i
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ABSENCE OF LOVE
ON THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ BEHAVIOR
IN CHEKHOV’S THE DARLING, FAULKNER’S A ROSE FOR EMILY,
AND LAWRENCE’S THE HORSE DEALER’S DAUGHTER
A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Margareta Maria Rika Febriani
Student Number: 021214029
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
iv
Don’t be afraid!
(Anonymous)
vi
ABSTRACT
Febriani, Margareta Maria Rika. (2008). The Influence of the Absence of Love on the Main Characters’ Behavior in Chekhov’s The Darling, Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily, and Lawrence’s The Horse Dealer’s Daughter. Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This thesis discusses the short stories from three different authors. They are The Darling, A Rose for Emily, and The Horse Dealer’s Daughter. The writer chose those three short stories because the three main characters have similar problem in experiencing the absence of love in their life.
The aim of this study is to answer the two questions which are stated in the problem formulation. The first is how the characteristics of Olenka, Emily, and Mabel are described, and the second is how the absence of love influences their behavior.
The data gathering method applied in this study was library research. The approach used was psychological approach, because this study analyzes human behavior. The writer used two kinds of sources. The primary source was obtained from the three short stories analyzed and the secondary sources were obtained from books on literary works. In analyzing the three short stories, the writer employed the theory of character, theory of characterization, and theory of psychology.
The findings of the first analysis show the characteristics of Olenka, Emily, and Mabel as the main characters. Olenka in The Darling is described as a woman who is easily falling in love, affectionate, and dependent. Emily in A Rose for Emily is an affectionate, stubborn, and reclusive person. Mabel in The Horse Dealer’s Daughter is an interesting, affectionate, lovable, but fragile girl.
In the second analysis, the findings reveal the influence of the absence of love on the main characters’ behavior. Olenka becomes an alienated person, lives in sorrow, becomes unfriendly, does not care about herself, and becomes rigid in thinking. Emily becomes an alienated person, lives in sorrow, becomes unfriendly, does not care about herself, and becomes possessive. Mabel also becomes an alienated person, rigid in thinking, indifferent, stubborn, and aggressive.
The three main characters have a similarity that is one causal factor of the absence of love they experience is their parents’ death. They also have a similarity in the influence of the absence of love that they experience. They become alienated from their surrounding. Olenka and Emily have three similarities. Both of them live in sorrow, do not care about themselves, and become unfriendly. Besides, Olenka has one similarity with Mabel in which they become rigid in thinking.
vii
those short stories in teaching English, especially in teaching reading by using the short story A Rose for Emily as the source.
ABSTRAK
Febriani, Margareta Maria Rika. (2008). The Influence of the Absence of Love on the Main Characters’ Behavior in Chekhov’s The Darling, Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily, and Lawrence’s The Horse Dealer’s Daughter. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini membahas cerita-cerita pendek dari tiga pengarang yang berbeda, yaitu The Darling, A Rose for Emily, and The Horse Dealer’s Daughter. Penulis memilih ketiga cerita pendek itu karena ketiga tokoh utamanya memiliki satu kesamaan masalah yaitu kehilangan cinta di dalam kehidupan mereka.
Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan yang terdapat dalam rumusan masalah, yaitu yang pertama bagaimana karakter dari Olenka, Emily, dan Mabel dideskripsikan, dan yang kedua bagaimana pengaruh kehilangan cinta terhadap perilaku mereka.
Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah studi pustaka. Penulis menggunakan dua macam sumber. Sumber utama didapatkan dari ketiga cerita pendek yang dianalisa. Dan sumber kedua didapatkan dari buku-buku tentang literatur. Karena skripsi ini berkaitan dengan perilaku manusia, maka penulis menggunakan pendekatan psikologi untuk menganalisa masalah. Dalam menganalisis ketiga cerita pendek tersebut, penulis menggunakan teori tokoh, teori penokohan, dan teori psikologi.
Hasil analisa pertama menunjukkan karakter Olenka, Emily, dan Mabel. Olenka dalam The Darling adalah wanita yang mudah jatuh cinta, penuh kasih, dan tergantung pada orang lain. Emily dalam A Rose for Emily adalah seorang yang penuh kasih, keras kepala, dan suka menyembunyikan perasaannya. Mabel dalam The Horse Dealer’s Daughter adalah gadis yang menarik, penuh kasih, mudah dicintai orang lain, tetapi dirinya rapuh.
Hasil analisa kedua menunjukkan pengaruh kehilangan cinta pada perilaku ketiga tokoh utamanya. Olenka menjadi orang yang terasing, hidup dalam kesedihan, tidak ramah, tidak peduli terhadap dirinya, dan kaku dalam berpikir. Emily menjadi orang yang terasing, hidup dalam kesedihan, tidak ramah, tidak peduli terhadap dirinya, dan menjadi posesif. Mabel juga menjadi seorang yang terasing, kaku dalam berpikir, acuh, keras kepala, dan agresif.
Ketiga tokoh utama mempunyai kesamaan penyebab kehilangan cinta yang mereka alami, yaitu karena kematian orang tua mereka. Mereka juga mempunyai satu kesamaan pada pengaruh kehilangan cinta yang dialami. Mereka menjadi orang yang terasing dari lingkungannya. Sedangkan Olenka dan Emily memiliki tiga kesamaan yaitu hidup dalam kesedihan, tidak peduli terhadap diri mereka, dan tidak ramah. Selain itu, Olenka memiliki satu kesamaan dengan Mabel dimana mereka menjadi kaku dalam berpikir.
viii
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank my savior, Jesus Christ, for His love and blessing. I really thank Him for His unlimited blessing and guidance so that I can finish my thesis. I thank Him for giving me strength and patience in completing my thesis.
I would like to express my gratitude to my major sponsor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her advice and patience in guiding me to finish this thesis, and my co-sponsor, Ch. Lhaksmita Anandari, S.Pd., M.Ed., for sharing her time reading and correcting my mistakes in this thesis.
I dedicate my affectionate appreciation to my parents, all of my brothers, and my sister. I thank them for their prayers, help, support, patience, advice, and guidance during my life, especially in my study and letting me to be myself. I thank them for the cheerful moments and togetherness that we have.
