2016
Bahagian Pengurusan
Sekolah Berasrama
Penuh
MODUL
PECUTAN
FIZIK
SET I
Force and Motion
Forces and Pressure
Heat
SET II
Light
Waves
Radioactivity
SET III
Electricity
Electromagnet
SET IV
Mengeksperimen
EDISI GURU
Disediakan OlehNor Saidah Che Hassan TKC (Ketua Panel Penggubal)
● Haslina Ismail SEMASHUR ● Jennyta Noorbi SASER ● Kamariah Mohd Arshad MCKK ● ● Norliza Zainal SESMA ● Nor Rizah Bongkek STF ●
Konsep Modul
Modul Pecutan disusun mengikut konstruk/kemahiran dan topik yang telah dikenalpasti dapat membantu meningkatkan prestasi pelajar kumpulan sasaran. Guru/fasilitator diharapkan dapat memberikan penekanan terhadap:
1. Kata Tugas,
2. Kemahiran Menjawab Mengikut Konstruk dan 3. Konsep mudah yang dianggap sukar oleh pelajar.
Adalah diharapkan, guru-guru seterusnya menggunakan soalan-soalan SPM atau Peperiksaan-peperiksaan Percubaan SPM SBP tahun-tahun lepas yang berkaitan untuk memantapkan penguasaan kemahiran/konsep pelajar bagi setiap Set dalam Modul Pecutan ini.
Sasaran Markah (Minimum)
1. Diharapkan boleh membantu pelajar kumpulan sasaran mendapat sekurang-kurangnya Gred C (50 markah) Fizik SPM 2016.
2. Sasaran jumlah markah yang perlu dicapai oleh pelajar daripada setiap bahagian mengikut pecahan kertas.
Kertas Bentuk Soalan/Konstruk Markah
Sasaran
Markah
Penuh Markah Penuh
1 MCQ 50 50
2
Mengonsepsi Bahagian A (Soalan 5 dan 6) 10
100
Mengonsepsi Bahagian B 5
Penyelesaian masalah Kualitatif
(Pengubahsuaian) 10
Menganalisis (Membuat Keputusan) 10
Lain-lain 65 3 Mengeksperimen Soalan 1 16 40 Mengeksperimen Soalan 2 12 Mengeksperimen Soalan 3 12 Jumlah Skor 190
Keterangan Modul 1. Modul dibahagikan mengikut SET berikut:
SET Tajuk Peruntukan Waktu
Semasa Bengkel (jam)
I
Force and Motion Forces and Pressure Heat 1 II Light Waves Radioactivity 1 III Electricity Electromagnet 1 IV Mengeksperimen 1
JUMLAH WAKTU SEMASA KEM PECUTAN SBP 4
2. Set I, II dan III adalah mengikut kumpulan topik Fizik yang merangkumi konstruk: Pengetahuan
Mengkonsepsi,
Membuat Keputusan,
Penyelesaian Masalah Kualitatif/ Pengubahsuaian)
Penyelesaian Masalah Kuantitatif/pengiraan
3. Fokus Set IV adalah kepada Kemahiran Mengeksperimen. Kandungan Modul Edisi GURU
Set Pekara / Tajuk/ Kemahiran Mukasurat pada Edisi Guru (Jawapan)
Mukasurat pada Edisi Pelajar (Soalan)
I
Forces and Pressure Force and Motion Heat 4 - 8 3 - 16 II Waves Light Radioactivity 9 - 15 16 - 29 III Electricity Electromagnet 16 - 19 29 - 38 IV Kemahiran Mengeksperimen 20
(Saranan Untuk Guru)
16
(Saranan Untuk Guru) 38
SET I
Force and Motion
Konsep Fizik1. Speed is the rate of change of distance
Kelajuan ialah kadar perubahan jarak
2. Velocity is the rate of change of displacement
Halaju ialah kadar perubahan sesaran
3. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity
Pecutan ialah kadar perubahan halaju
4. Deceleration is the rate of decreasing in velocity
Nyahpecutan ialah kadar pengurangan
halaju
5. Inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain its state of rest or
constant velocity motion in a straight line.
Inersia adalah sifat suatu objek untuk
mengekalkan keadaan asalnya samada rehat atau bergerak dengan halaju malar dalam garis lurus.
6. Newton’s First Law of Motion states that every object continues in its state of rest or uniform speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force
Hukum Gerakan Newton Pertama
menyatakan setiap objek akan terus kekal pegun atau bergerak dengan halaju seragam dalam garis lurus jika tiada daya luar ditindakkan ke atasnya.
7. Momentum is the multiplication of mass and velocity.
Momentum ialah hasildarad jisim dengan
halaju.
8. Principle of Conservation of Momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains unchanged if no external force acts on the system
Prinsip Keabadian Momentum
menyatakan bahawa jumlah momentum satu sistem tidak berubah jika tiada daya luar dikenakan ke atas sistem itu.
