Faidah A 320 090 215 [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This research is syntactic analysis. The objects of this research are verb phrases which are used in The Horse Dealer’s Daughter Story. The data are taken from The Horse Dealer’s Daughter story manuscript. The aims of this research are to identify the constituents of verb phrases and to describe the functions of the constituents of verb phrases. This research is descriptive qualitative research. In collecting data, the writer uses documentation. The writer read the story. Then, she finds the verb phrases and coding the data. After that, the writer classifies the data based on the constructions. After conducting the analysis, the writer finds 14 types construction of verb phrase from 86 data. They are: a) V’ → V + PP (Adjunct), consisting of 16 data or 18%, b) V’ → V + PP (complement), consisting of 7 data or 8%, c) V’ → V + PP (complement) + PP (adjunct), consisting of 3 data or 3%, d) V’ → V + NP (complement) + PP (adjunct), consisting of 12 data or 14%, e) V’ → V + NP (complement), consisting of 26 data or 31%, f) V’ → AdvP + V + NP (complement), consisting of 6 data or 8%, g) V’ → V + PP (complement) + AdvP (adjunct), consisting of 2 data or 2%, h) V’ → V + AdvP (adjunct), consisting of 5 data or 7%, i) V’ → V + AdvP (adjunct) + PP (adjunct), consisting of 2 data or 2%, j) V’ → V + NP (complement) + AdvP (adjunct), consisting of 2 data or 2%, k) V’ → V + PP (adjunct) + PP (adjunct), consisting of 1 datum or 1%, l) V’ → AdvP + V + PP (complement), consisting of one datum or 1%, m) V’ → V + AdvP, consisting of 2 data or 2%, and n) V’ → V+ AP, consisting of 1 datum or 1%.
Keywords: Verb Phrase, X-Bar, Constituent, Complement, and Adjunct.
INTRODUCTION
lexical items. Gleason (in Srijono, 2001:63) defines syntax as the principle of arrangement of the construction (words) into larger construction of various kinds. Carnie (2002:3) states that “syntax is the study of how sentences are structured”.
By syntactic structure, people can analyze many grammatical forms. The grammatical forms are such as sentence, clause, or phrase. One of phrases is verb phrase. According to Morley (2000:55), “verbal phrase is a phrase which has a verb headword as a main verb”. Verb phrase is one of phrases which is interesting to be analyzed. Here, the writer is influenced to analyze verb phrase of a story which she reads. The writer finds many verb phrases in the story.
In this research the writer aims to identify the constituents of verb phrases and to describe the functions of constituents of verb phrases. In analyzing the verb phrases, the writer uses X-bar theory.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research uses descriptive qualitative research. It means that there are no calculating and numbering in this research. The object of this research is verb phrases in The Horse Dealer’s Daughter story by D.H. Lawrence. The data are verb phrases and the data taken from The Horse Dealer’s Daughter story manuscript. The writer uses documentation as the technique of collecting data. The steps are the following:
a. Reading The Horse Dealer’s Daughter story by D.H. Lawrence. b. Finding the verb phrases in The Horse Dealer’s Daughter story c. Retyping the data
d. Writing the data down in paper.
e. Coding the data verb phrase. For coding the data, the writer formulates as follows:
001/THDD/VP, which means: 001 : Datum Number
THDD : The Horse Dealer’s Daughter
In analyzing the data, the writer uses some procedures to answer the problem statements. They are:
1. The writer identifies the constituents of verb phrases based on X-bar theory.
2. The writer describes the functions of constituents of verb phrases as obligatory (complement) or optional (adjunct) and explain the reason of its occurence by syntactic argument.
ANALYSIS DATA AND DISCUSSION
After describing the research method, the writer analyzes the data based on the objective. The following analysis tries to answer the two objectives of this research. The objectives are to identify the constituent of verb phrases which are used in the Horse Dealer’s Daughter story and to describe the functions of constituents of verb phrases which are used in the Horse Dealer’s Daughter story.
A.Data Analysis
In analyzing the verb phrases in the Horse Dealer’s Daughter story, the writer uses X-Bar theory to identify the constituents and to describe the functions of constituents of verb phrases. The writer takes 86 data of verb phrases in the Horse Dealer’s Daughter story. To know the clear analysis of verb phrases construction, the writer elaborates the explanation as the following.
a. V’ → V + PP (Adjunct) 1/THDD/VP
The three brothers and the sister sat round the desolate break-fast table
an obligatory post modifier PP round the desolate break-fast table. The post modifier PP consequently functions as adjunct not complement. Then, the analyzing of VP construction by using X-bar theory is the following.
PS rule phrase maker
The datum shows that sat round the desolate break-fast table is full VP (V”). The constituent verb sat stands as the head of VP. Then the constituent round the desolate break-fast table stands as post modifier constituent PP. It can be seen that V” is generated into V’. Then V’ is generated into V’ + PP (V’ → V’ + PP). Then V’ is generated into V (V’→ V). The constituent PP round the desolate break-fast table also has function as adjunct or optional because if the constituent is deleted becoming the three brothers and sister sat, it doesn’t result ill form construction. Beside the reason, the PP is also the sister of V’ and the daughter of V’.
b. V’ → V + PP (complement) 2/THDD/VP
They sprawled at the table
V”
V’
V’
V
PP
sat round the desolate break-fast table V” → V’
The VP construction above is boldface sprawled at the table. If it is tested by paraphrase they sprawled the table, the resulted sentence is well-formed. So the VP has an obligatory post modifier PP at the table. The post modifier PP consequently functions as complement. Then, the analyzing of VP construction by using X-bar theory is the following.