My special thanks go to all of my friends that cannot be mentioned one by one, for the nice and friendship we have, for all beautiful memories and togetherness we have shared together, may God give them His grace.
ix
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Studies ... 7
B. Review of Related Theories ... 8
1. Theory of Literature ... 9
a. Theory of Critical Approaches ... 9
b. Theory of Character ... 11
x
1. Olenka’s Characteristics as Described in The Darling ... 30
a. Social Traits ... 30
xi
3. Mabel’s Characteristics as Described in The Horse Dealer’s
Daughter ... 38
B. The Influences of the Absence of Love towards the Main Characters’ Behavior ... 41
1. Influences on Olenka’s Behavior ... 42
a. Olenka’s Alienation from Surrounding ... 43
b. Olenka’s Sorrow ... 44
c. Olenka’s Unfriendliness ... 48
d. Olenka’s Carelessness of Herself ... 49
e. Olenka’s Rigidity of Thinking ... 50
2. Influences on Emily’s Behavior ... 52
a. Emily’s Alienation from Surrounding ... 53
b. Emily’s Sorrow ... 54
a. Mabel’s Alienation from Surrounding ... 60
b. Mabel’s Rigidity of Thinking ... 60
c. Mabel’s Indifference ... 61
d. Mabel’s Orientation to Money ... 63
e. Mabel’s Stubbornness ... 65
xii
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions ... 67
B. Suggestions ... 69
1. Suggestions for the Next Researchers ... 70
2. Suggestions for Teaching Implementation... 70
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 74
xiii LIST OF TABLE
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 : Lesson Plan for Teaching Intensive Reading II ... 78
Appendix 2 : Teaching Material ... 81
Appendix 3 : Summary of The Darling ... 87
Appendix 4 : Summary of A Rose for Emily ... 88
Appendix 5 : Summary of The Horse Dealer’s Daughter ... 90
Appendix 6 : Biography of Anton Chekhov ... 91
Appendix 7 : Biography of William Faulkner ... 93
Appendix 8 : Biography of D.H. Lawrence ... 95
Appendix 9 : The Short Story The Darling ... 98
1 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the background of the study, problem limitation,
problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The background of the study describes the reason why the writer chooses those three short stories and the topic to be discussed. The problem limitation describes the focus and scope of this study. The problem formulation gives a general description in question form about the problem analyzed and discussed in this study. The objectives of the study contain the expected answers to the questions mentioned in the problem formulation. The benefits of the study contain the value obtained by anyone who needed the knowledge from this study. The last part, the definition of terms, explains the definition of key terms in this study to avoid misconception.
A. Background of the Study
In this study, the writer intends to analyze the main character by comparing three short stories. Pickering states that without character, there would be no plot and no story (19). Character is very important to develop the story and help the readers understand the story. Understanding the characteristics of the main characters can be the guidance in analyzing the problems discussed in this study.
The writer is interested in discussing about the influence of the absence of love towards the main characters’ behavior, because the writer finds that love is one thing that is close to human life. Love is one of many needs that human have. This study, hence, discusses the influence of love to the human psychology, especially to human behavior. Love can make one do anything to obtain it. When we lose our love, our life will change, because love gives big impacts in human life.
The three short stories discussed are The Darling by Anton Chekhov, A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner and The Horse Dealer’s Daughter by D. H. Lawrence. Those three short stories are selected based on the consideration that they portray different influences of the absence of love in the main characters’ behavior. Besides, those three short stories are very interesting, especially for the writer. The writer is interested in exploring more about the main characters. It is known that one’s characteristics can be developed and changed depends on what one experiences in life.
manager of the amusement park. But Kukin dies while in Moscow on a business trip. Olenka goes into deep mourning, but within a few months she marries Pustovalov, a manager of the timber merchant. After Pustovalov passed away, Olenka begins an affair with Smirnin, an army veterinary surgeon who is separated from his wife.
The second short story, A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner, tells about an account of the life and death of Miss Emily Grierson. Miss Emily’s house has been closed to the public for ten years. At the time of her death, many people come to pay their respects and see the house. In 1894, Colonel Sartoris, the mayor, established that Miss Emily would not pay any taxes since her father had loaned some money to the city. The death of the two people very close to her, her father and her fiancé, contributes to the specification of Miss Emily’s character.
The third short story, The Horse Dealer’s Daughter by D. H. Lawrence, tells about Mabel whose parents died and then lives with her brothers. Mabel is a silent, impassive, and very indifferent girl. She is a girl who lacks of love. Her brothers do not care about her; they even call her “bulldog”. One day, she tries to commit suicide by drowning herself in a pond. That is the time when she believes that there is someone who loves her because a man has saved her. That man is a young doctor named Jack Fergusson.
influences of the absence of love in each main character’s behavior are different. Based on the fact above, the writer analyzes the three short stories by discussing about the behavior of the main characters after they experience the absence of love in their life.
B. Problem Limitation
In this study, the writer focuses the study in analyzing the psychological influence on the characters’ behavior because of the absence of love by comparing three short stories. They are The Darling by Anton Chekhov, A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner, and The Horse Dealer’s Daughter by D. H. Lawrence. The writer limits the study by only analyzing the main characters of those three short stories.
C. Problem Formulation
The problems that are formulated can be listed as followed:
1. How are Olenka in The Darling, Emily in A Rose for Emily, and Mabel in The Horse Dealer’s Daughter, as the main characters, described?
2. How does the absence of love influence the main characters’ behavior in each short story?
D. Objectives of the Study
Daughter as the main characters. Besides, this study also has the aim to find out the influence of the absence of love on the main characters’ behavior of those three short stories.
E. Benefits of the Study
This study is expected to give benefits for the writers who conduct a literary study, the readers, and the students of the English Education Study Program. For the writers who conduct a literary study, this study can make some additions and corrections to the relevant understanding and interpretation. For the readers, this study is expected to enrich readers’ mind and point of view about the problem arisen in the three short stories, so they will get the better understanding about the three short stories. For the students of English Education Study Program, this study may give inspiration to analyze the three short stories from another point of view. Finally, this study is expected to contribute some thought or ideas to the English Education Study Program Department as the resource of language teaching.
F. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding about certain terms in this study, the writer states four terms to be clarified. They are:
1. Psychological Influence
course of thought, in the present: a common type of delusion” (134). In this study, it is related to the condition experienced in life which can determine one’s behavior because of any human needs that cannot be fulfilled completely.
2. Behavior
Loftus states that behavior is a physical realization of someone’s psychological condition, meaning to say that people will behave based on their psychological condition (155). Schwartz states the term behavior refers to how people think, feel, and remember (3). In this study, behavior means a human psychological condition which can be identified through human action, feeling, and thought.
3. Absence of Love
Hauck defines that love is the powerful feeling we have for person, animals or things that has satisfied, is satisfying or will satisfy our desires and needs (16). In this study, the writer states the absence of love as the situation in which a person loses of powerful feeling for person who satisfies the desires and needs.