9. Force is defined as anything that changes the state of rest or motion of an object
gerakan satu objek yang bergerak dalam garis lurus.
10. Impulse is defined as the change of momentum.
Impuls ditakrifkan sebagai perubahan
momentum.
11. Impulsive force is defined as the rate of change of momentum
Daya impul ditakrifkan sebagai kadar
perubahan momentum
12. Weight - Force of Gravity / Gravitational force / Pulled force towards the centre of the earth
Berat – Daya Graviti / Daya tarikan
kearah pusat bumi.
13. A free-falling object is an object falling under the force of garvity only
Jatuh bebas suatu objek adalah objek
jatuh hanya dengan tarikan gtaviti.
14. Gravitational Acceleration is the acceleration of objects due to force of garvity
Pecutan gravity ialah pecutan suatu
objek disebabkan tarikan gtaviti.
15. Resultant force is a single force that represents the combined effect of two or more forces in magnitude and direction
Daya paduan ialah daya tunggal yang
mewakili kesan gabungan dua atau lebih daya dalam magnitud dan arah.
16. Unbalanced force produced when the forces acting on an object is not balanced, there must be a net force/unbalanced/resultant force acting on it
Daya tak seimbang terhasil apabila
daya yang bertindak ke atas objek tidak seimbang/terdapat daya paduan.
17. Newton’s third law of motion states that, to every action there is an equal reaction but opposite direction
18. Work is defined as the product of the applied force ,F on the object and its displacement, s in the direction of the applied force.
Kerja ditakrifkan sebagai hasil darab
daya,F ke atas satu objek dan sesaran,s dalam arah daya yang dikenakan.
19. Energy is the ability to do work.
Tenaga ialah kebolehan.
20. Gravitational potential energy of an object is the energy stored in the object due to its position in a force field.
Tenaga Keupayaan Graviti ialah tenaga
yang tersimpan dalam suatu objek
disebabkan kedudukannya dalam medan daya.
21. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion.
Tenaga kinetik adalah daya yang
dipunyai oleh objek yang bergerak.
22. Principle of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created nor be destroyed, but energy can be transferred into another kind of energy.
Prinsip Keabadian Tenaga menyatakan
bahawa tenaga tidak boleh cipta atau dimusnahkan tetapi boleh dipindahkan kepada bentuk tenaga yang lain.
23. Power is the amount of work done per second.
Kuasa adalah jumlah kerja yang dilakukan
per saat.
24. Elasticity is the property of a substance which enables it to return to its original
shape after an applied external force is removed
Elastisiti ialah sifat bahan yang boleh
kembali ke bentuk asalnya setelah daya luar dialihkan.
25. Elastic limit of a spring is defined as the maximum force that can be applied to a spring such that the spring will be able to restored to its original length when the force is removed
Had elastik satu spring ditakrifkan
sebagai daya maksimum yang dikenakan ke atas satu spring yang akan kembali ke bentuk asal jika daya di alihkan.
26. Hooke’s Law states that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded.
Hukum Hooke menyatakan pemanjangan spring berkadar terus dengan daya yang dikenakan jika tidak melebihi had elastik.
27. Spring constant, k, of a spring is the force that is required to produce one unit of extension of the spring.
Pemalar spring, k, suatu spring adalah
daya yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan seunit pemanjangan spring.
28. Elastic Potential Energy is the energy stored in a spring when it is extended or compressed
Tenaga Keupayaan Kenyal ialah
tenaga yang tersimpan dalam satu spring teregang atau termampat.
Mengkonsepsi
Question 1
QUESTION ANSWER
(a) Rate of change of displacement
(b)(i) Acceleration of the bus in Diagram 5.2 bigger than 5.1
(b)(ii) Time taken for bus to accelerate in Diagram 5.1 longer than 5.2.
(b)(iii) Distance travel by bus during acceleration in Diagram 5.1 same as in Diagram 5.2 (c)(i) Acceleration higher when the time is shorter
(c)(ii) Bus move faster in 5.2 (d) Acceleration
(e) Move with constant velocity/ zero acceleration Total
Question 2
Distance OA is longer than OB
The time of impact in Diagram 6(a) is shorter than that in Diagram 6(b) Force in Diagram 6(a) is larger than that in 6(b)
The shorter the time of impact, the smaller the force. Impulsive Force
Menyelesai Masalah (Kualitatif)
Characteristic Reason
Type of brakes - using ABS Prevent wheel lock for safer braking.
The number of tyres - more tyres Can withstand strong pressure because the base area is large The size of the tanks - split the tanks
becomes small compartment
Smaller inertia // reduces the inertial impact The material for making the tanks –
did not react with petroleum.