PS rule Phrase maker
The datum shows that sprawled at the table is full VP. The constituent verb sprawled stands as the head of VP. Then the constituent at the table stands as post modifier constituent PP. It can be seen that V” is generated into V’. Then V’ is generated into V + PP (V’ → V + PP). The constituent PP at the table has function as complement or obligation, because the preposition at as in PP at the table is closely attached to its verb sprawled as to make an idiom sprawled at.
c. V’ → V + PP (complement) + PP (adjunct) 3/THDD/VP
The three men all sprawled round in their chairs to watch
The VP construction above is boldface sprawled in their chairs to watch. If it is tested by paraphrase the three men all sprawled the chairs,
V”
V’
sprawled
PP
at the table V
the resulted sentence is well-formed. So the VP has an obligatory post modifier PP round in their chairs. The post modifier PP consequently functions as complement. Meanwhile the constituent to watch stands as post modifier PP that has function as adjunct or optional. Then, the analyzing of VP construction by using X-bar theory is the following.
PS rule Phrase maker
The datum shows that sprawled round in their chairs to watch is full VP. The constituent verb sprawled stands as the head of VP. Then the constituent round in their chairs stands as post modifier constituent PP. then the constituent to watch also stands as post modifier constituent PP. It can be seen that V” is generated into V’. Then V’ is generated into V’ + PP and the V’ is generated into V + PP (V’ → V + PP + PP). The constituent PP round in their chairs has function as complement or obligation. Meanwhile the constituent PP to watch has function as adjunct or optional.
d. V’ → V + NP (complement) + PP (adjunct) 5/THDD/VP
He twisted his black moustache over a thick finger V’
V’ PP
PP V
to watch sprawled round in their chairs
V” V” → V’
The VP construction above is boldface twisted his black moustache over a thick finger. If it is tested by paraphrase he twisted his hair, the resulted sentence is well-formed. So the VP has an obligatory post modifier NP his black moustache. Then the constituent over a thick finger stands as post modifier PP that has function as adjunct or optional. Then, the analyzing of VP construction by using X-bar theory is the following.
PS rule Phrase maker
The datum shows that He twisted his black moustache over a thick finger is full VP. The constituent verb twisted stands as the head of VP. Then the constituent his black moustache stands as post modifier constituent NP. Then the constituent over a thick finger stands as post modifier constituent PP. It can be seen that V” is generated into V’. Then V’ is generated into V’ + PP and the V’ is generated into V’ + NP (V’ → V + NP + PP). The constituent NP his black moustache has function as complement or obligation. Meanwhile the constituent PP over a thick finger has function as adjunct or optional because it has no closed relationship with the verb. By deleting the constituent over a thick finger
V”
twisted
V’
V’
V NP
PP
over a thick finger his black
-moustache V” → V’
becoming twisted his black mustache, it doesn’t result ill form construction.
e. V’ → V + NP (complement) 7/THDD/VP
Every moment showed a massive
The VP construction above is boldface showed a massive. If it is tested by paraphrase every moment showed a hope, the resulted sentence is well-formed. So the VP has an obligatory post modifier NP a massive. Then, the analyzing of VP construction by using X-bar theory is the following.
PS rule Phrase maker
The datum shows that every moment showed a massive is full VP. The constituent verb showed stands as the head of VP. Then the constituent a massive stands as post modifier constituent NP. It can be seen that V” is generated into V’. Then V’ is generated into V + NP (V’ → V + NP). The constituent NP a massive has function as complement or obligation.
V” ‘
V’
V NP
showed a massive
B.Discussion of Research Finding
There are 14 types of verb phrase constructions found in the Horse Dealer’s Daughter story based on the status of the constituents of verb phrases construction. The construction can be drawn as follows:
a. V’ → V + PP (Adjunct)
There are 16 data of verb phrase which have the construction above. b. V’ → V + PP (complement)
There are 7 data of verb phrase which have the construction above. c. V’ → V + PP (complement) + PP (adjunct)
There are 3 data of verb phrase which have the construction above. d. V’ → V + NP (complement) + PP (adjunct)
There are 12 data of verb phrase which have the construction above. e. V’ → V + NP (complement)
There are 26 data of verb phrase which have the construction above. f. V’ → AdvP + V + NP (complement)
There are 6 data of verb phrase which have the construction above. g. V’ → V + PP (complement) + AdvP (adjunct)
There are 2 data of verb phrases which have the construction above. h. V’ → V + AdvP (adjunct)
There are 5 data of verb phrases which have the construction above. i. V’ → V + Adv + PP (adjunct)
There are 2 data of verb phrase which have the construction above. j. V’ → V + NP (complement) + AdvP
There are 2 data of verb phrases which have the construction above. k. V’ → V + PP (adjunct) + PP (adjunct)
There is only 1 verb phrase which have the construction above. l. V’ → AdvP + V + PP (complement)
m.V’ → V + AdvP
There are 2 data of verb phrases which have the construction above. n. V’ → V + AP
There is 1 datum of verb phrases which have the construction above.
CONCLUSSION
From the results of the research, it comes to the conclusion about the constituents and the functions of constituents of verb phrases which found in the Horse Dealer’s Daughter story.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
Carnie, Andrew. 2002. Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Morley. G. David. 2000. Syntax in Functional Grammar. London: Continyum.