4. Character
7 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the writer discusses about all theories related to the topic.
This chapter is divided into three parts. They are review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. In the first part, the writer reviews other previous studies done by other researchers on the same work, topic, and/ or author. The second part, review of related theories, discusses the most relevant theories for the study. This part is divided into two major parts. They are theory of literature and theory of psychology. The third part, theoretical framework, explains the contribution of the theories and reviews in solving problem of this study.
A. Review of Related Studies
This part deals with any other related studies which discuss about the influence of the absence of love in the main characters’ behavior. In this part, the writer defines and compares other related studies, argues against other studies, and discovers something new from the other related studies. In this part, the writer also shows the position of this study towards the other related studies. The writer explains the similarities or differences between the study and other related studies, and used those studies as a consideration.
find out the additional information about the explanation about love and psychological state. From other researchers’ journal, the writer finds the topic which is talking about the aspect of love towards the human psychological state, which helps the writer in analyzing the topic chosen.
Wijaya states that love is a two-way-affair and it grows best when it is given and received. What the creature does is a response to the attitude of community. The rising attitude is shown to express human feeling (44). Wijaya also defines that love will create positive things and love is also powerful (43). Wijaya’s explanation supports this study in which the love is able to influence the behavior of human being, because love is able to emerge positive and even negative effects in human life. In this study, the writer relates the behavior of human being as an impact of psychological influence of the absence of love.
This study discusses how the absence of love has influence for human behavior. Brennan states that in other aspects, people who do not experience that encouragement or love in their life from others may be more prone for depression or loneliness (http://www.uwire.com/content/topnews-021401002.html). Her journal supports the writer’s study which discusses about the psychological influence in the main characters’ behavior as an effect of the inexistence of love.
B. Review of Related Theories
In theory of psychology, the writer divides the theory needed into six parts. They are theory of human needs, theory of deprivation of love, theory of death and loss, theory of coping stress, theory of adjustment mechanism, and theory of symptoms of non-normal behavior.
1. Theory of Literature
In the theory of literature, the writer discusses three parts of theory needed about the literature knowledge which are related to the topic of the study. The first part of theory of literature is theory of critical approaches. In this first part, the writer deals with the approaches usually used in the study of literature. In the second part, theory of character, the writer explains any definition of character from any sources and also the importance of character in literary study. The last part of theory of literature is theory of characterization. This last part deals with the definition and also the significance of characterization towards the literary works from any references.
a. Theory of Critical Approaches
Rohrberger and Woods state that a critical approach to literature necessitates an understanding of its natural function, and positive values. They divide the critical approaches into five kinds: the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the socio cultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach (3-15).
The formalist approach to literature, once called New Criticism, is a revolt against the traditional scholarly approach to literature. This approach is concerned with the ideas, personality, and development of the author, the conception, and discrimination of ideas through literary pieces in historical context.
The biographical approach to literature shows the necessity for an appreciation of the ideas and personality of the author to an understanding of the literary object. The biographical approach also learns about the life and development of the author. The socio cultural-historical approach to literature usually takes as its basis some aspect of the socio cultural frame of the reference, combines it with an interest in the biographical as well as knowledge of an interest in literary history.
In analyzing the three short stories in the study, the writer uses the psychological approach that focuses on psychological aspect of human being. This approach helps the writer in analyzing the main character and also human behavior.
b. Theory of Character
Abrams states that characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say (dialogue) and by what they do (action) (20). The existence of character is important to create a situation and a soul in literary works through the dialogue and the action in one story. If there is not a character in the story, it is impossible to develop that story.
Rohrberger and Woods define that the story has the most important character or the central one that they call protagonist. They also say that protagonist is the one to whom all events in the story have relevance (20). Harvey states that protagonist characters are those whose motivation and history are most fully established, who conflict and change as the story progresses, who engage our responses more fully and steadily, in a way more complex though not necessarily more vivid than other characters (54).
focused in protagonist’s fate. Pickering also says that antagonist is difficult to identify, especially if the character is not human being (20).
c. Theory of Characterization
Rohrberger and Woods state that characterization is a process where the author creates a character that must be credible (20). They also add that characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters. Wellek and Warren explains that characterization is a process in creating a character with some features, in this case, a characterization considered as a process in combining a type of characteristic and the individual in human life (32).
Murphy defines nine ways used by the author to develop the characterization (161-173). They are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thought, and mannerism.
First of all is personal description. Here, the author tells the reader about his or her characters directly through the person’s appearance and clothes. Second is character as seen by another. The author describes the character through other character’s opinion. Third is speech. Through this way, the author can give clues to the readers about a person’s character through what he or she says when he or she speaks in a conversation with others, or gives an opinion.
Fifth is conversation of others. Here, the author gives the readers clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and what they say about him or her. Sixth is reaction. The author also gives the reader clues to a person’s character through how the person reacts to various situation and events.
Seventh is direct comment. Here, the author illustrates or comments on a person’s character directly. Eighth is thought. The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a person’s character is thinking about. The last way is mannerism. The author describes a person’s mannerism, or habit that may tell the readers something about his/her character.
2. Theory of Psychology
This part defines about human needs that include love as one need that human have. Besides, this part also provides the theory about death and loss which explains how death and loss influence people who are left behind. This part is also completed by the theory on how people cope with their stress, theory of adjustment, and theory of symptoms of non-normal behavior.
a. Hierarchy of Human Needs
As quoted by Kalish, Maslow shows his hierarchy of human needs. According to Maslow, there is a tendency to “become more and more what one uniquely is”, to become everything that one is capable of becoming. This concept implies that people have a desire, or a need, to make something of themselves to do as much as their potential allows (35-48).
There are seven levels of needs shown by Maslow. The first need is physiological need. Maslow divides physiological need into survival need and stimulation need. Survival need includes those produced by hunger, thirst, fatigue, temperature regulation demands, and pain avoidance (35). Stimulation need, including the need for sex, activity, exploration, manipulation, and novelty, does not appear necessary for personal survival (39).
The fourth need according to Maslow is safety and security needs. Aiken states that safety and security needs are needs to be secured and out of danger (115). Maslow defines that everyone needs to feel safe from such harm as meeting with physical violence, having things he values taken away, or losing the care of parents or other protectors (43).
do not satisfy the belonging and love needs, Maslow believes that psychological problems may develop (206).
Sixth is an esteem and self-esteem need. Kasschau states that esteem needs are the need to achieve, be competent, and gain approval and recognition (144). Self-esteem needs also include the desire for strength, for adequacy, for mastery, for confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom (Kalish, 46). As quoted by Kasschau, a lack of love and esteem makes people anxious and tense (143).