Avoid from licking // long lasting. Distance between the trailer and
the tractor - far / further Ensure that the trailer will not collide with the tractor Membuat Keputusan
Characteristic Reason
Small angle Produce bigger resultant force
Streamlined Reduce resistance
Steel Rod Strong// able to withstand high tension Inelastic Produce uniform force during towing. Arrangement K is chosen small angle, Streamlined, Steel Rod, Inelastic
FORCE AND PRESSURE
MengkonsepsiQuestion 1
(a) (i) Depth of holes in diagram (b) is bigger than diagram (b)
(ii) Horizontal distance travelled by water jet in diagram (b) is further than (a) (iii) The bigger the horizontal distance, the higher the water pressure
(iv) The bigger the depth of water the higher the water pressure (b) Density of water
Question 2
1. Bottle in liquid Q floats lower
2. Weight and the buoyant force are equal and the same in both cases. 3. Density of liquid P is higher.
4. As the density of liquid decreases, the lower the bottle floats.
5. When density of liquid decreases the volume of liquid displaced increases to produce the same buoyant force
Menyelesai Masalah (Kualitatif)
Modification Reason/ explaination
Low density//strong//nylon Light // Does not tear easily
Big size Buoyant force increase // Weight of air displaced increases Gas burner To heat up air in balloon // Reduce density of air in the balloon Rope tied to the balloon Avoid the balloon to moves away // To hold the balloon //
Easy to descent the balloon
Early in the morning// late evening Air surrounding is cooler // Has high density Membuat Keputusan
Specification Reason/explaination
Size of air hole is big More air can flows into Bunsen burner Size of gas nozzle is small Produce high velocity / lower pressure Size of base is wider More stable
Has moveable collar To control the amount of air entering the Bunsen burner through the air hole
Chosen design: R
HEAT
Mengkonsepsi
Question 1
(a) Mass of the water in Diagram (b) > (a) (b) (i) The reading in of thermometer in (c) < (d)
(ii) The rate of heat loss from water in Diagram (c) > (d)
(c) Quantity of Heat in Diagram (d) > (c)
(d) When the mass increases quantity of heat increases Question 2
1. The volume of air trapped are the same/ remains unchanged 2. The temperature in Diagram (b) is higher than in (a)
3. The pressure exerted in Diagram (b) is higher than in (a) 4. When temperature increases , the pressure increases. 5. Physics law ; Pressure Law
Menyelesai Masalah (Kualitatif)
Aspects Modification
1.Low specific heat capacity 1.Heat transfer is faster, the temperature will increase faster 2.Higher thermal conductivity 2.Increase heat transfer
3.Higher melting points 3. the wok cannot melt easily 4.Low specific heat capacity (cooking
oil)
4.Increase heat transfer
Pemindahan haba cepat
5.High boiling point 5.Not easy to evaporate Membuat Keputusan
Specification Reason/explaination
Thermal conductivity of the bag Is Low As heat insulator// prevent heat loss/ heat gain Specific heat capacity
of the bag is Low
Absorbs less heat from the food // Lower final temperature Density of the bag is Low Light
Material of the inner lining Is Aluminium foil
Reflects heat back to the food// help transfer escaped heat back to the food// contains the heat within the cooler bag as long as it remains closed// Metallic material
Choose S :
cooler bag with low thermal conductivity, low specific heat capacity, low density, aluminium foil as inner lining
SET II
LIGHT
Konsep Fizik1. Law of Reflection states that the angle of incidence i, is equal to the angle of reflection, r.
Hukum pantulan menyatakan bahawa sudut tuju,I sama dengan sudut pantulan,r.
2. Parallel rays that are reflected by a concave mirror will converged at the focal point, F.
Sinar selari yang dipantulkan oleh cermin
cekung akan ditumpukan pada titik focus,F.
3. Parallel rays that are reflected by a convex mirror will diverged from the focal point, F.
Sinar selari yang dipantulkan oleh cermin cembung akan dicapahkan dari titik focus,F.
4. Focal point is the point where parallel rays that strike the surface of a concave mirror will be reflected and converged.
Titik focus adalah titik di mana sinar selari yang
menghentam permukaan cermin cekung akan dipantul dan ditumpukan.
5. Refraction of light occurs when light passes through two mediums of different optical densities, will change direction and speed.
Pembiasan cahaya berlaku apabila sinar yang merambat melalui dua medium yang berlainan ketumpatan optic berubah arah dan kelajuan.
6. Critical angle is the angle of incidence in an optically more dense medium which results in angle of refraction of 90o .
Sudut genting adalah sudut tuju dalam
medium optic yang lebih tumpat yang menghasilkan sudut biasan 90o
7. Total Internal Reflection of light occurs when the incident angle of light travelling from optically more dense medium to optically less dense medium is greater than the critical angle.
Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku apabila
sudut tuju sinar yang merambat dari medium optic yang lebih tumpat kepada medium optic yang kurang tumpat lebih besar daripada sudut genting.
8. Parallel rays that passes through convex lens will be refracted and converged at focal point.
Sinar selari yang merambat melalui kanta cembung akan terbias dan menumpu pada titik focus.