The last need is self-actualization needs. Aiken states that this level is the highest level which shows the human needs to fulfill one’s unique potential (115). Kasschau also defines that these needs may include the pursuit of knowledge and beauty, or whatever else is required for the realization of one’s unique potential (143). The need to self-actualize motivates people to grow and develop their talents (Kalish, 48).
b. Deprivation of Love
theory of deprivation of love is beneficial to identify the effects of deprivation of love towards human behavior.
Hurlock states that many adults experience deprivation of love, especially in the old age and after the death or divorce of a spouse. Deprivation can be almost as damaging to the self-concept in adulthood as in childhood. Deprivation of opportunities to love and to be loved delays the normal pattern of physical and mental development. This, in turn affects the personality. Some of the specific effects of emotional deprivation have been reported to the physical, social and emotional (211).
Hurlock also states that the effects of deprivation to the human physical can be seen in listlessness, emaciation, quietness, general apathy, and psychosomatic illnesses. To human social, the effect can be revealed in handicaps in learning how to get along with people, lack of responsiveness to the advances of others, lack of cooperation, and hostility. And to the emotional deprivation, the effects can be seen in lack of emotional responsiveness and interchange (the emphatic complex), feelings of insecurity, resentments as expressed in social behavior, restlessness, anxiety, temper tantrums, and many other forms of maladjustive behavior (212).
home. He feels inferior and incapable of loving and being loved, and he develops a generalized hostility toward people (213).
b. Death and Loss
According to Kalish (143), when death occurs, other causes of stress seem less important. This is true whether it is your own death or death of someone close to you. Harvey defines that, in the context of loss, people often experience a sense of missing something very important, a sense of incompletion, on a feeling of disappointment (2). Theory of death and loss is beneficial to identify the impacts of death and loss in human life towards others’ condition.
Kalish defines that when a death occurs, the social structure of the family, of the work setting, and of other situations is disrupted (145). Loss is very painful for the survivors and the dying person often is more concerned about their emotional pain than about himself (146). Much disagreement centers around this issue also, but many physicians and other believe that people’s attitudes about living and dying can make a difference in their resistance to illness (146).
People who try not to show grief or who try to avoid thinking of the deceased person often take longer to recuperate from the loss. Crying and unhappiness are normal grief reactions to show his emotion when someone feels lost of someone.
c. Coping Stress
Morris defines that they are two ways to cope with a stress. They are direct coping and defense coping (500-507). Direct coping is any action that we take to change an uncomfortable situation. When our needs or desires are frustrated, we attempt to remove the obstacles between our goal and ourselves or we give up. When we are threatened, frustrated, or in conflict, we have three basic choices for coping directly. They are confrontation, compromise, and withdrawal.
The first choice is confrontation in which we can meet a situation head-on and intensify our efforts to obtain what we want. It may require trying to change either oneself or situation. Confrontation may also include expression of anger (500). The second is compromise in which we can give up some of what we want and perhaps persuade others to give part of what they want. This is one of the effective ways of coping directly with conflict of frustration (501). The last choice in ways of coping directly is withdrawalin which we can admit defeat and stop fighting (501). We often equate withdrawal with simply refusing to face problem.
mechanism is the way in each individual to maintain and improve his self-concept, especially in the face of stress, utilizes certain types of behavior (155). Pervin and John define that human develop defense mechanism as a way to distort reality and exclude feelings from awareness so that human beings do not feel anxious (86). As quoted by Morris there are nine ways of defense mechanism. They are denial, repression, projection, identification, regression, intellectualization, reaction formation, displacement, and sublimation (502-507).
Denial is the refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality. In denial, we block out situation with which we can cope. Huffman states that denial is use to protect oneself from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it (Huffman, 451). The other defense mechanism is repression. In repression, we block out unacceptable impulses or thoughts. As quoted by Kalish, repression occurs when an individual is unable to recall or recognize something because of consciousness needs to deny the awareness (155).
The next defense mechanism is regression. As quoted by Pervin and John, regression means going back to an earlier and less mature pattern of behavior (86-95). As quoted by Kasschau, when a person is under severe pressure and his other defenses are not working, he may start acting in ways that helped him in the past (274). Kalish states that intellectualization is defense mechanism in which people withdraw from the emotional impact of frustration or anxiety (159). Reaction formation is defense mechanism in which people express with exaggerated intensify ideas and emotion that are the opposite of their own.
The other defense mechanism is displacement. Displacement is the redirection of represses motives and emotion from their original object to substitute object. The last defense mechanism is sublimation. As quoted by Pervin and John, sublimation is defense mechanism in which the original expression of the instinct is replaced by a higher cultural goal. In sublimation, the original object of significant is replaced by a higher cultural goal, one further removed from direct expression of the instinct. Theory of coping stress is used to identify how the main characters defend themselves from the absence of love to be survived in their life.
d. Adjustment Mechanism
day-dreaming, regression and repression (214-234). Theory of adjustment mechanism is beneficial to identify how the main characters adjust themselves from suffering because of the absence of love.
Compensation is usually defined as the exaggeration of a desirable trait to reduce a feeling of inferiority caused by undesirable trait. Some psychologists have used the term to describe the extra effort put forth by an individual to achieve a long line where he is most defective. Another form of compensatory behavior is seen in the domineering person whose belligerence is merely a device for covering up an attitude of inferiority.
Substitution is adjustment mechanism in which frequently an individual who has become convinced of his inferiority in one kind of activity will give up trying to succeed along that line and concentrate on another activity. If such a substitution is made on a trial-and-error basis, the individual may find that he has merely changed his emphasis from one weakness to another.
arrested sexual development. It can be learned as other behavior patterns are learned.
Rationalization involves the process of devising socially acceptable reasons for an act or an opinion which is socially unacceptable and so deemed blameworthy by the individual. After much practice in rationalizing, the individual may succeed in misleading himself as well as others concerning the true causes of his behavior.
Negativism is another adjustment mechanism. A negativistic person is one who strongly resists suggestions from others. Sometimes his behavior is carried to the point of refusal to do what he would really like to do. Negativism is an aggressive withdrawal. It may be used, as was pointed out earlier, to gain attention, or it may be resorted to as means of achieving respect and of maintaining self-respect.