9. Parallel rays that passes through concave lens will be refracted and diverged from focal point.
Sinar selari yang merambat melalui kanta
cekung akan terbias dan mencapah dari
titik focus.
10. Real image is the image that can be displayed on a screen.
Imej nyata adalah imej yang boleh
ditayang di atas skrin.
11. Virtual image is the image that cannot be displayed on a screen.
Imej maya adalah imej yang tidak boleh
ditayang di atas skrin.
Mengkonsepsi Question 1
(a)(i) Refractive index : Diagram A same as Diagram B (ii) Real depth: diagram A > diagram B
(iii) Apparent depth: diagram A > diagram B
(iv) As real depth increases apparent depth increases (v) Refraction of light
Question 2
Menyelesai Masalah (Kualitatif)
Aspects Suggestion Reason
the type of lenses Both eyepiece and objective lens are convex lenses Converge the light Power of lenses used High power lenses To magnify the image The distance between
two lenses greater than the sum of their focal lengths (> fo + fe ) To produce larger image
Normal adjustment of the specimen
The specimen should be placed between F and 2F of the objective lens
To produce real and larger image Extra component for
lighting Source of light / concave mirror under the specimen Brighter image can be formed Membuat Keputusan
Choice Reason
Convex mirror Wider field of view
Big size of curved mirror More images can be seen / wider view Curved mirror is placed at high position Views are not blocked
Strong reflector Images seen are clearer Choice : S
Justification: The cuved mirror is convex mirror, big in size, placed at high position and is strong reflector
(i)
1. Thickness of lenses: J > K 2. The focal length lens K > J 3. The size of image: J > K
4. The longer the focal length , the smaller the size of virtual image. 5. The longer the focal length the lower the power
WAVES
Konsep Fizik1. Waves are carriers of energy. They transfer energy without transferring matter.
Gelombang adalah pembawa tenaga. Ia memindahkan tenaga tanpa memindahkan jirim.
2. Longitudinal Wave is a wave in which the vibration of particles is parallel to the direction of the propagation of the wave.
Gelombang membujur ialah gelombang di mana getaran zarah adalah selari dengan arah perambatan gelombang.
3. Transverse Wave is a wave in which the vibration of particles is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave.
Gelombang melintang ialah gelombang di mana getaran zarah adalah berserenjang dengan arah perambatan gelombang.
4. Wavefronts are the lines joining all points which vibrates in phase.
Muka gelombang adalah garisan yang menghubungi semua titik yang bergetar dalam fasa yang sama.
5. Wavelength is the distance between two adjacent points of the same phase.
Panjang gelombang adalah jarak antara dua titik sefasa yang bersebelahan.
6. Amplitude is the maximum displacement from its equilibrium position.
Amplitud adalah sesaran maksimum dari kedudukan keseimbangan.
7. Frequency of a wave is the number of waves produced by a source in one second.
Frekuensi gelombang adalah bilangan gelombang yang dihasilkan oleh satu sumber dalam satu saat.
8. The period of a wave is the time taken for an oscillation to complete one cycle
Tempoh gelombang adalah masa yang
diambil untuk membuat satu ayunan lengkap
9. Forced Oscillation is the external force applied to an oscillating system.
Daya memaksa adalah daya luar yang bertindak terhadap system ayunan.
10. Natural frequency is the frequency of a system which oscillate freely without the action of an external force.
Frekuensi asli ialah frekuensi satu sistem yang bergetar tanpa sebarang daya luar bertindak
ke atasnya.
11. Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate at a frequency equals to its natural frequency by an external force
Resonans berlaku apabila satu system
dipaksa berayun pada frekuesi yang sama dengan frekuensi aslinya oleh daya luar.
12. Damping is a process whereby the amplitude of oscillations decreases due to a loss of energy to frictional forces.
Pelembapan adalah satu proses dimana amplitude ayunan berkurang disebabkan kehilangan tenaga kepada geseran.
13. Diffraction is the spreading and bending of waves as they pass through an aperture or around the edge of a barrier.
Pembelauan adalah penyebaran atau pembengkokkan gelombang setelah gelombang melalui celah atau bucu penghalang.
14. Coherent Waves are waves that have same frequency and in phase.
Gelombang koheren adalah dua gelombang yang mempunyai frekuensi dan fasa yang sama.
15. Monochromatic Light is light with one colour or wavelength
Cahaya monokromatik adalah cahaya yang mempunyai satu warna atau panjang gelombang.
16. Principle of Superposition states that when two waves coincide at a point, the sum of the displacements at that point is equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves by vector method.
Prinsip Superposisi menyatakan bahawa apabila dua gelombang bertemu di satu titik, jumlah sesarannya adalah bersamaan dengan hasil tambah sesaran individu secara kaedah vektor.
17. Constructive interference occurs when a crest meets a crest and when a trough meets a trough.
Inteferens membina berlaku apabila
puncak bertemu puncak dan
18. Destructive interference occurs when a crest meets a trough. Resultant amplitude is zero.
Interferens memusnah berlaku apabila puncak bertemu lembangan. Amplitud paduan adalah sifar.
19. Antinodal lines are lines joining the antinodes or points of constructive interference.
Garisan antinod adalah garisan yang menyambungkan semua titik antinod atau titik yang mengalami inteferens
membina.
20. Nodal lines are lines joining the nodes or points of destructive interference.
Garisan nod adalah garisan yang menyambungkan titik nod atau titik yang mengalami inteferens memusnah.
Mengkonsepsi
Question 1
Aspects Modification
(a)(i) The depth of water in region X is greater than in region Y
(ii) The wavelength of the waves in region X is longer than that in region Y (iii) The deeper the water is, the longer the wavelength.
(iv) The deeper the water is, the slower the speed og the wave (v) Refractions of waves
Question 2
1. Before passing through the narrow and wide gaps, plane wavefronts can be observed. After passing through the gaps, the waves emerging from the gap have circular wavefronts
2. The wavelengths of the waves before and after passing through the narrow and wide gaps are the same
3. The curvature of the bending is more obvious in the diagram, where the gap is narrower.
4. When a wave passes through a gap, the wave bends. The narrower the size of the gap is, the bigger the bending/ curvature of the wave will be
5. Diffraction of waves
Menyelesai Masalah (Kualitatif)
Specification Reason/explaination
Concrete structures, solid and rigid Can withstand the impact of the waves, not easy to crack Has narrow gaps Diffraction will occur, the smaller amplitude of the diffracted
waves causes the sea to be calm Must be high To ensure no overspill of the waves The new jetty is built in the region of the
bay
The waves in the bay calmer (amplitude is lower) than in the cape
Membuat Keputusan
Aspect/Aspek Reason/Sebab
Large diameter/Diameter besar receives more signals /menerima lebih banyak isyarat The distance of the signal receiver from
the centre of the parabolic disc is the same as the focal length
This will produce a better reception. Distant signals which travel in parallel lines will be reflected and focused onto the signal receiver
The type of wave transmitted should be microwave
has high frequency/high energy/ short wavelength, so is easily reflected
The height of the parabolic disc from
the ground should be high The signal is not blocked/easy to be detected
K is chosen. Because the diameter of the parabolic disc is large, the distance of the signal receiver from the centre is the same as the focal length, it transmits microwave, and has a high position
RADIOACTIVITY
Konsep Fizik1 Nuklid
A : Nombor Nukleon Z : Nombor atom X: Element / unsur
4 Separuh hayat ialah masa yang diambil oleh keaktifan bahan radioaktif untuk berkurang menjadi separuh daripada aktiviti asal.
2 Keradioaktifan ialah proses reputan nukleus yang tidak stabil melalui pengeluaran sinaran radioaktif secara spontan dan rawak untuk membentuk nukleus baru yang lebih stabil
5 Radioisotop adalah merupakan nukleus yang kurang stabil yang mereput dan mengeluarkan sinaran radioaktif seperti zarah α , zarah β atau sinar γ. 3 Jenis sinaran α β γ Sifat semula jadi nukleus Helium Satu elektron berhalaj u tinggi Gelomba ng elektrom agnet Kuasa pengio nan Tinggi Sederha na Rendah Kuasa penem busan Renda h Sederha na Tinggi
6 Pembelahan nukleas merupakan pembelahan nukleus berjisim besar kepada dua atau lebih nukleus yang lebih ringan dan disertai pembebasan tenaga.
7 Pelakuran nukleus ialah cantuman dua nukleus yang lebih ringan untuk membentuk nukleus yang lebih berat dan disertai dengan pembebasan tenaga.
Mengkonsepsi Question 1
Bahagian Jawapan Catatan
(a) Radioactive substances are substances that have unstable nucleus
and always emit radioactive radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles or gamma rays in order to become stable.
(b) (i) Positive charge
(ii) Diagram 1.2 > diagram 1.1 (iii) Diagram 1.2 > diagram 1.1
(c) (i) The higher the voltage of EHT , the higher the strength of the electric field
(ii) the higher the strength of the electric field, the greater the depletion
(d) (i) Gamma radiation
(ii) Gamma does not has any charge
Question 2
Bahagian Jawapan Catatan
(a) Curve graph/exponential/ shape 2.1 same as 2.2
Time taken for activity to become half shorter in diagram 2.2 (b) P= 5 hours
Menyelesaikan Masalah (Kualitatif)
Soalan Jawapan Catatan
(i) The equipment is set up
Two radioactive sources P and Q that releases beta- radiation is kept on the left side of the bottle.
P is on top of standard volume and the ray is detected by R. Q is below the standard volume and the ray is detected by S (ii) Radioactive substance used
Use material that releases beta-radiation because it is easy to handle. The penetration rate is medium and safe.