Repression is an adjustment mechanism by which thoughts and experiences that are in conflict with the individual’s standards or frame of reference are forced into the unconscious. If a person who is repressed concentrating as he does upon desires and feelings which he considers to be unworthy, he becomes increasingly fearful of expressing himself freely.
e. Symptoms of Non-Normal Behavior
Many deeply disturbed people behave normally most of the time, and almost all normal people show some mannerism, ideas, or behavior that might be considered non-normal. Below, Kalish states the symptoms of emotional disturbance are often found in normal people but may occur in exaggerated form in deeply disturbed individuals (170-171). The theory of symptoms of non-normal behavior is beneficial to identify the effects of the absence of love in the main characters’ behavior which is included in the symptoms of non-normal behavior.
Table 2.1 Symptoms of Non-Normal Behavior
Depression Feeling that everything is going wrong, that nothing matters.
Inappropriate worry and fear
Constantly worrying or being afraid of one thing or another, far out of proportion to the actual cause suffering chronic anxiety.
Suspicion Being unable to trust others; feeling that others are deceitful.
Inadequate emotional control
Crying, being frightened, and getting angry far out of proportion of actual stimuli.
Depersonalization Feeling unreal, not belonging to one’s body, not really a person.
Overly strict emotional control
Fantasy Any dreaming so much that little gets done.
Rigidity Having difficulty in behaving or thinking in new ways, having a tendency to follow rituals in behavior.
Organic symptoms Suffering from fatigue, illnesses, and ailments that occur without medical basis.
Hostility Being unduly ready to fight, argue, or verbally attack others
Ineffectiveness Being unable to make decisions: disliking responsibility for one’s own behavior; behaving in an immature fashion.
Unhappiness and tension
Seeing the world as difficult, tense place.
Inadequate interpersonal relations
Having contacts with other people marked by hostility, arguments, tension, suspicion, overdependence, and other signs of inadequacy.
B. Theoretical Framework
In this study, the writer employs the theory of character and characterization to analyze the character traits of the main characters. The writer finds that the nine ways of characterization are appropriate to reveal the characteristics of Emily, Olenka, and Mabel as the main characters. The aim of using the theory of characterization is to reveal the characteristics of Emily, Olenka, and Mabel. The writer applies the nine ways of characterization, to find out the feeling, thoughts, actions, and motivations of Emily, Olenka, and Mabel. The characteristics of the main characters which are good or bad could be shown by their psychological condition and physical movement.
analyze how love in each main character gives contribution in their life as one of their needs. Theory of deprivation of love helps the writer in analyzing the effects of deprivation of love which have been reported to human physical, social, and emotional. Theory of death and loss helps the writer to analyze the death of someone which affects the main characters’ behavior.
26 CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the writer discusses about the methodology used in writing this thesis. This part is divided into three major parts. They are subject matter, approach of the study, and method of the study. The first part, subject matter, deals with the subject and data used in this study. The second part, approach of the study, deals with the literary approach that the writer applied in analyzing the three short stories. The last part, method of the study, deals with the sources that the writer used in analyzing the study and the procedures of conducting this study.
A. Subject Matter
Those three short stories were selected based on the consideration that they portray some different influences of the absence of love on the main characters’ life. Chekhov’s The Darlingis a story about a woman who always needs someone to rely on, so when there is no person who accompanies her, her orientation in life becomes nothing. Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily tells about a life of a woman who has lost her father and her sweet heart because of the death. Lawrence’s The Horse Dealer’s Daughter is a story about a woman whose parents passed away and then she should live only with her brothers who do not care about her. She needs someone who can give her the love and affection.
B. Approach of the Study
In this study, the writer used the psychological approach. The psychological approach helped the writer to answer the second question in the problem formulation to analyze how the absence of love influences the main characters’ behavior. The writer should find out the influences of the absence of love on the main characters’ behavior after they lose their love, which are shown in their action, thought, and feeling. The writer applied the psychological approach when analyzing the power of the absence of love in influencing the main characters’ behavior.
based on their action, thought, and feeling. The psychological approach enabled the writer to know deeply about one’s character and the effects of the absence of love towards the main characters’ behavior. The psychological approach also helped the writer to reveal the issue of the study discussed since it views a literary work based on the psychological interpretation.
C. Method of the Study
In this study, the writer used library research in collecting the data. The library research method was used to find as much as possible information. The writer referred to some books that were related to the short stories and the topic of the study. Besides, the writer also searched for other related information from the internet.
The data is divided into two categories. They are the primary data and the secondary data. The three short stories discussed, which obtained from the book entitled Fiction 50, An Introduction to the Short Story by James H. Pickering, are considered as the primary data. For the secondary data, the writer used the books which can support the study based on the problem to be analyzed.
Anton Chekhov, A Rose for Emilyby William Faulkner, and The Horse Dealer’s Daughter by D. H. Lawrence.
The writer was interested in the problem existed in those short stories and tried to analyze those short stories. The writer decided to use three short stories to make the result of the study more accurate. The writer decided to discuss about the influence of the absence of love towards the main characters’ behavior.
The second step was gathering information about the literary works from related literature books. From those books, the writer found some information about the definition of character and characterization would be used to analyze the main characters.
The third step was analyzing the three short stories by focusing the point of view using the psychological approach. The psychological approach and theory were used to analyze the main characters and made the analysis to answer the problems formulated in this study.
The fourth step was looking for and reading books on psychology, especially to find the theory of human needs, deprivation of love, death and loss, coping stress, adjustment mechanism, and symptoms of non-normal, which supported the analysis of the problems formulated. The writer also used the information from the internet as additional sources for the study.
30 CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the writer discusses the answers to the problem formulation. This chapter is divided into two main parts. The first part is the discussion on the characteristics of Olenka, Emily, and Mabel as the main characters. The second part deals with the influences of the absence of love towards the main characters’ behavior.
A. The Characters’ Traits of Olenka, Emily, and Mabel as the Main
Characters
In this part, the writer explores the characteristics of Olenka, Emily, and Mabel as the main characters by using Murphy’s theory of character and characterization. The theory consists of nine ways to identify the character. The writer uses Murphy’s theory to understand the character in detail.
1. Olenka’s Characteristics as Described in The Darling
Olenka is the main character in The Darling. She appears continuously, so she dominates the whole story.
a. Social Traits
merchants. But unfortunately, Pustovalov is sick and then he dies, and Olenka becomes a widow once more. After the death of Pustovalov, Olenka meets a veterinary surgeon named Vladimir Platonitch or is usually called Smirnin. He abandons his young son, Sasha, to Olenka’s care.
b. Physical Appearance
Olenka is an interesting woman. Olenka is in good health. She looks beautiful with her rosy cheeks. The author also explains that Olenka has beautiful eyes. Olenka’s smile and mole on her neck makes her more interesting as a woman. The author shows Olenka’s physical appearance directly as follows:
She was a gentle, soft-hearted, compassionate girl, with mild, tender eyes and very good health. At the sight of her fully rosy cheeks, her soft white neck with a little dark mole on it, and the kind, naive smile, which came into her face when she listened to anything pleasant (p.179).