Use material with longer half-life because can last longer. Use GM-tube to detect the beta-radiation
(iii) how the system works.
If R could detect high radiation means the volume at the bottle is lower and if R detects low radiation means the volume is higher than the standard volume.
If S could detect low radiation means the volume at the tin is higher and if R detects high radiation means the volume is lower than the standard volume.
For a standard volume the R must detect high radiation and Q must detect low radiation.
Membuat Keputusan
Characteristics Reason Note
State of matter - Liquid Easy to absorb by the root of plant Half life of radioisotope -Short
half life
Does not stay long in the plant // less harmful // decay quickly
Type of radiation - Beta Ray Medium penetrating power Type of detector - GM tube
detector Can detect ray effectively // portable
Y - Because it is in liquid state , has short half life, emits beta ray and can be detected easily detected by GM tube detector.
SET III
ELECTRICITY
Konsep Fizik1. Electric field is a region around a charged object which any other charged body experience a force.
Medan Elektrik adalah kawasan sekeliling
objek bercas di mana jasad bercas yang lain mengalami daya.
2. Potential Difference, V between two points in a circuit is defined as the amount of work done when a unit of charge passes from one point to the other point
Beza Keupayaan , V di antara dua titik
dalam satu litar ditakrifkan sebagai jumlah
kerja yang dilakukan apabila seunit charge melalui dari satu titik ke titik yang lain.
3. Ohm’s Law states that the current that passes through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied accross it if the
temperature and other physical conditions are constant.
Hukum Ohm menyatakan bahawa arus
yang mengalir melalui konduktor ohm adalah berkadar terus dengan beza
keupayaan merentasinya jika suhu dan kuntiti fizik yang lain adalah malar.
4. Resistance, R of a conductor is the ratio of the potential difference, V to the current, I.
Rintangan, R satu konduktor ialah
nisbah beza keupayaan, V dengan arus, I.
5. Electromotive Force (e.m.f) is defined as the work done by the source to move a coulomb of charge around a complete circuit.
Daya Gerak Elektrik (d.g.e)
ditakrifkan sebagai kerja yang dilakukan oleh sumber untuk menggerakkan satu coulomb charge dalam satu litar lengkap.
6. Internal resistance ,r is the resistance within a cell due to its electrolyte and electrodes or source of electricity.
Rintangan Dalam, r adalah rintangan
dalam satu sel disebabkan elektrolit dan elektrod atau sumber elektrik.
Mengkonsepsi Question 1
5(a) Resistance is a material's opposition to the flow of electric current (b)(i) Wire in diagram 5.2 thicker than wire in diagram 5.1
(ii) The voltmeter reading in diagram 5.2 is lower than voltmeter reading in diagram 5.1
(iii) The thicker the wire the lower the potential difference (c) Temperature/length of wire (d) R = 𝑉 𝐼 = 2 0.5 = 4Ω (e)
Question 2
1. In Diagram 10.1(a), the dry cells connected in parallel, while in Diagram 10.1(b), the dry cells connected in series
2. The voltage supplied in Figure 10.1(a) is smaller 3. The ammeter reading in Figure 10.2(a) is smaller
4. The greater the voltage supplied, the greater the energy transferred to flow the electric charges around the circuit// directly proportional
5. The greater the current flowing around the circuit, the faster that the energy is transferred
Menyelesai Masalah (Kualitatif)
Membuat Keputusan
Choice Reason
Thin diameter High resistance
Coil wire Increase length / resistance
Parallel arrangement If one panel not function, others still function High melting point Withstand high temperature
The choice is G, because thin diameter, coil wire, parallel arrangement and high melting point. Suggestion / Modification Explanation / Reason
Number of dry cell: more higher voltage
Arrangement of dry cells: series higher e.m.f. for dry cells in series
Energy converter: LED / / less waste of energy / not easily burn out / / not getting hot easily / low cost Number of energy converter : more More energy can be converted to gain more brightness of bulb parallel
If one of the device burnt, the rest of the device still bright / all the device share the same e.m.f. / all the devices same brightness / the devices not dimmer
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Konsep Fizik1. An electromagnet is a device in which magnetism is produced in a conductor when current flow.
Elektromagnet adalah alat yang boleh
menghasilkan kemagnetan di dalam konduktor apabila arus mengalir.
2. An electromagnet acts as a temporary magnet.
Elektromagnet bertindak seperti magnet
sementara
3. A magnetic field is a region in which a
ferromagnetic material experiences a force.
Medan magnet ialah satu kawasan
dimana bahan ferromagnetic mengalami daya.
4. The direction of a magnetic field is from north pole to south pole.
Arah medan magnet ialah dari kutub
utara ke kutub selatan.
5. The direction of magnetic field produced by a current carrying conductor can be determined using Maxwell’s cork screw rule (right hand grip rule).