The statement above shows that Olenka is an attractive woman. Keeping in healthy proves that Olenka is a person who cares about herself.
c. Personality traits
1. Easily falls in love with a man
misfortunes touch her, and Olenka becomes sympathetic towards Kukin’s life, then Olenka begins to love him (p.179). Because Olenka has sympathy to Kukin, her attention towards Kukin grows into love. Olenka’s characteristic, that easily falls in love with a man, can be seen when she loves a man who gives his responsibility, respect, or care to Olenka.
When Olenka’s first husband, Kukin, passed away, Emily meets with Pustovalov. Pustovalov gives the attention that Olenka needs when she is grieving. Pustovalov entertains Olenka to make her happy. He suggests her that every human being will face a problem in life and everything can happen, bad or good.
“Everything happens as it is ordained, Olga Semyovnovna,” he said gravely, with a sympathetic note in his voice, “and if any of our dear ones die, it must be because it is the will of God, so we ought to have fortitude and bear it submissively” (p.181).
Pustovalov’s attention impresses Olenka. Olenka is happy with Pustovalov‘s attention towards her. All day afterwards, she hears his sedately dignified voice; and whenever she shuts her eyes she sees his dark beard. She likes Pustovalov very much (p.181). Pustovalov’s attention grows into a love to Olenka, and finally Olenka and Pustovalov marry and live together. The short range of time for Olenka in falling in love with Pustovalov after the death of her first husband proves that she easily falls in love with a man.
2. Affectionate
house. Olenka’s care is not only for a man, but also for others who have given attention and care for her. Olenka’s love to everyone shows that she is an affectionate person. The author shows it directly:
In earlier days she had love her papa, who now sat in a darkened room, breathing with difficulty; she had love her aunt who used to come other year from Bryansk; and before that, when she was at school, she had love her French master (p.179).
Olenka also loves children. She loves to have a child. Her love to children can be seen from her attention towards Sasha, the son of Vladimir Platonitch. Vladimir Platonitch or Smirnin is a man who entertains Olenka when her second husband, Pustovalov, passed away. He works as a veterinary surgeon. Olenka gives all of her care and attention to Sasha, because Sasha’s parents entrust him to Olenka. She gives her full attention to Sasha as her own son. Every morning Olenka comes into Sasha’s room to wake him up, because Sasha has to go to school. Olenka always prepares the breakfast for Sasha and likes to accompany him in studying. Olenka loves Sasha very much as her own son.
Ah, how she loved him! Of her former attachments not one had been so deep; never had her soul surrendered to any feeling spontaneously, so disinterestedly, and so joyously as now that her maternal instincts were arouse. For this little boy, with the dimple in his cheek and the big school cap, she would have given her whole life; she would have given it with joy and tears of tenderness (p.186).
3. Dependent
thought. She is a person who needs the love and affection from another person. She is always fond of someone, and cannot exist without loving (p.179). Without love and care from others, she cannot do anything independently in her life. When Olenka has relationship with Smirnin, the veterinary surgeon, she repeats the veterinary surgeon’s words, talks about veterinary concerns, and has the same opinion as him about everything. It is evident that she cannot live a year without someone (p.183).
When she marries Kukin, her first husband, her opinion is based on Kukin’s ideas. When she marries with Pustovalov, her second husband who works as a manager of the timber merchants, what Olenka’s talking about is about the timber. Without having someone to be loved and who cares about her, she will not be able to give her opinion about something (p.184). Olenka’s thought and feeling always depend on someone she loves. Everything that Olenka told is always based on others’ thought and opinion.
(p.184). Olenka is a person who always wants a love in her life, to give her the motivation and inspiration. She needs others to depend and rely on. The existence of another person in her life is very important for her.
2. Emily’s Characteristics as Described in A Rose for Emily
Emily is the main character in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner. Emily as the major character also dominates the whole story.
a. Social Traits
Emily is a woman who comes from a rich family. She has a big house as an inheritance from her father. The author states directly that Emily’s house is beautiful and contains expensive and luxurious things. Her house is located in a good place in which just certain people can live there. The author describes that it is a big, squarish frame house that has once been white, decorates with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies, sets on what had one been our most select street (p.307).
Emily’s father is a philanthropist. As a daughter from a man who has loaned his money for the town, it can be concluded that Emily’s family is a rich family. Because her father passed away, the government decides to make Emily’s family free from all taxes. The author states that Colonel Sartoris invents an involved tale to the effect that Emily’s father has loaned money to the town, which the town, as a matter of business, prefers this pay of repaying (p.307).
about the strange smell which arises from Emily’s house. They just give a lime around her house quietly and Emily does not know about that.
So the next night, after midnight, four men crossed Miss Emily’s lawn and stunk about her house like burglars, sniffing along the base of the brick work and at the cellar openings while one of them performed a regular sowing motion with his hand out of a sack slung from his shoulder. They broke open the cellar door and sprinkled lime there, and in all the outbuildings (309).
Her social status as a person, who is honored by people on her town, can also be seen from the people’s care towards her when she passed away. In her funeral, all people in her town come to give their last respect to her. It can be seen as follows:
When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral. The men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house, which no one save an old manservant—a combined gardener and cook—had seen in at least ten years (p.307).
b. Physical Appearance
Emily is an old woman who is small but has a fat body. The author also describes that Emily’s skeleton is small and looks like unbalanced because her body is obese. Emily has small eyes and they are lost in the fatness of her face. People assume that she is a bit eccentric. Actually, the author explains very little about Emily’s physical appearance.
c. Personality traits
1. Affectionate
Emily has affection to her parents. She loves her parents very much. Her love to her parents can be shown when her father passed away. The death of Emily’s father affects her condition. She suffers from a loss. After her father passed away, she goes out very little, because she wants to give an honor for her father’s death (p.308). She just goes to her father’s grave to pray for the peacefulness of her father. Emily affection can be proven through her respect to her father who has passed away. She still gives her attention to her father’s grave. She wishes happiness for her father.
2. Stubborn
When Emily buys some poison in the drugstore, she wants to defend her opinion when she has a dialogue with the druggist. Although the druggist has recommended some poisons to her, Emily still wants to buy arsenic, whereas the law requires people to tell the use of it, but she does not want to do that. Emily never agrees with someone’s opinion, she likes arguing to defend her opinion. Her way to defend her opinion and her behavior who does not like to hear others’ comment show that Emily is a stubborn person.
“Yes, Miss Emily. What kind? For rats and such? I’d recom—“ “I want the best you have. I don’t care what kind.”
The druggist named several. “They’ll kill anything up to an elephant. But what you want is—“
3. Reclusive
Emily is reclusive because she does not want others know about her problem. She likes to hide her true feeling. When her father passed away, she always looks rigid, but people know that she is suffering. She tries to cover what she feels inside. Emily hides her sadness in front of people in her town. She just wants to show that she is strong and does not want other people know that she is brittle inside. The author shows that Emily is a reclusive person as follows:
She carried her head high enough—even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson; as if it had wanted that touch of earthiness to reaffirm her imperviousness (p.310).
3. Mabel’s Characteristics as Described in The Horse Dealer’s Daughter
In this part, the writer describes the characteristics of Mabel as the main character in The Horse Dealer’s Daughter. As the protagonist, Mabel has big contribution in the conflict and the changes as the story progresses.
a. Social traits
When her parents are still alive, Mabel is such a very nice girl. She lives in prosperity. Everything is available, food, clothes, large and good house. She has many servants to serve the family such as cleaning the house, preparing the food, and taking care of the horses. The servants have done everything. Mabel lives as a princess in her family. Mabel’s close relationship with her parents, especially her mother, makes her live in a perfect life with a love of her parents.
Joseph Pervin, the father of the family, had been a man of no education, who had become a fairly large horse dealer. The stables had been full of horses; there was a great turmoil and come-and-go of horses and of dealers and grooms. Then the kitchen was full of servants (p.471).
b. Physical Appearance
Mabel is an interesting young woman, but she is very silent. Mabel has a good appearance. She is a well-grown girl when her parents are still alive. After they passed away, Mabel has no one to take care of her. Her brothers do not care about her. They are always busy with their own manner, especially if it is related with the horse.
“The girl was alone, a rather short, sullen looking young woman of twenty seven. She did not share the same life as her brother. She would have been good-looking, cave for the impassive fixity of her face, “bull-dog” as her brothers called her” (p.467).
c. Personality traits
1. Affectionate
her father’s death, Mabel still visits her father’s cemetery and always prays for her father.
One day, Mabel’s mother passed away. The incident shocks Mabel because her mother is the one who she loves very much besides her father. She lives in the memory of her mother (p.471). She always remembers with her mother who has passed away, because everything that her mother has done in her life gives her an impression. Her memory about her mother, who has passed away, shows her love and affection towards her mother.
2. Lovable
Mabel is a person who is easy to make another person loves her. When at the first time Mabel meets his doctor, Jack Fergusson, the doctor is not interested in her, he just considers Mabel as his patient, and he has duty to take care of her. But, because Jack Fergusson saves Mabel from committing suicide, Mabel falls in love in him, and she is able to change the care of Dr. Fergusson into a love towards her. It can be seen as follows:
She looked at him again, with the same supplication of powerful love, and that some transcendent, frightening light of triumph. In view of the delicate flame which seemed to come from her face like a light, he was powerless. And yet he had never intended. And something stubborn in him could not give way (475).
patient. His pity to Mabel brings him to love her deeply. Mabel’s sight, action, and utterance affect Dr. Fergusson to love her.
“Why are you crying?” he asked in an altered voice.
She looked up at him, and behind her tears the consciousness of her situation for the first time brought a dark look of shame to her eyes.
“I’m not crying, really,” she said, watching him, half frightened. He reached his hand, and softly closed it on her bare arm.
“I love you! I love you!” he said in a soft, low vibrating voice, unlike himself (p.476).
3. Fragile
Mabel needs love of another person in her life. Mabel is a person who needs support from others to motivate her. The most important people in her life are her father and mother. Mabel feels secure in them. After her parents passed away, her motivation in life decreases, because she does not have a person to rely on beside her parents. Mabel lives with her brothers who do not have attention to her. Whereas, Mabel is a person who needs a love and affection to fill her needs of love and belonging as human being. Her fragileness is shown when her parents passed away. She becomes a person who is mindless and does not have orientation in life (p. 471).
B. The Influences of the Absence of Love towards the Main Characters’
Behavior
states that psychological problems may develop, if we do not satisfy the love and belonging needs (44). The writer analyzes how and what are the effects of the absence of love which happened in the three main characters’ life which are shown in their behavior.
1. Influences on Olenka’s Behavior
a. Olenka’s Alienation from Surrounding
Because Kukin, her first husband, passed away, Olenka marries to Pustovalov, a manager of the timber merchants. But unfortunately, Pustovalov is sick and then passed away. The death of Pustovalov, her second husband, affects Olenka’s daily appearance, she likes to use dark-colored dresses, and her appearance looks reclusive. Her behavior shows that she becomes a person who is not sociable; because she very rarely goes to any place after the death of Pustovalov. She just goes to pray for Pustovalov. This condition is supported by Hurlock’s theory which says that to human social, the effects of deprivation of love can be revealed in handicaps in learning how to get along with people, lack of responsiveness to the advances of others, lack of cooperation, and hostility (212). The behavior of Olenka which becomes an alienated person is shown by the author as follows: she goes about dressed in black with long “weepers,” and gives up wearing hat and gloves for good. She hardly ever goes out, except to church, or to her husband’s grave, and lets the life of a nun (p.183).
b. Olenka’s Sorrow
Olenka’s first husband, Kukin, is the manager of an open-air theatre called Tivoli. Her happy life with Kukin does not last long, because Kukin goes away to do his job in Moscow. Kukin’s trip to Moscow makes Olenka live in the loneliness because she loses her husband’s love and affection. Her needs of love and belonging cannot be fulfilled completely, as stated by Kalish that the needs of belonging and love include motives such as love and affection (171). And Maslow also believes that psychological problems may develop, if we do not satisfy our love and belonging needs (44).
Towards Lent he went to Moscow to collect a new troupe, and without him she could not sleep, but sat all night at her window, looking at the stars, and she compared herself with the hens, who are awake all night and uneasy when the cook is not in the hen-house (p.180).
to sleep alone without her husband. Olenka worries because always thinks about her husband, Kukin, who goes away to finish his job.