Arah medan magnet yang dihasilkan oleh dawai konduktor yang membawa arus boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan
petua skru gabus Maxwell (petua genggaman tangan kanan).
6. The polarity of the magnetic field around a solenoid carrying current can be determined by using right hand grip rule.
Kekutuban medan magnet mengelilingi solenoid yang membawa arus boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan petua
genggaman tangan kanan.
7. The direction of the resultant force of a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field can be determined using Fleming’s Left hand rule.
Arah daya paduan yang dihasilkan oleh konduktor yang membawa arus dalam medan magnet boleh ditentukan dengan menggunakan petua tangan kiri Fleming.
8. Catapult field is the resultant magnetic field produced when the magnetic field
surrounding a current carrying conductor combines with the magnetic field of permanent magnet.
Medan lastik adalah medan paduan
yang terjadi apabila medan magnet yang dihasilkan oleh konduktor yang membawa arus bergabung dengan medan magnet yang dihasilkan oleh magnet kekal.
9. Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor experience a change of magnetic flux or when the conductor cuts the magnetic flux. When this happen current or emf is induced in the conductor .
Aruhan electromagnet berlaku apabila konduktor mengalami perubahan fluks magnet atau apabila konduktor memotong medan magnet. Apabila ia berlaku
arus .atau dge diaruhkan dalam
konduktor.
10. Faraday‟s law states that “ The magnitude of the induced current or induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux .”
Hukum Faraday menyatakan
bahawa “Magnitud arus aruhan atau d.g.e aruhan adalah berkadar terus dengan kadar perubahan fluks magnet.”
11. Lenz‟s law states that” The direction of an induced current always flow in a direction so as to oppose the change which is causing it.”
Hukum Lenz menyatakan bahawa “Arah arus aruhan sentiasa mengalir pada arah yang menentang perubahan yang menghasilkannya.”
12. We can determine the direction of induced current produced in dynamo by using Fleming’s right hand rule.
Kita boleh menentukan arah arus aruhan yang dihasilkan oleh dynamo dengan menggunakan petua tangan
Mengkonsepsi Question 1
(a) (i) Diagram A: towards the solenoid and Diagram B away from the solenoid.
(ii) Direction of current on the solenoid upwards for diagram A and downwards for diagram B. (iii) P : South pole and Q: North pole
(b) (i) When the south pole moves into the solenoid the polarity of the solenoid is South and when the south pole moves away from the solenoid the polarity of solenoid is North.
(ii) Lenz’ law Question 2
Menyelesai Masalah (Kualitatif)
Aspects Suggestion Reason
the type of material used : Copper Good conductor and low resistance the diameter of wire Bigger diameter To reduce resistance
the type of material of the core Soft iron core Easy magnetised and demagnetised
characteristics of the core laminated Prevent eddy’s current the distance between primary coil
and secondary coil
Wound the
secondary coil on top the primary coil
To prevent leakage of magnetic flux Membuat Keputusan
Choice Reason
Np:Ns = 200:20 000 is the lowest to step-up voltage / output voltage increases soft iron core easily magnetized and demagnetized Thinner laminated iron core to reduce the magnitude of eddy’s current ‘O’shape to reduce the leakage of magnetic flux Choice : T,
Justification: Np:Ns = 200:20 000 is the lowest, soft iron core, thinner iron core and ‘O’shape
(i)
1. Strength of both magnets are the same 2. The number of turns: diagram b > diagram a 3. The size of deflection: diagram b > diagram a (ii)
4. When the number of turns increases the size of deflection increases
5. When the number of turns increases the rate of change of magnetic flux increases. 6. When the rate of change of magnetic flux increases the magnitude of current increases.
SET IV :
Scientific Competencies (Kemahiran Mengeksperimen)
Kelemahan Umum Jawapan Pelajar dalam Peperiksaan SPM:Kompetensi Kelemahan Umum Pelajar Saranan Untuk Guru
Membuat pengukuran
a. Gagal membaca alat pengukuran dengan betul
b. Tidak mencatat unit bagi setiap pengukuran
c. Bacaan /data yang salah
1. Kemahiran membaca alat pengukur yang sering digunakan di makmal.
2. Penggunaan tempat perpuluhan dan unit yang betul. 3. Kejituan setiap alat pengukur yang ada di dalam
makmal. Mengenalpasti
Pemboleh ubah
a. Tidak menyatakan pembolehubah dengan betul
b. Memberi jawapan yang bukan kuantiti fizik
Bantu pelajar mengkaji situasi soalan dengan teliti untuk menentukan pembolehubah
Penjadualan data
a. Tidak menjadualkan semua kuantiti fizik yang disenaraikan
b. Tidak mencatat unit pada jadual data. c. Menjadualkan data yang salah
1. Ketelitian membaca arahan menjadualkan data dengan teliti.
2. Setiap turus data dilabel dengan kuantiti fizik dan unitnya.
3. Tempat perpuluhan data yang konsisten. Memindahkan
data daripada jadual kepada graf
a. Menggunakan data yang salah untuk memplot graf
b. Paksi tidak dilabel dengan unit
c. Bilangan titik-titik diplot tidak mencukupi d. Graf yang bukan garisan terbaik e. Melukis graf yangtergantung
1. Pemilihan skala yang sesuai (mempertimbangkan nilai maksimum sebelum menentukan skala pada graf) 2. Pindah dan plot titik-titik dengan tepat
3. Melukis garisan terbaik. Menganalisis /
menterjjemah data dan membuat kesimpulan.