When her husband goes to Moscow, Olenka always waits for him, because Kukin has promised to come back at Easter. But, Olenka receives a telegram which tells that Ivan Petrovitch, who is usually called Kukin, passed away (p.181). Olenka is shocked to hear that bad news. The telegram does not explain the reason of her husband’s death, and it causes an anxiety in her. Olenka lives in her sadness. The deprivation of her husband’s love affects her. As stated by Hurlock, the effect of deprivation of love to the human physical can be seen in listlessness, emaciation, quietness, general apathy, and psychosomatic illness (210-214). The effect of deprivation of love can be shown in Olenka’s groan as follows: “My darling!” sobbed Olenka. “Vanca, my precious, my darling! Why did I ever meet you! Why did I know you and love you! Your poor heart-broken Olenka is alone without you!” (p.181). After Olenka comes back from Moscow to attend Kukin’s funeral, she gets indoors, she throws herself on her bed and sobs so loudly that it can be heard next door, and in the street (p.181).
Olenka lives in suffering, always cries and her face looks gloomy, and she also never knows the reason why her husband passed away. Her sorrow which is explained in the previous paragraph also shows that she is in depression. Kalish says that someone who feels that everything is going wrong, that nothing matters, that person is in depression (171).
timber merchant’s. Pustovalov tries to make her resolute in facing the fact of Kukin’s death.
“Everything happens as it ordained, Olga Semyovnovna,” he said gravely, with a sympathetic note in his voice; “and if any of our dear ones die, it must be because it is the will of God, so we ought to have fortitude and bear it submissively” (p.181).
Pustovalov’s attention makes Olenka fall in love with him, and then they are married. But once again, the happiness of Olenka’s life does not last long. Pustovalov has to go away to Mogilev district to buy wood. The trip of Pustovalov makes Olenka live in sorrow. Here, she loses love and affection in her life. She misses him dreadfully, lays awake and cries (p.182).
Olenka’s pain to live alone without the existence of her husband pours out through her crying. Olenka’s sorrow shows that she is in inadequate emotional control, as what Kalish says that someone who is crying, being frightened, and getting angry far out proportion of actual stimuli, that person is in inadequate emotional control (171). Here, Olenka’s behavior which pours out her sense of loneliness through crying also shows her unhappiness and tension as one symptom of non-normal behavior as stated by Kalish (171).
After Pustovalov comes back from his trip, Pustovalov and Olenka live in happy home life with loving each other. But suddenly, Pustovalov is sick and his doctor cannot handle his illness, and then Pustovalov passed away.
The death of Pustovalov, her second husband, makes Olenka feel lonely. She feels that her life is not complete, because she always does all things together with her husband. The loneliness brings sorrow for her. She thinks that she will live in difficulty because there is no husband in her side. Her feeling is supported by the statement of Harvey, that when people experience a loss, people often experience a sense of missing something very important, a sense of incompletion, on feeling of disappointed (2). The sorrow of Olenka can be shown from her behavior which is crying while uttering her feeling of loneliness as follows: “I’ve nobody, now you’ve left me, my darling,” she sobs, after her husband’s funeral. “How can I live without you, in wretchedness and misery! Pity me, good people, all alone in the world!” (p.183)
Olenka’s utterance above shows her anxiety to live alone without her husband. That condition shows that Olenka experiences symptoms of non-normal in her behavior. As stated by Kalish, Olenka’s worrying about her life after the death of her husband shows that Olenka is in appropriate worry and fear. Her sadness of the loss of someone whom she loves shows her inadequate emotional control, and her utterance that assumes herself as a person who suffers caused by the death of her husband shows that she is in unhappiness and tension (171).
and she feels the absence of love. She is in despair. She feels as the unhappiest woman in the world (p.186).
The paragraph above shows her unhappiness and tension because she thinks as the unhappiest person in the world and thinks the world as difficult and tense place without Sasha. Her behavior shows that she is not happy because Sasha leaves her. She loses a love and affection from Sasha, whom she loves as her own son.
The sorrow, which is experienced by Olenka after she is left by people whom she loves and who love her, shows that there are needs in her life which are not fulfilled completely. The needs that are not fulfilled completely are the needs of love and belonging. As what Kalish quoted, Maslow defines that belonging and love needs include motives such as love and affection, and if we do not satisfy those needs, Maslow believes that psychological problems may develop (44).
c. Olenka’s Unfriendliness
another person, a group of persons, or an institution, and then achieves his satisfactions at least in part, by proxy, basking in reflected glory (220). Although kitten is not a human, Olenka’s attitude shows her strong emotional which can be identified as her way to adjust herself from unpleasant reality.
d. Olenka’s Carelessness of Herself
Olenka grows to love Smirnin, a man who entertains Olenka from the sadness caused by the death of Pustovalov, her second husband. But this happiness does not last long. The veterinary surgeon departs with his regiment, when it is transferred to a distant place to Siberia. And Olenka is left alone (p.184). Olenka is very sad to be separated with Smirnin, a man who cares about her after she loses Pustovalov. Olenka becomes lonely again and her sadness affects her behavior.
After Smirnin leaves her, Olenka’s appearance is not as well as before. She becomes thinner like a person who suffers from something. When people meet her in the street, they do not smile or address her. Here, her behavior shows that she does not care about herself. Olenka becomes a person who is not interesting. Even, people look strangely to Olenka.
She got thinner and plainer, and when people met her in the street they did not looked at her as they used to, and did not smile to her; evidently her best years were over and left behind, and now a new sort of life had begun for her, which did not bear thinking about (p.184).
acceptable reasons for an act or an opinion which is socially unacceptable and so deemed blameworthy by the individual (222). The behavior of Olenka that does not care about her appearance makes her surrounding feel strange because before, they know Olenka as an interesting person.
e. Olenka’s Rigidity of Thinking
Olenka’s behavior after the trip of Smirnin, a man who entertains Olenka when she is sad caused by the death of her second husband, shows that she has no interest to anything. She does not have desire to do anything. Her thought is blank and she cannot express her feeling about anything. When her love leaves her, it is difficult for her to think about new ways and ideas. It is because she is a dependent person. She does not have something to be survived because her life always depends on someone she loves. She looks into her yard without interest, thinks of nothing, and wishes for nothing, and when night comes on, goes to bed and dreams of her yard. She eats and drinks as it is unwillingly (p.184).
Olenka cannot form an opinion to anything she has seen. She can understand the object she sees, but she is unable to express that into words. She becomes have no orientation in life because she does not have someone to rely on. She does not know what she has to do in her life, because it is difficult for her to express her feeling without someone who can give her guidance.
When she has Kukin or Pustovalov, or the veterinary Surgeon, Olenka could explain everything, and give her opinion about anything you like,
but now there was the same emptiness in her brain and her heart as there was in her yard outside. And it was as harsh and as bitter as worm wood in