Tidak dapat memberikan hubungan antara pembolehubah secara lebih terperinci.
1. Mengenal pasti sama ada garisan melalui pusat kordinat atau tidak
2. Memastikan hubungan yang dinyatakan
sepadan dengan pembolehubah yang digunakan. 3. Latihan dengan merujuk kepada pelbagai bentuk graf.
Graph
Conclusion
directly proportional
a is
to b
a
increases linearly
with b
a
decreases linearly
with b
Graph1. Science Process Skill (Paper 3, Section A)
Contoh: Soalan 1 Kertas 3 Percubaan SPM SBP 2011
No Answer Mark
1(a)(i) mass 1
(ii) Volume of air, V 1
(iii) Mass of air//temperature 1
(b) Tabulate m, V and 1/V correctly in the table A Shows a table m, V and 1/V
B State the correct unit of m, V and 1/V C 3 values of V are correct
D All values of V are correct
E All calculations values of 1/V are correct F State V consistent to 1 d.p.
G State 1/V consistent 2 or 3 d.p
Mass, m/kg Volume of air, V/cm3 1/V / cm-3 0.5 9.0 0.111 1.0 4.8 0.210 1.5 3.3 0.303 2.0 2.5 0.400 2.5 2.0 0.500 7
(c) Draw the graph of 1/V against m A – Label y-axis and x-axis correctly B – State the unit at the axis correctly
C – Both axes with the even and uniform scale D – 5 points correctly plotted
E – a smooth best straight line
F – minimum size of the graph is 5 x 4 squares of 2 x 2 cm No of ticks Score 6 5 5 4 3-4 3 2 2 1 1 5
(d) State the correct relationship based on the candidate’s graph
1/V is directly proportional to m // 1/V is increasing linearly to m 1 TOTAL MARK 16
Question 2: Soalan 2 Kertas 3, SPM 2008
(a) (i) a is directly proportional to h. (ii) a = 1.49 ms-2 (iii) m = 1.49 – 0 0.3- 0 = 4.97 s-2 (b) m = g = 4.97 l g = 4.97 x l = 4.97 x 2 = 9.94 ms-2 (c) a = g x h l = 9.94 x 0.10 15 = 0.066 ms-2
(d) Ensure the trolley moves down the inclined plane in a straight path without knocking the sides of the inclined plane.
3. Science Process Skill – Planning Experiment (Paper 3, Section B)
Contoh: Soalan 4, Kertas 3, Peperiksaan……….
a. Inference
Distance between two consecutive antinodal lines depends on the distance between two vibrating sources.
Jarak antara dua garis antinod yang berturutan bergantung kepada jarak antara dua sumber yang bergetar.
b. Hypothesis
The distance between two consecutive antinodal lines increases as the distance between two vibrating sources decreases.
Jarak antara dua garis antinodal berturutan bertambah apabila jarak antara dua sumber yang bergetar berkurang.
c. i. Aim
To investigate the relationship between the distance between two consecutive antinodal lines and the distance between two vibrating sources.
Untuk menyiasat hubungan antara jarak antara duci garis antinodal yang berturutan dengan jarak antara dua sumber yang bergetar.
ii. Variables
Manipulated variable/ Pembolehubah dimanipulasikan: Distance between two vibrating sources, a
Jarak antara dua sumber yang bergetar, a
Responding variable:
Pembolehubah bergerak balas:
Distance between two antinodal lines, x
Jarak antara dua garis antinod yan berturutan, x Constant variable:
Pembolehubah dimalarkan:
Distance between sources and the position where x is measured Jarak antara sumber dan kedudukkan dimana x diukur
iii. Apparatus
Power supply, ripple tank with two spherical dippers, stroboscope and metre rule
iv. Apparatus Setup
v. Procedure
1 Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram 2 Switch on the power supply
3 Start the experiment with the distance of two vibrating sources, a = 2.0 cm 4 Use the stroboscope to freeze the image of wave motion
5 Measure the distance between two antinodal lines, using the metre rule
6 Repeat steps 2 to 5 with a = 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm, 8.0 cm and 10.0 cm with a constant Distance between sources and the position where x is measured
vi. Data tabulation
Distance between two vibrating sources Jarak antara dua sumber yang bergetar a/cm
Distance between two antinodal lines Jarak antara garis antinod yang berturutan x/cm 2.0
4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 vii. Analyze data
